Migration of Highly Educated Asians and Global Dynamics

1992 ◽  
Vol 1 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 543-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul M. Ong ◽  
Cheng Lucie ◽  
Leslie Evans
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Flow ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Global Dynamics ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Global Migration ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Scientific Technical ◽  
High Level

The migration of Asians trained in technical fields is the most important component of the total global migration of scientific, technical and professional workers from developing to developed countries (primarily Australia, Canada and the United States). Though this phenomenon shares common characteristics with the larger international migration of all labor, it is unique in that migration from Asia to the industrialized countries favors the highly educated, and the debate over brain drain remains complex and inconclusive. The far-reaching effects of the movement of Asian high level manpower (HLM) are discussed in light of: 1) the global articulation of higher education; 2) the link to unequal development on a global scale; and 3) the contribution to economic development of the reverse flow of HLM to less developed countries.

Brain Drain Controversy and African Scholars

1979 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 27-30
Author(s):  
Man Singh Das
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Asian Student ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The World

The phenomenon popularly known as brain drain has attracted growing concern in the United States and abroad (Tulsa Daily World, 1967; Committee on Manpower... 1967; Asian Student, 1968a: 3; 1968b: 1; 1969: 3; Institute of Applied Manpower . . . 1968; U. S. Congress, 1968; Gardiner, 1968: 194-202; Bechhofer, 1969: 1-71; Committee on the International Migration . . . 1970). The notion has been expressed that the poor countries of the world are being deprived of their talent and robbed of their human resources by the exchange of scholars and students which goes on between nations (U.S. Congress, 1968: 16-25; Mondale, 1967a: 24-6; 1967b: 67-9). Implicit is the idea that many students from these less developed countries go to the more highly developed and industrialized countries for study and decide not to return to their homeland.

scholarly journals Activity of legal education regarding the popularization of inventive activity

2021 ◽  
pp. 140-146
Author(s):  
Olena Chomakhashvili
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Professional Education ◽  
Innovation Policy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The State ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Inventive Activity ◽  
Scientific Technical ◽  
Youth Ministries ◽  
Intellectual Potential

Keywords: inventor activity, invention, inventions, intellectual property The article is sanctified to the debatable question of necessity orimpossibility of popularization of inventor activity. The review of concepts is done invention,inventor activity, inventor. Possibilities are considered as exactly the state musttake care to the questions of creation of necessary terms for maintenance and strengtheningof the intellectual potential, and also for the search of ways of him quality development.Foreign experience is analysed in the field of it. The special attention is spared toorganization of work of young people through competitive activity, that became important direction of public policy of the almost entire industrially developed countries. Successfulrealization of scientific and technical and innovative politics in Ukraine is impossiblewithout activation of creative individuality and invention, that it is directly relatedto development of both higher and professional education.Successful implementation of scientific, technical and innovation policy in Ukraine isimpossible without the activation of creative individuality and invention, which is directlyrelated to the development of both higher and professional education. The materialand technical base of many (especially technical) higher education institutions today isoutdated, in need of updating, as well as teaching methods. The system of branch institutesof advanced training has also been destroyed, enterprises do not have the funds forin-house training, the motivation for inventive activity has decreased.It is important to maintain a positive experience. The organization of youth creativitythrough competitive activities has become an important area of public policy in almostall industrialized countries. One of the main directions of the invention is the state programsfor the development of technical creativity of youth. Ministries and departments,corporations and firms take part in the implementation of such programs. The WIPOconducted a study aimed at generalizing progressive forms and methods of state stimulationof inventive activity in industrialized countries.The Ukraine, unlike industrialized countries, does not have such a long tradition inholding such competitions. But what has already been done is valuable to society. It remainsto multiply this experience.

scholarly journals MODEL ANALYSIS OF INDICATORS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF WORLD COUNTRIES

2018 ◽  
pp. 71-78
Author(s):  
Olha Kovalchuk ◽  
Nataliia Strelbitska
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Social Performance ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Graph Classification ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Social Standards ◽  
Index Of Inequality ◽  
High Level ◽  
Medium Method

The article discusses the possibilities of use of classical instruments of analytical methods and data mining methods for global sustainability modelling. To divide countries into groups according to the indicators that are traditionally allocated for sustainability studying, it is carried out the cluster analysis by k-medium method, which resulted in 2 clusters. The first cluster includes economically developed industrialized countries. A high level of social performance and a low level of inequality of outcomes characterize them. At the same time, these countries have high rank of corruption and low Gini Index. There are low social standards, but significantly lower rank of corruption and footprint than in developed countries in the countries of the second cluster. However, the index of inequality of outcomes is three times higher than in the countries included in the first cluster. The tree graph classification of the countries of the world has been constructed on the basis of indicators of sustainable development. The computer models, which are presented in this paper, aim to solve the main problems of sustainable development. They can also be applicable in many other fields, including international relations, economics, and management systems.

Trumping Capacity Gap with Negotiation Strategies: the Mexican USMCA Negotiation Experience

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Amrita Bahri ◽  
Monica Lugo
Keyword(s):  
Resource Constraints ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Negotiation Strategies ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Level ◽  
United States Mexico ◽  
Capacity Gap

ABSTRACT In the past few months, we have witnessed the ‘worst deal’ in the history of the USA become the ‘best deal’ in the history of the USA. The negotiation leading to the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA) appeared as an ‘asymmetrical exchange’ scenario that could have led to an unbalanced outcome for Mexico. However, Mexico stood firm on its positions and negotiated a modernized version of North American Free Trade Agreement. Mexico faced various challenges during this renegotiation, not only because it was required to negotiate with two developed countries but also due to the high level of ambition and demands raised by the new US administration. This paper provides an account of these impediments. More importantly, it analyzes the strategies that Mexico used to overcome the resource constraints it faced amidst the unpredictable political dilemma in the US and at home. In this manner, this paper seeks to provide a blueprint of strategies that other developing countries could employ to overcome their negotiation capacity constraints, especially when they are dealing with developed countries and in uncertain political environments.

The dynamics of contraceptive use: an overview

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (S11) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Ong Tsui
Keyword(s):  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hormonal Contraceptives ◽  
Modern Contraceptive ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Intrauterine Devices ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Percentage Points

For nearly three decades men and women have increasingly gained the opportunity to control their childbearing with modern contraceptive technologies. In the early 1960s when oral hormonal contraceptives and intrauterine devices first became publicly available in the United States and Europe, the total fertility rate (TFR) in industrialized countries was about 2·7 implying that two-thirds of childbearing couples, some 87 million, were practising contraception. By comparison, in the developing areas, the TFR was 6·1 and only 18% (60 million couples) were contraceptive users. Thirty years later, estimating for 1990, the number of eligible couples practising contraception in the more developed countries (MDCs) is expected to have increased by half, while in the less developed countries (LDCs) the increase is likely to be six times, suggesting as many as 344 million users. Another way to demonstrate the significance of this trend is with a different statistic—that the level of contraceptive use in LDCs in 1990 will exceed half of all couples of childbearing age and be only ten percentage points below the MDC level of 25–30 years ago.

MEDICAL TOURISM: WORLD TRENDS AND DOMESTIC DEVELOPMENT PRIORITIES

2021 ◽  
pp. 151-160
Author(s):  
Olha Psarova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Tourism ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Medical Services ◽  
Level Of Service ◽  
Pricing Policy ◽  
Global Challenges ◽  
Legislative Framework ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
High Level

Medical tourism is a rapidly growing industry on a global scale. There is a growing tendency for citizens of more developed countries to seek medical services in developing countries. This is connected not only with the pricing policy, which is more loyal, but also with the insurance system, with the presence of waiting lists, with the legislative framework, and religion. The high level of service delivery and the competitiveness of the state is the result of an effective state policy. The article gives the definition of the concept, the terminology of medical tourism, considers the types and directions of medical tourism development, the legislative framework of Ukraine for the provision of certain types of medical services. Risks and negative sides, problems faced by tourists, global challenges of the industry and prospects for overcoming them are considered.

Is It Possible to Consider Management of Chronic Diseases as Method of Population Screening in Ukraine?

2016 ◽  
pp. 41-44
Author(s):  
Pavlo Kolesnik ◽  
Ivanna Shushman ◽  
Yevheniia Sinevich
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Population Screening ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
High Level

The article presents a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of different methods used during the management of diseases based on the Order of the Ministry of Health Care of Ukraine № 728 from 27.08.2010. and methods used in highly developed countries of Europe and the United States as a mandatory screening with high level of evidence base.

Greenhouse Development Rights: A Framework for Climate Protection That Is “More Fair” Than Equal Per Capita Emissions Rights

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Kemp-Benedict ◽  
Sivan Kartha
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Right To Development ◽  
Precautionary Action ◽  
The Rich

There is a fairly broad consensus among both the philosophers who write about climate change and the majority of the climate-policy community that efforts to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions—“mitigation” in the jargon—should not harm the ability of poor countries to grow economically and to reduce as rapidly as possible the widespread poverty their citizens suffer. Indeed, this principle of a “right to development” has been substantially embraced in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) itself. Yet as the evidence of the risks from climate change has continued to mount and calls have grown for more stringent mitigation targets, the need to give substance to this right has come into conflict with the evident unwillingness of already “developed” countries to pay the costs of adequately precautionary mitigation. The long and the short of it is that almost any reasonable ethical principles lead to the conclusion that, as Henry Shue (1999) put it straightforwardly, “the costs [of mitigation] should initially be borne by the wealthy industrialized states.” In the words of the UNFCCC, “the developed country Parties should take the lead in combating climate change and the adverse effects thereof,” and this point is embodied in practical terms in the Kyoto Protocol itself, in which only the 40 developed “Annex I” countries have binding emissions limits. Yet particularly because of the rejection of Kyoto by the United States but also because of the weak efforts at mitigation that have taken place so far in Europe, Japan, and other industrialized countries, we find ourselves in a situation in which precaution requires that emissions be reduced extremely soon in poor countries, too, but the rich countries can’t yet be said to have fulfilled their obligations to “take the lead.” The delay in taking action so far, the increasing evidence of current climate-change impacts and greater risks than previously estimated, and the speed with which we must now move all imply substantially greater costs for adequately precautionary action than were previously estimated.

International Monetary Fund

1959 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 646-648
Keyword(s):  
International Monetary Fund ◽  
Annual Report ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
General Decline ◽  
Exchange Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The International Monetary Fund ◽  
Made In

The Tenth Annual Report on Exchange Restrictions of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), covering the period from May 1958 to April 1959, was transmitted to members and governors of the Fund on June 3, 1959.1 In Part I of the report the establishment of external convertibility of the major European currencies was described as the most important single achievement of the postwar period in the field of exchange restriction. This event took place at the end of 1958, while in early 1959 other countries adjusted their exchange control regulations to the new conditions. A major factor behind the move was pinpointed as the general gain in strength, both economic and financial, of the industrialized countries and, with the exception of the United States, their substantial addition to their gold and dollar reserves. Most of the less developed countries continued to experience difficulties, according to the report, but several were putting into effect comprehensive stabilization programs which included the simplification of their exchange systems. The report considered the immediate effects of this concerted move and the impact it might be expected to have on the restrictions that still remained. It also pointed out that during the period under review appreciable further progress was made in the substitution of unitary exchange rates for multiple currency practices, and that there was a general decline in the number of bilateral payments arrangements between member countries of the Fund.

scholarly journals Determining Potential Directions for Ukraine’s Own Green Brand Formation

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (522) ◽  
pp. 21-30
Author(s):  
L. O. Syhyda ◽  
◽  
A. P. Khaba ◽  
A. P. Nazarenko ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Environmental Friendliness ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Environmental Performance Index ◽  
High Level

The article is aimed at studying the directions that are of paramount importance in the country's transition to ecologically oriented development, as well as determining on this basis Ukraine's readiness to form and develop its own «green» brand. In accordance with the set goal, the main directions to carry out the research were ecologization and sustainable development, organic agriculture and renewable energy. As a result of the research, Ukraine's position corresponding to the Sustainable Development Goals Index was determined. According to this, Ukraine successfully combines economic development, social integration and ecological sustainability. The value of the country's index is on par with new industrialized countries and even with some economically developed countries. Ukraine's position in accordance with the Environmental Performance Index is worse and shows a lag from the advanced countries of the world. Furthermore, it is determined that Ukraine inefficiently uses agricultural land, since there is a high level of plowing, and only 1.1% is occupied for organic production. Still, despite the fact that Ukraine is the second exporter of organic products to the EU after China, insufficient attention is paid to the markets of Asia and Africa. It is defined that renewable energy in Ukraine is at the stage of origin, the reason for which is, among other things, underfunding of this direction. The most developed sources of renewable energy in Ukraine are currently hydropower and solar energy. Additionally, the article highlights weaknesses that create obstacles to environmental friendliness and sustainable development and should be leveled when forming Ukraine’s own green brand.

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