Sensory motor inhibition as a prerequisite for theory-of-mind: A comparison of clinical and normal preschoolers differing in sensory motor abilities

2006 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Athanasios Chasiotis ◽  
Florian Kiessling ◽  
Vera Winter ◽  
Jan Hofer
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Motor Inhibition ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Motor Abilities ◽  
Inhibitory Ability ◽  
Sensory Motor

After distinguishing between neocortical abilities for executive control and subcortical sensory motor skills for proprioceptive and vestibular integration, we compare a sample of 116 normal preschoolers with a sample of 31 preschoolers receiving occupational therapeutical treatment. This is done in an experimental design controlled for age (mean: 49 months), sex, SES, linguistic abilities, and intelligence. Inhibition and theory-of-mind are measured with test batteries. Results show that children having deficits in sensory motor inhibition are less competent in conflict inhibition and in theoryof-mind. Regression analyses reveal that in the clinical sample conflict inhibition is a significantly stronger predictor of theory-of-mind than in the control group. These results point at a basic sensory motor inhibitory ability as a prerequisite for the development of theory-of-mind.

Depressive Traits and Theory of Mind in Healthy Individuals: A Mediation Study

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas James Rowark
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Prepotent Response

Depression has been associated with poor social cognitive functioning, including impaired performance on measures of theory of mind. However, the association between depression and theory of mind performance has been removed when controlling for differences in executive functioning, which is also impacted by depression. Among these executive functions, inhibition of prepotent response has been demonstrated as enabling success on theory of mind tests. In the context of these findings, the current investigation tested whether a relationship could be found between depressive traits and theory of mind in a non-clinical sample, and whether this relationship was mediated by differences in executive control of inhibition. Theory of mind was assessed in 31 healthy individuals using an audio-presented false-belief reasoning task, which also tested baseline performance in non-mental-state reasoning. Inhibition of prepotent response was assessed with interference measures on a Stroop colour-word task, and depressive traits were self-reported through the second version of the Beck Depression Inventory. Mediation analysis revealed that executive control of inhibition did not significantly mediate an indirect effect of depressive traits on theory of mind. It was interpreted that relationships previously found between major depression, executive and social-cognitive functions do not generalise beyond clinical boundaries. However, these findings are discussed in terms of the small sample size, limiting statistical power, and several methodological limitations. Future research should assess the relationship between depressive traits and theory of mind using alternative measures of mental representation, or include a neurocognitive battery assessing executive functions other than inhibition.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF SPORT GAMES EXERCISE PROGRAMS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIFIC MOTOR ABILITIES IN ADOLESCENTS WITH INTELLECTUAL IMPAIRMENT

2020 ◽  
pp. 249
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Pejčić ◽  
Miodrag Kocić
Keyword(s):  
Motor Skills ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Exercise Program ◽  
Experimental Program ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mental Impairment ◽  
Motor Abilities ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a sports games experimental program on improving specific motor abilities in adolescents with mental impairment. The study was conducted on a sample of 60 adolescents diagnosed with mild mental impairment, divided into two groups (experimental group EG, and control group CG) with an equal number of participants. The special program of sports games lasted for 12 weeks, with a weekly frequency of four times and a duration of 30 minutes per training. The participants of both groups were tested with the same variables within the specific motor skills for the sport of football and basketball. After a twelve-week experimental program of sports games, there were statistically significant improvements in the EG in the variables: SMFS, SMDR, SMCP with a statistical significance of r=0.000. The results of the ANOVA and MANOVA analyses indicated that after the application of the specific sports games program there was a statistically significant difference in the benefits for the EG compared to the CG, in the parameters of specific motor abilities with a statistical significance r=0.000 and the size of the impact. Based on these research results, it can be concluded that a specific exercise program conducted within twelve-week training of specifically dosed sports activities has significantly contributed the development of specific motor skills for football and basketball.

scholarly journals Sensory-Motor and Affective-Fatigue Factors are Associated with Symbol Digit Performance in Multiple Sclerosis

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Peter A. Arnett ◽  
Margaret Cadden ◽  
Cristina A.F. Roman ◽  
Erin Guty ◽  
Kaitlin Riegler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Motor Speed ◽  
Intact Group ◽  
Motor Abilities ◽  
Oral Motor ◽  
Sensory Motor ◽  
Noncognitive Factors

Abstract Objectives: The oral Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) has become the standard for the brief screening of cognitive impairment in persons with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). It has been shown to be sensitive to sensory-motor factors involving rudimentary oral motor speed and visual acuity, as well as multiple sclerosis (MS) affective-fatigue factors including depression, fatigue, and anxiety. The present study was designed to provide a greater understanding of these noncognitive factors that might contribute to the oral SDMT by examining all these variables in the same sample. Methods: We examined 50 PwMS and 49 healthy controls (HCs). All participants were administered the oral SDMT, two sensory-motor tasks (visual acuity and oral motor speed), and three affective-fatigue measures (depression, fatigue, and anxiety). Results: Partially consistent with hypotheses, we found that sensory-motor skills, but not affective-fatigue factors, accounted for some of the group differences between the MS and HC groups on the oral SDMT, reducing the MS/HC group variance predicted from 10% to 4%. Also, PwMS with below average sensory-motor abilities had oral SDMT scores that were lower than PwMS with intact sensory-motor skills (p < .05). Finally, 71% of PwMS in the below-average sensory-motor group were impaired on the oral SDMT compared with 14% of the intact group (p = .006). Conclusions: When the oral SDMT is used as the sole screening tool for cognitive impairment in MS, clinicians should know that limitations in visual acuity and rudimentary oral motor speed should be considered as possibly being associated with performance on it in MS.

scholarly journals Effects of innovative and traditional physical education classes on motor skills of young school children

Norma ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-252
Author(s):  
Stanislav Škrkar ◽  
Dejan Madić ◽  
Boris Popović ◽  
Danilo Radanović
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Exercise Program ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ministry Of Education ◽  
Motor Abilities ◽  
Long Jump ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Novi Sad

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of innovative and traditional physical education classes on motor abilities of children of younger school age. The sample consisted of 42 students (26 males and 16 females), aged 8 (M = 8.54), second grade of the Elementary School "Laza Kostić" in Kovilj near Novi Sad. The experimental group consisted of 22 students (52.3%) involved in a twelve-week innovative exercise program whose characteristics were changing the content of the class and the fact that it consisted of teaching units that with their form, scope and intensity focus on development of these abilities, while the control group consisted of 20 (47.7%) students who attended traditional physical education classes in accordance with the current curriculum of the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Serbia. Motor skills were assessed using six tests (Sprint from a high start at 20 meters - speed; Long jump from the board - explosive power of the lower extremities; Backwards polygon and Skipping and pulling - whole body coordination; Test T for agility and Running 4x10 meters - agility). The results showed that there is a statistically significant effect on all tested variables of motor skills in students who attended innovative classes (Sprint from a high start at 20 meters) (p = .00, ES = -.14); Long jump from the board (p = .,00, ES = .,71); Back polygon (p = .00 ES = -.44); Skipping and dragging (p = .00, ES = -.20); T test for agility (p = .01, ES = -0,22); Running 4x10 meters (p = .00; ES = -.43), while this was not the case with students who attended traditional physical education classes.

scholarly journals The impact of the program of basketball, volleyball and handball on the situation-motorized capability of the first classes of the elementary school

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-92
Author(s):  
E. Nikšić ◽  
E. Beganović ◽  
M. Joksimović
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
The State ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Health Culture ◽  
Motor Abilities ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Discriminatory Analysis ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Purpose: Determining the state of the student and his situational-motor skills, and their comparison, enables the teacher to control his work in an immediate manner, and he programmes and implements well planned and additional contents in order to realize the set goals. In order to achieve these functions, it is necessary to determine the current state of the students, as well as the state after the implemented specific contents and programs. The aim of the research was to determine the partial changes (differences) of situational-motor abilities that were created under the influence of a four-month program of basketball, volleyball and handball in the pupils of the fifth grades of elementary school. Material: The study included N = 106 class V students, aged 10 to 11 years. The sample of respondents was divided into two subgroups, an experimental group (53 students), who conducted physical and health education classes according to the modified plan and program of sports games (basketball, volleyball and handball) for a half-year and control group (53 students) who attended regular classes from physical and health culture according to the current curriculum. 9 variables were used to assess situational-motor abilities. Descriptive statistics and discriminatory analysis were used to determine the changes (differences) in situational-motor skills. Results: The results of the research at the descriptive level showed certain differences between the groups in the final versus the initial measurements on the individual variables of situational motors. Based on the results of the discriminatory analysis, the relative contribution of each of the variables of the situational motor in the final measurement is seen. The SMKVLS (Running the ball with your hand in the slalom) and SMRBLZ (Throwing the ball against the wall for 30 seconds) variables are the biggest contributors, and the smallest SMOGCPM (Aiming the goal over the net from the basic stand) and SMOSD (Lower frontal serve). Conclusions: Physical and health culture in schools has the primary task of influencing positive transformation processes in all dimensions of students by applying appropriate content.

Adolescents’ self-mutilation - Relationship with dependent behaviour

2003 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 241-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Bolognini ◽  
B. Plancherel ◽  
J. Laget ◽  
P. Stéphan ◽  
O. Halfon
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Clinical Population ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Clinical Group ◽  
Self Mutilation ◽  
Self Harm ◽  
Partial Overlap ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of this study, which was carried out in the French-speacking part of Switzerland, was to examine the relationship between suicide attempts and self-mutilation by adolescents and young adults. The population, aged 14-25 years (N = 308), included a clinical sample of dependent subjects (drug abuse and eating disorders) compared to a control sample. On the basis of the Mini Neuropsychiatric Interview ( Sheehan et al., 1998 ), DSM-IV criteria were used for the inclusion of the clinical population. The results concerning the occurrence of suicide attempts as well as on self-mutilation confirm most of the hypotheses postulated: suicidal attempts and self-mutilation were more common in the clinical group compared to the control group, and there was a correlation between suicide attempts and self-mutilation. However, there was only a partial overlap, attesting that suicide and self-harm might correspond to two different types of behaviour.

Relationship Between Sensory--Motor Skills and Cognitive Processing in ADHD

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew S. Davis ◽  
Lisa A. Pass ◽  
W. Holmes Finch ◽  
Raymond S. Dean ◽  
Richard W. Woodcock
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Sensory Motor

Sources of cognitive conflict and their relevance to Theory of Mind proficiency in healthy ageing. A preregistered study.

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Foyzul Rahman ◽  
Sabrina Javed ◽  
Ian Apperly ◽  
Peter Hansen ◽  
Carol Holland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Spatial Working Memory ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Response Speed ◽  
Cognitive Conflict ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Outcome Knowledge

Age-related decline in Theory of Mind (ToM) may be due to waning executive control, which is necessary for resolving conflict when reasoning about others’ mental states. We assessed how older (OA; n=50) versus younger adults (YA; n=50) were affected by three theoretically relevant sources of conflict within ToM: competing Self-Other perspectives; competing cued locations and outcome knowledge. We examined which best accounted for age-related difficulty with ToM. Our data show unexpected similarity between age groups when representing a belief incongruent with one’s own. Individual differences in attention and motor response speed best explained the degree of conflict experienced through conflicting Self-Other perspectives. However, OAs were disproportionately affected by managing conflict between cued locations. Age and spatial working memory were most relevant for predicting the magnitude of conflict elicited by conflicting cued locations. We suggest that previous studies may have underestimated OA’s ToM proficiency by including unnecessary conflict in ToM tasks.

scholarly journals Attachment Representation and Emotion Recognition Ability in Children with ADHD and Their Parents: A Study Protocol

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2277
Author(s):  
Ruediger Kissgen ◽  
Sebastian Franke ◽  
Moritz Susewind ◽  
Maya Krischer
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Recognition ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Disorganized Attachment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Adhd Diagnosis ◽  
Attachment Research ◽  
Recognition Ability ◽  
Emotion Recognition Ability

Background: Few studies in clinical attachment research to date have examined children with an attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis. This is surprising for two reasons: first, there are a number of parallels between the behaviors of children with an insecure and disorganized attachment and the behaviors of children with an ADHD diagnosis. Second, secure attachment has a positive effect on the development of skills in areas in which children with ADHD demonstrate problems (e.g., attention span, impulse control). There are currently no findings on whether or not and how insecure and disorganized attachment and ADHD affect children’s emotion recognition ability. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, part exploratory and part hypothesis-driven in the context of basic research. A clinical sample of 5- to 10-year-old children with an ADHD diagnosis and their parents is to be compared to a non-clinical unaffected control group. Over a period of 3 years, 80 subjects and their parents are to be recruited in each group for participation in the study. Discussion: This study is the first to examine links between attachment, emotion recognition ability, and ADHD. It is also the first to include not just children with ADHD but also their mothers and fathers in its design. The findings should help reduce the research gap and generate more knowledge for family interventions in the case of ADHD.

Wideband Absorbance in Ears with Retraction Pockets and Cholesteatomas: A Preliminary Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sreedevi Aithal ◽  
Venkatesh Aithal ◽  
Joseph Kei ◽  
Shane Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Study ◽  
Roc Curve ◽  
Operating Characteristic ◽  
Peak Pressure ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Ambient Pressure ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Retraction Pockets ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Objectives The objective of this study was to describe wideband absorbance (WBA) findings in patients with cholesteatomas and retraction pockets (RPs). Design In this prospective study, tympanometry, audiometry, and wideband tympanometry (WBT) were performed on 27 ears with an RP (eight with epitympanic RP and 19 ears with mesotympanic RP), 39 ears with a cholesteatoma (23 ears with epitympanic and 16 ears with mesotympanic cholesteatomas [MCs]), and 49 healthy ears serving as controls. Results Mean WBA at ambient pressure (WBAamb) of both experimental groups was reduced significantly between 0.8 and 5 kHz relative to the control group. The difference between mean WBAamb and mean WBA at tympanometric peak pressure (WBATPP) was greater for the RP (0.12–0.16 between 0.5 and 1.5 kHz) than for the cholesteatoma group (0.03–0.11 between 0.6 and 3 kHz). Mean WBAamb of both epitympanic RP (ERP) and epitympanic cholesteatoma (EC) subgroups was significantly lower than that of the control group. Mean WBATPP of the ERP subgroup attained normal levels as per the control group, while mean WBATPP of EC subgroup was significantly lower than that of the control group at 0.8 to 1.5 kHz and 4 to 5 kHz. In contrast, both mesotympanic RP and MC subgroups demonstrated similar mean WBAamb and WBATPP values. No significant differences in WBAamb and WBATPP results between the RP and cholesteatomas groups were observed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses indicated that the area under the ROC curve for distinguishing between the RP and cholesteatomas groups ranged from 0.44 to 0.60, indicating low accuracy in separating the two groups. Conclusion While it is not possible to distinguish between the RP and cholesteatomas groups based on the WBAamb and WBATPP results, it is potentially feasible to differentiate between the EC and ERP conditions. Further study using a large clinical sample is recommended to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the WBA test to identify the EC and ERP conditions.

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