Territorial Distribution of EU Funds Allocation for Developments of Rural Romania during 2014–2020

This study uses cross-section regressions and spatial econometrics techniques to identify determinants of rural development project implementation based on the Common Agriculture Policy (CAP) of the European Union. For this, we use 40 Romanian counties. Results show that agricultural land abundancy and land concentration degree are significant positive factors. On the contrary, the local human development level is a negative determinant, low values for this factor being an incentive to compensate the lack of own resources through European funding. No significant effects of the average salary or population density were depicted. Spatial analysis indicates contagion and diffusion processes for fund accession through projects. This behavior is like that in other financial sectors, in which human behavior is a decisive factor, such as the insurance one. A West–East clusterization process is identified for the total project value, conditioned by the identified factors.

The Effect of Formal Contracts, Transaction Cost, Agency Cost, Principal Agent Conflicts and Principal Agent Relationships on Village Funds Allocation in Facing the Covid 19 Crisis in Dolok Masihul District, Serdang Bedagai Regency

This study is related to the concept of public institution on principal agent relationship, namely the relationship between the Village Head and the Village Secretary in local government named Dolok Masihul. The number of villages studied were 44 respondents. Analysis statistical investigates relationship of research variable and using multiple regressions model. After analysing was known that formal contract had a significant positive effect on village funds allocation with value of 0.355. it means both head villager and secretaries had the competence and authority to carry it out, as Pascal (1997), Meinard (1997), Sarwoko (2010: 28) and Syofyan (2019). Hypothesis is accepted. Transaction costs have a negative effect and the hypothesis is rejected. Transaction costs refer to the governance structure as (Klein, 1999: 464-466), (Williamson, 1985). This result is different from the research by Syofyan (2019). Agency costs have coefficient value 0.072. It means agency cost significant to village funds. The hypothesis is accepted. Agency costs in this study are coaching and supervision that are positively related to the total allocation of village funds. This result is in line with Syofyan (2019).

Revisiting Energy and Governmental Funds Allocation in Pakistan: A Novel Zero-Sum Gain DEA Approach

Like many developing countries, Pakistan has limited energy production and governmental funding to support its development. This research focuses on energy efficiency levels and governmental funds distribution among four provinces in Pakistan. Based on balanced panel data from 2006 to 2016, this study develops a novel Zero-Sum Gain (ZSG) DEA approach to simultaneously assess energy efficiency levels and reallocate limited financial resources among provinces. Under the assumption of constant outputs, energy production and governmental funds are considered as input variables, while GDP and population as output variables. Results indicate that efficiency levels of Pakistan provinces range between 0.62 to 0.88, thus suggesting room for improvement in funding allocation.

Brazilian Monetary Policy’s Influence on Investment Funds’ Allocation in Corporate Bonds

The aim of this paper is to understand how monetary policy influence investment funds’ allocation in corporate bonds. This assumption is in line with the perspective that several factors influence funds’ allocation process, especially changes in a country's economic scenario. The sample of this study is comprised of 352 equity funds and 1,085 multimarket funds, during the period from December 2009 to July 2020. I used multivariate regression with panel data for hypotheses testing. I noted a small percentage of funds’ investment in corporate bonds, in other words, only about 1.3% of total net of asset. In addition, multimarket funds used to invest more in debentures than equity funds. Concerning the regression model, the interest rate (Selic) had a positive association with funds’ amount allocated in corporate bonds. It is a result of Brazilian context, whose corporate bonds are indexed according to DI rate. As expected, I observed a positive relationship between inflation rate and funds’ investment in debentures, which reveals that the fear of deflation causes investors to increase the percentages invested in corporate debt securities. As respects funds’ features, time and minimum balance, do not guarantee more investment in corporate bonds. Thus, this paper contributes to the literature for bringing monetary policy closer to capital market and discussing an emerging country’s funds industry. In this way, it is relevant because it involves an important source of credit for companies, based on data from institutional investors.

Development of Government Health System in Sri Lanka during Last Three Decades

Aims: Several aspects are associated with the health system. Development in each aspect in health sector is required parallel to the growth of the population of patients. This study was carried out with the intention of investigating the development in physical resources, human resources, and funds allocation for government health system in Sri Lanka. Methodology: This study considered the development within the period from 1987 to 2019. Necessary data were collected from the annual reports of central bank of Sri Lanka. Data for physical resources, human resources, patients, and expenditures were gathered. Parallel developments of these aspects were analyzed by using descriptive and confirmatory techniques: Pearson’ correlation and canonical correlation. Apart from that some graphical techniques and summary measures were also used in the analysis. Results: Number of both in-patients and out-patients has rapidly increased during this period, while expenditure on the health system also has exponentially grown. However, percentage of GDP allocated for health system has remained almost same. There can be seen a reasonable development in both human resources and physical resources. Conclusion: Even though, health system has been developed to a greater extent, developments in some aspects are not parallel to the development in other aspects. However, further development is needed to meet the growing demand for health services due to increasing population of patients.

Implementation of Centralized Administration and Management of Funds in Enterprise Groups

Enterprise groups are characterized by multiple levels of enterprises with large scales of assets and complex business models. In the process of administration and management of funds, there are often some problems, such as unreasonable internal funds allocation, high financing costs, and flawed funds control. Centralized fund management is a tool for the overall allocation of intra-group funds and the coordinated management of group investment and financing. It can optimize the resource allocation of enterprise groups and reduce financing costs as well as capital risks. By selecting centralized fund management, establishing control and early warning system, as well as building information system and other steps, enterprise groups can better implement centralized fund management and improve their capital control.

The Italian Guidelines on Risk Classification and Management of Bridges: Applications and Remarks on Large Scale Risk Assessments

Bridges are essential for guaranteeing the functioning of transportation systems since their failure can cause serious threats to the safety, well-being and economy of modern communities, especially in emergency conditions. Following recent bridge failures, among which include the Morandi bridge in 2018, specific guidelines on risk classification and management, safety assessment and monitoring of existing bridges have been issued in Italy by the Minister of Infrastructure as a mandatory code. They pay particular attention to the evaluation of the residual life span of critical transportation infrastructure dating back to the 1950s and 1960s of the last century. Being a newly issued tool, the Guidelines need to be applied and tested in order to find possible drawbacks and to point out the main factors influencing their results. Therefore, in this study, after a short description of the Italian Guidelines, pointing out some differences with other approaches adopted worldwide, some advantages and disadvantages are discussed by an application to a bridge stock located in the Basilicata region (Italy). Data needed to apply the Guidelines are gathered by a purposely set up procedure that exploits existing databases on road infrastructure (OpenStreetMap) complemented by additional data retrieved by means of public image repositories (Google Street View). By accounting for the qualitative nature of the risk classification results obtained by applying the lower analysis levels of the Guidelines, a prioritization method is proposed for ranking bridges for higher assessment levels and possible interventions, as well as consequent funds allocation. The application shows that the Guidelines’ approach tends to provide conservative results. In fact, even in case of bridges with low degradation levels, the final risk classification induces actions undertaken for preliminary or detailed assessment; thus, normal operation (with periodic inspections) would not be possible anymore.

Systematic Analysis of Literature on the Marketing of Healthcare Systems. Challenges for Russian and Romanian Healthcare Systems

This paper aims at finding the most dominant ideas about the marketing of healthcare systems highlighted in the mainstream literature, with a focus on Russia and Romania. To reach this goal, a systematic analysis of literature was conducted and various competitive advantages and disadvantages of the medical models that require special attention from the governments are considered. In this respect we examined 106 papers published during 2006 to 2020 found on four scientific databases. They were selected using inclusion and exclusion criteria according to PRISMA methodology. The main findings of the research consist of the opportunity to use marketing tools in order to improve the quality of healthcare systems in the named countries. Thus, using market orientation, the managers of healthcare systems could stimulate the innovation, the efficiency of funds allocation and the quality of medical services. The results will lead to a better quality of population life and to an increasing of life expectancy. As this paper reviews some articles from Russian literature, it can add a new perspective to the topic. These outcomes have implications for government, business environment, and academia, which should cooperate in order to develop the healthcare system using marketing strategies.

Critical Analysis of Development and Management of Higher Education in India

History of Indian education dates back to over 5,000 years. Education in the Vedic and Muslim periods was found to be based on religion while the Buddhist period gave world-class universities. In the British period, education oscillated between being a central subject and a provincial subject. The Constitution of India placed education as a state subject, which was later transferred to the Concurrent List in 1976. But due to lack of coordination between the centre and state governments, the higher education system is found to be in a critical state. Further, there is significant disparity in funds allocation to central and state universities by the central regulator, UGC, which further worsens the situation. The current system can work, if the centre makes the law with a broader view and leaves the states with enough power to customise it. There is need to establish State Education Councils in every state to better assess the need of state universities and recommend/allocate the funds accordingly.

Critical Analysis of Development and Management of Higher Education in India

History of Indian education dates back to over 5,000 years. Education in the Vedic and Muslim periods was found to be based on religion while the Buddhist period gave world-class universities. In the British period, education oscillated between being a central subject and a provincial subject. The Constitution of India placed education as a state subject, which was later transferred to the Concurrent List in 1976. But due to lack of coordination between the centre and state governments, the higher education system is found to be in a critical state. Further, there is significant disparity in funds allocation to central and state universities by the central regulator, UGC, which further worsens the situation. The current system can work, if the centre makes the law with a broader view and leaves the states with enough power to customise it. There is need to establish State Education Councils in every state to better assess the need of state universities and recommend/allocate the funds accordingly.