Dehumanizing Gender: The Debiasing Effects of Gendering Human-Abstracted Entities

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (12) ◽  
pp. 1681-1696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley E. Martin ◽  
Michael L. Slepian

The propensity to “gender”—or conceptually divide entities by masculinity versus femininity—is pervasive. Such gendering is argued to hinder gender equality, as it reifies the bifurcation of men and women into two unequal categories, leading many to advocate for a “de-gendering movement.” However, gendering is so prevalent that individuals can also gender entities far removed from human sex categories of male and female (i.e., weather, numbers, sounds) due to the conceptual similarities they share with our notions of masculinity and femininity (e.g., tough, tender). While intuition might predict that extending gender to these (human-abstracted) entities only further reinforces stereotypes, the current work presents a novel model and evidence demonstrating the opposing effect. Five studies demonstrate that gendering human-abstracted entities highlights how divorced psychological notions of gender are from biological sex, thereby decreasing gender stereotyping and penalties toward stereotype violators, through reducing essentialist views of gender. Rather than “de-gendering” humans, we demonstrate the potential benefits of “dehumanizing gender.”

Author(s):  
Ndubueze L. Mbah

As a system of identity, African masculinity is much more than a cluster of norms, values, and behavioral patterns expressing explicit and implicit expectations of how men should act and represent themselves to others. It also refers to more than how African male bodies, subjectivities, and experiences are constituted in specific historical, cultural, and social contexts. African masculinities, as historical subjects embodying distinctive socially constructed gender and sexual identities, have been both male and female. By occupying a masculine sociopolitical position, embodying masculine social traits, and performing cultural deeds socially construed and symbolized as masculine, African men and women have constituted masculinity. Across various African societies and times, there have been multiple and conflicting notions of masculinities, promoted by local and foreign institutions, and there have been ceaseless contestations and synergies among the various forms of hegemonic, subordinate, and subversive African masculinities. Men and women have frequently brought their own agendas to bear on the political utility of particular notions of masculinity. Through such performances of masculinity, Africans have constantly negotiated the institutional power dynamics of gender relations. So, the question is not whether Africans worked with gender binaries, because they did. As anthropologist John Wood puts it, African indigenous logic of gender becomes evident in the juxtaposition, symbolic reversals, and interrelation of opposites. Rather, one should ask, why and how did African societies generate a fluid gender system in which biological sex did not always correspond to gender, such that anatomically male and female persons could normatively occupy socially constructed masculine and feminine roles and vice versa? And how did African mutually constitutive gender and sexuality constructions shape African societies?


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dinesh Kumar Barupal ◽  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Sili Fan ◽  
Stanley L. Hazen ◽  
W. H. Wilson Tang ◽  
...  

AbstractBiological sex is one of the major anthropometric factors which influences physiology, metabolism and health status. We have investigated the effect of sexual dimorphism on the blood lipidome profile in three large population level studies - the Alzheimer’s disease neuroimaging initiative - ADNI (n =806), the GeneBank Functional Cardio-Metabolomics cohort (n= 1015) and the Genetics of Lipid lowering Drugs and Diet Network - GOLDN (n=422). In total, 355 unique lipids from 15 lipid classes were detected across all three studies using LC-MS. Sixty percent of these lipids differed between men and women in all three cohorts, and up to 87% of all lipids demonstrated sex differences in at least one cohort. ChemRICH enrichment statistics on lipid classes showed that phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, phosphatidylinositols, ceramides, sphingomyelins and cholesterol esters were found at higher levels in female subjects while triacylglycerols and lysophosphatidylcholines were found at higher levels in male participants across the three cohorts. This strong sex effect on the blood lipidome suggests that specific regulatory mechanisms may exist that regulate lipid metabolism in a different manner between men and women. Cohort studies involving blood lipidomics should consider separate analyses for male and female participants instead of combined analyses treating sex as a confounding factor.


2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 408
Author(s):  
Winda Khoirun Nisak ◽  
Furaidah Furaidah ◽  
Gunadi Harry Sulistyo

<p><strong>Abstract:</strong> This research is a study of assessing the representation of gender in elementary school textbooks used by an international curriculum that is widely used in 160 countries throughout the world. The content analysis used to lead the representation of the male and female on the textbooks. The findings of this study indicate that the gender representation formed in the textbook shows the existence of gender equality which is reflected in the balanced emergence of male and female characters that appear in textbooks, the prevalence of the professional picture of men and women and the balance of household activities reflected in the textbook.</p><strong>Abstrak:</strong> Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian mengenai representasi gender di buku teks siswa sekolah dasar yang dipakai oleh kurikulum internasional yang tersebar luas di 160 negara di seluruh dunia. Konten analisis dipakai untuk melihat representasi dalam buku. Temuan dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa konstruksi gender yang terbentuk dalam buku teks tersebut menunjukkan adanya kesetaraan gender yang tercermin dari berimbangnya kemunculan karakter laki laki dan perempuan yang muncul dalam buku teks, meratanya gambaran profesi laki-laki dan perempuan serta berimbangnya kegiatan rumah tangga yang tercermin dalam buku teks.


Author(s):  
Jennifer Eyl

The chapter examines the feminization of elite pagan men in Apocryphal Acts of Andrew. It argues that the ancient author constructs ascetic Christianity as the ideal realization of masculinity, whereby male and female converts control their passions and appetites. Simultaneously, elite pagan men are portrayed as appetitive, passionately emotional, and lacking self-control. Such ethical weakness was commonly thought to be characteristic of women. While attributing such ethical “femininity” to pagan men trades on ancient notions that women are prone to moral weakness, the author’s portrayal also dislodges ethical character from biological sex. Thus, men and women who take up Christianity in its ascetic forms are superior in ethics and gender, compared to those who reject ascetic Christianity.


1987 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary E. Kite ◽  
Kay Deaux

Beliefs about the characteristics of male and female homosexuals and heterosexuals were assessed to determine the degree to which stereotypes of homosexuals are consistent with the inversion model proposed by Freud (1905) and others, i.e., the assumption that homosexuals are similar to the opposite-sex heterosexual. Results showed that people do subscribe to an implicit inversion theory wherein male homosexuals are believed to be similar to female heterosexuals, and female homosexuals are believed to be similar to male heterosexuals. These results offer additional support for a bipolar model of gender stereotyping, in which masculinity and femininity are assumed to be in opposition.


Author(s):  
Claudia Truzzoli

<p><strong>Resumen</strong></p><p>Ni el género ni la sexualidad se dejan encorsetar dentro de unas normas que informan cómo deben ser y actuar hombres y mujeres para ser reconocidos socialmente como normales. Tanto el género como el sexo son susceptibles de desbordamiento de dichos encuadres rígidos, porque tal desbordamiento responde a lo real vivenciado por cualquier hombre o mujer. Las normas son un constructo artificial que no responde a la auténtica identidad genérica y sexual de cada sujeto, que es mucho más compleja que el reduccionismo monolítico que quiere demarcar la diferencia entre masculino y femenino. Dicha separación tan tajante no puede explicar la coexistencia de ambas características en un mismo sujeto ni las pretensiones de los transgéneros de ser considerados con una identidad que desmiente su sexo biológico, ni la angustia de los transexuales convencidos de estar atrapados en un cuerpo equivocado.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstract</strong><strong><br /> </strong>Neither gender nor sexuality is allowed to be curtailed within norms that inform how men and women should be and act to be socially recognized as normal. Both gender and sex are susceptible to overflowing of such rigid frames, because such an overflow responds to the real thing experienced by any man or woman. Norms are an artificial construct that does not respond to the authentic generic and sexual identity of each subject, which is much more complex than the monolithic reductionism that wants to demarcate the difference between male and female. Such a clear separation can not explain the coexistence of both characteristics in the same subject nor the claims of transgenders to be considered with an identity that belies their biological sex, nor the anguish of transsexuals convinced to be trapped in a wrong body.</p><div id="SLG_balloon_obj" style="display: block;"><div id="SLG_button" class="SLG_ImTranslatorLogo" style="background: url('chrome-extension://mchdgimobfnilobnllpdnompfjkkfdmi/content/img/util/imtranslator-s.png'); display: none; opacity: 1;"> </div><div id="SLG_shadow_translation_result2" style="display: none;"> </div><div id="SLG_shadow_translator" style="display: none;"><div id="SLG_planshet" style="background: url('chrome-extension://mchdgimobfnilobnllpdnompfjkkfdmi/content/img/util/bg2.png') #f4f5f5;"><div id="SLG_arrow_up" style="background: url('chrome-extension://mchdgimobfnilobnllpdnompfjkkfdmi/content/img/util/up.png');"> </div><div id="SLG_providers" style="visibility: hidden;"><div id="SLG_P0" class="SLG_BL_LABLE_ON" title="Google">G</div><div id="SLG_P1" class="SLG_BL_LABLE_ON" title="Microsoft">M</div><div id="SLG_P2" class="SLG_BL_LABLE_ON" title="Translator">T</div></div><div id="SLG_alert_bbl"> </div><div id="SLG_TB"><div id="SLG_bubblelogo" class="SLG_ImTranslatorLogo" style="background: url('chrome-extension://mchdgimobfnilobnllpdnompfjkkfdmi/content/img/util/imtranslator-s.png');"> </div><table id="SLG_tables" cellspacing="1"><tr><td class="SLG_td" align="right" width="10%"><input id="SLG_locer" title="Fijar idioma" type="checkbox" /></td><td class="SLG_td" align="left" width="20%"><select id="SLG_lng_from"><option value="auto">Detectar idioma</option><option value="">undefined</option></select></td><td class="SLG_td" align="center" width="3"> </td><td class="SLG_td" align="left" width="20%"><select id="SLG_lng_to"><option value="">undefined</option></select></td><td class="SLG_td" align="center" width="21%"> </td><td class="SLG_td" align="center" width="6%"> </td><td class="SLG_td" align="center" width="6%"> </td><td class="SLG_td" align="center" width="6%"> </td><td class="SLG_td" align="center" width="6%"> </td><td class="SLG_td" width="10%"> </td><td class="SLG_td" align="right" width="8%"> </td></tr></table></div></div><div id="SLG_shadow_translation_result" style="visibility: visible;"> </div><div id="SLG_loading" class="SLG_loading" style="background: url('chrome-extension://mchdgimobfnilobnllpdnompfjkkfdmi/content/img/util/loading.gif');"> </div><div id="SLG_player2"> </div><div id="SLG_alert100">La función de sonido está limitada a 200 caracteres</div><div id="SLG_Balloon_options" style="background: url('chrome-extension://mchdgimobfnilobnllpdnompfjkkfdmi/content/img/util/bg3.png') #ffffff;"><div id="SLG_arrow_down" style="background: url('chrome-extension://mchdgimobfnilobnllpdnompfjkkfdmi/content/img/util/down.png');"> </div><table width="100%"><tr><td align="left" width="18%" height="16"> </td><td align="center" width="68%"><a class="SLG_options" title="Mostrar opciones" href="chrome-extension://mchdgimobfnilobnllpdnompfjkkfdmi/content/html/options/options.html?bbl" target="_blank">Opciones</a> : <a class="SLG_options" title="Historial de traducciones" href="chrome-extension://mchdgimobfnilobnllpdnompfjkkfdmi/content/html/options/options.html?hist" target="_blank">Historia</a> : <a class="SLG_options" title="ImTranslator Ayuda" href="http://about.imtranslator.net/tutorials/presentations/google-translate-for-opera/opera-popup-bubble/" target="_blank">Ayuda</a> : <a class="SLG_options" title="ImTranslator Feedback" href="chrome-extension://mchdgimobfnilobnllpdnompfjkkfdmi/content/html/options/options.html?feed" target="_blank">Feedback</a></td><td align="right" width="15%"><span id="SLG_Balloon_Close" title="Cerrar">Cerrar</span></td></tr></table></div></div></div>


FIAT JUSTISIA ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 355
Author(s):  
Heri Setiawan ◽  
Steven Ouddy ◽  
Mutiara Girindra Pratiwi

Gender meaning of fundamentally different from biological sex. Biological sex is a gift; we are born as a man or a woman. However, the path that makes us masculine or feminine is a combination of the building blocks of basic biological and biological interpretation by our culture. From the tiny baby to reach old age, we learn and practice specific ways that have been determined by the community for us to be men and women. Gender is a set of roles as well as costumes and masks at the theater, convey to others that we are feminine or masculine. Device specific behaviors include appearance, dress, attitude, personality, work inside and outside the household, sexuality, family responsibilities and so together polish "gender roles" us. If someone mentions or asks about gender, then what is meant is gender in the context of language approach. This term became very commonly used in the last few decades. Feminist jurisprudence is a legal philosophy that is based on gender equality in politics, economic and social. Feminist jurisprudence unpacks and explain how the law plays a role to legalize the status of women in subordination to men, in other words, the law as a means to preserve the status quo, namely the dominance of men over women. Moreover, feminist jurisprudence is also trying to make a change/transformation changing the status of women by changing laws and its approach and its stance on gender cases be more fair and balanced. This is an emancipatory project woman in law. Keywords: Gender; Feminist Jurisprudence; justice; men and women.


Intizar ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 135
Author(s):  
Sadari Sadari

Kesetaraan gender yang kian hari semakin melemah, dengan kecanggihan teknologi dapat bangkit kembali untuk memberikan peran dan porsi kerja yang sama antara laki-laki dan perempuan baik dalam wilayah domistik maupun publik. Keterbatasan seorang perempuan dibandingkan laki-laki tidak lagi menjadi kendala, seorang perempuan di dalam eksoskeleton bisa 1.000 kali lebih perkasa dibandingkan seorang laki-laki. Untuk itulah perlu adanya pemberdayaan gender berbasis teknologi dengan melakukan penyusunan anggaran bagi semua lapisan masyarakat (laki-laki dan perempuan) menerima manfaat dan memiliki akses yang sama terhadap anggaran tersebut untuk mampu mengaplikasikan teknologi. Penyusunan anggaran responsif gender berbasis teknologi ini mempunyai pandangan dan pemahaman yang sama akan arti, manfaat dan pentingnya kesetaraan dan keadilan gender. Mengingat bahwa kesinambungan sangat penting dalam pencapaian kesetaraan dan keadilan gender, maka analisis gender dalam berbagai kebijakan dan program berbasis teknologi perlu dilanjutkan dan ditingkatkan. Berbagai kendala yang dihadapi dalam pelaksanaan adalah komitmen para penentu kebijakan baik di lingkungan eksekutif, legislatif dan yudikatif, minimnya pakar analisis gender karena kurangnya alokasi dana untuk peningkatan kapasitas, dan terbatasnya data terpilah berdasar jenis kelamin, perlu mendapat perhatian secara seksama agar pelaksanaan strategi dapat berjalan secara efektif dan berkesinambungan di masa yang akan datang. Gender equality has weakened, technology has to be bounced back to give the same role and the work portion between men and women both in the domestic and public area. Limitations of a woman than men are no longer become an obstacle; a woman inside the exoskeletons could be 1,000 times more powerful than a man. for this reason, the need for the promotion of gender based technology by perform budget formulation, so all levels of society (male and female) receive benefits and have equal access to the budget for being able to apply the technology. Gender responsive budget formulation based on this technology has a view and a common understanding of the meaning, benefits and importance of gender equality and justice. Considering that continuity is very important in the achievement of gender equality, the gender analysis in a variety of technology-based policies and programs need to be continued and enhanced. Various obstacles encountered in the implementation is the commitment of policy makers both within the executive, legislative and judicial branches of government, lack of gender analysis expert due to lack of funds allocation for capacity building, and the lack of data disaggregated by sex, need attention thoroughly in order to implement the strategy may run effective and sustainable in the future.


2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-358
Author(s):  
Asman Asman

This study is about the provisions of the Qur’ān on inheritance that regulates the rights of the heirs with justice, especially towards women who did not have such right before the advent of Islam. Currently, the people of Malay Sambas distribute inheritance against the provisions of the Qur’ān which allots double shares to the male except in case of the parents. In the Sambas Malay community, men and women inherit equal shares contrary to the provisions in the Qur’ān as stated in the verse of al-Nisā’ 4: 11, 12, and 176. This research is a field research with a phenomenological method by looking at gender equality and feminism in the distribution of inheritance among the Malay Sambas community. The focus of this research is guided by the Islamic law position on the Malay Sambas equal distribution system of inheritance between men and women. This research finds that the Malay Sambas system of inheritance is contrary to the Shariah because there is still equal distribution of inheritance to male and female beneficiaries.


2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-77
Author(s):  
Katarína Nemčoková ◽  
Zdena Kráľová ◽  
Aneta Holíková ◽  
Daniel P. Sampey

Abstract Perfume descriptions serve as an important persuasive tool in fragrance advertising. Scents traditionally elude clear verbal description, yet perfumes are nowadays frequently sold online, with no direct olfactory experience on the part of the consumer at the point of purchase. The products are thus often represented by metaphorical means depicting a desirable experience or portraying attractive identities of wearers, including stereotypical images of men and women. This article analyses 80 e-shop fragrance descriptions equally divided among adverts targeted at males and females. The sample texts were collected randomly from British and American e-shops, with the primary research objective to determine how male and female identities are reflected in these descriptions. The method of discourse analysis was applied and the AntConc 3.4.4 toolkit was used to calculate the frequency of words and their collocations. It was found that current female perfume descriptions on e-shops generally suppress gender stereotypes quite successfully, while gender stereotyping is more prominent in male perfume descriptions. The possible causes as well as ramifications of this disparity are also discussed.


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