scholarly journals Null Hypotheses, Interval Estimation, and Bayesian Analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 157 (6) ◽  
pp. 919-920 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer J. Shin ◽  
David Zurakowski
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Analysis ◽  
Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Prior Probability ◽  
Classical Method ◽  
Interval Estimation ◽  
P Value ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Frequentist Approach ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Statistical Approaches

Hypothesis testing using a frequentist approach is the mainstay of biostatistics and forms the foundation for assessing the significance of study results. This classical method has well-understood advantages as it determines whether data are statistically improbable and provides a threshold (ie, the P value) for delineating significance. Alternative statistical approaches have been proposed, including Bayesian analysis. This technique incorporates a prior probability as to what is already known clinically with the observed data. It is important for otolaryngologists to understand the advantages and disadvantages of these 2 approaches to conduct the most appropriate analyses.

Beyond p-value: the Rigor and Power of Study

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fengyu Zhang ◽  
Claude Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
P Value ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
P Values ◽  
Grant Applications ◽  
Study Results ◽  
New Criteria ◽  
Technical Measures

There have been a series of recent discussions and debates on the p-value and statistical significance. These discussions, including publications of more than 40 papers in a special issue of the American Statistician, provide an excellent opportunity to think about some technical measures for practical implementation in grant applications and publications. While several factors have been discussed, it may be the rigor of a study that determines the p-value for reporting study results and judging a consistent replication of research. Both p-values and power, which integrate Fisherian and Neyman-Pearson methods, should be used for hypothesis testing. We propose new criteria, which can be implemented without fundamental changes in existing statistics, to reduce false positives and irreplicability of studies that are either inadequately powered or overpowered.

Beyond p-value: the Rigor and Power of Study

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fengyu Zhang ◽  
Claude Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
P Value ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
P Values ◽  
Grant Applications ◽  
Study Results ◽  
New Criteria ◽  
Technical Measures

There have been a series of recent discussions and debates on the p-value and statistical significance. These discussions, including publications of more than 40 papers in a special issue of the American Statistician, provide an excellent opportunity to think about some technical measures for practical implementation in grant applications and publications. While several factors have been discussed, it may be the rigor of a study that determines the p-value for reporting study results and judging a consistent replication of research. Both p-values and power, which integrate Fisherian and Neyman-Pearson methods, should be used for hypothesis testing. We propose new criteria, which can be implemented without fundamental changes in existing statistics, to reduce false positives and irreplicability of studies that are either inadequately powered or overpowered.

Penatalaksanaan IMD pada Ibu Postpartum Sectio Caesarea Mempengaruhi Status Gizi dan Kecepatan Produksi ASI

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-120
Author(s):  
Nursari Abdul Syukur ◽  
Susi Purwanti
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Sectio Caesarea ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Study Results

Many mothers who give birth to Sectio Caesarea (SC) do not Initiate Early Breastfeeding (IMD), which fails exclusive breastfeeding. This study aimed to determine the effect of IMD management in postpartum SC mothers on nutritional status, speed of milk production, and quality of breast milk protein. Method: quantitative research with quasi approach experiment. The research design used was a pre-post-test control non-equivalent control group. A sampling of this study used the Consecutive method sampling with a sample of 20 mothers who gave birth by cesarean section (SC). Hypothesis testing uses the independent t-test and the Mann-Whitney test. The study results showed an influence on the management of IMD in postpartum SC mothers on the speed of ASI production (p-value=0.004) and nutritional status (p-value=0.028). There was no effect of IMD management on postpartum SC mothers on the quality of breast milk protein (p-value = 0.543). This study recommends that the hospital implement an IMD promotion program before the abdominal wall is closed as a form of intervention to increase milk production and maternal nutritional status

A STUDY OF ENDOMETRIAL THICKNESS IN TRANS VAGINAL SONOGRAPHY IN RELATION WITH HISTOPATHOLOGY REPORT IN DILATION & CURRATAGE IN AUB WOMEN

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Endometrial Thickness ◽  
P Value ◽  
First Line ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Dilation And Curettage ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Vaginal Sonography ◽  
In Trans

A study of of endometrial thickness on TVS in relation with histopathology report on dilation and curettage. AIM AND OBJECTIVE-To set a cut off limit of endometrial thickness on TVS for differtiating between normal and abnormal endometrium. MATERIAL AND METHOD-hospital based comparative study. RESULTS-TVS is non invasive ,simple first line procedure in AUB women. Mean endometrial thickness in normal endometrial group was 8.00±2.44 mm and in abnormal endometrial group was 15.16±33 mm.The difference was found highly significant (p value<.001)

Perbandingan Expanded Curb-65 Terhadap Curb-65 dan Psi Dalam Memprediksi Luaran Pasien Cap

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 608
Author(s):  
Suyastri Suyastri ◽  
Irvan Medison ◽  
Deddy Herman ◽  
Russilawati Russilawati
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Prospective Study ◽  
Pneumonia Severity Index ◽  
Severity Index ◽  
Accurate Method ◽  
P Value ◽  
Pneumonia Severity ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Care Decision

<p><em>Tingkat keparahan CAP adalah poin penting pengambilan keputusan perawatan pasien. Beberapa metode telah digunakan untuk menilai tingkat keparahan pneumonia seperti Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI), CURB-65, SMART-COP dan Expanded CURB-65. Metode tersebut memiliki kelebihan dan kekurangan. Expanded CURB 65 diusulkan menjadi metode yang lebih akurat untuk mengevaluasi keparahan pneumonia dan memprediksi kematian pasien CAP. Tujuan penelitian ini memprediksi keakuratan Expanded CURB  65 dibandingkan CURB 65 dan PSI. Penelitian kohort prospektif pada pasien CAP yang dirawat di RSUP Dr. M.Djamil Padang dari April sampai Oktober 2019. Tingkat keparahan CAP pada pasien dinilai menggunakan PSI, CURB 65, Expanded CURB 65, kemudian hasilnya dievaluasi berdasarkan keparahan. Data dianalisis menggunakan regresi logistik dengan CI 95% dan nilai p &lt;0,05 dianggap signifikan. Hasil penelitian pada 90 pasien sebagian besar laki-laki usia 53 tahun dengan komorbiditas terbanyak keganasan. Uji Pearson Chi aquare menunjukkan tidak ada hubungan antara tingkat keparahan berdasarkan CURB 65 dan luaran pengobatan (CI 95%, nilai p = 0,104). Sementara, PSI dan Expanded CURB 65 memiliki hubungan yang signifikan antara tingkat keparahan dan luaran (CI 95%, p=0,081 dan CI 95%, p= 0,046, masing-masing). Analisis multivariat menemukan Expanded CURB 65 lebih akurat dalam memprediksi luaran pasien CAP rawat inap (kappa =0,108 dan AUC=0,422).</em></p><p><em><br /></em></p><p><em><em>Severity of CAP is very important for site care decision inpatients. Several methods have been used to assess the severity of pneumonia such as Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI), CURB-65, SMART-COP and Expanded CURB-65. Those methods have advantages and disadvantages. Expanded CURB 65 is proposed to be more accurate method for evaluating pneumonia severity and predicting mortality in CAP. The aim of this study was to investigate the accuracy of Expanded CURB 65 compare to CURB 65 and PSI. Cohort prospective study was conducted for CAP patients who were hospitalized at RSUP Dr. M.Djamil Padang from April to October 2019. Patients was assesed for severity using PSI, CURB 65, Expanded CURB 65, then we evaluated it’s outcome. The data were analyzed by logistic regression with CI 95% and p value &lt;0,05 considered as statistically significant. We found 90 patients that predominantly males with an average age of 53 years, and the most common comorbidity is malignancy. There was no relationship between pneumonia severity by CURB 65 and outcome (CI 95%, p=0.104). PSI and Expanded CURB 65 had significant relationship between severity and outcome (CI 95%, p=0.081and CI 95%, p=0.046, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed the expanded CURB 65 was more accurate for predicting the outcome of CAP inpatients (kappa=0.108 and AUC= 0.422).</em></em></p>

PREVALENCE OF HYPERTENSION AMID PATIENTS WITH TYPE-2 DIABETES MELLITUS- AT A TERTIARY LEVEL HOSPITAL IN CENTRAL INDIA

2021 ◽  
pp. 57-59
Author(s):  
Hakimuddin Malvi ◽  
Syed Maqsood Husain
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Central India ◽  
P Value ◽  
Tertiary Level ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Level Hospital

Background: India has been recognized as the diabetes capital of the world by the year of 2025 Hypertension is a signicant danger factor for cardiovascular infection, stroke and ischemic coronary illness. Objective: The aim of this paper is prevalence of hypertension amid patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus- at a tertiary level hospital in central India. Methods: Present work is hospital based cross-sectional study was conduct in Chirayu Medical College & Hospital, Bhopal. The study population consisted of total 300 subjects. Data obtained directly from patients and patients medical les, and the following data were included in the study . Results: The results showed that the after using chi-square test we found that hypertension was signicantly higher p value(<0.05) among female patients (69%),patients with long duration diabetes (77%)10 years and more, also it was signicantly higher among patients with current smokers (69%). Conclusion: In this study the prevalence of hypertension is increasing in patient with T2DM. Hypertension was the most danger factor for micro vascular and macro vascular confusion of T2DM.

THE CENTRAL ASIAN ECONOMY DURING THE PANDEMIC: AN ANALYSIS OF SMALL AND MEDIUM BUSINESS SUPPORT STRATEGIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 058-067
Author(s):  
Aiganym ISSENOVA
Keyword(s):  
Administrative Support ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Support Tools ◽  
Business Support ◽  
Central Asian Countries ◽  
Asian Economy ◽  
Tax Holidays

This paper examines public policy towards small and medium-sized enterprises in the Central Asian countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. A study of analytical surveys for 2020 and 2021 produced by international organizations (such as the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, KPMG, and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development), as well as of legal and regulatory documents and strategic programs adopted in the countries of Central Asia during the coronavirus pandemic, has made it possible to identify the advantages and disadvantages of government decisions regarding business and to analyze public strategies for supporting small and medium-sized enterprises. This analysis leads to the conclusion that the potential for economic recovery in the Central Asian countries is directly dependent on the measures taken by their governments to maintain and support the business sector. In particular, the study results show that the main business support tools during the coronavirus pandemic are mechanisms such as tax holidays for businesses, soft loans, loan restructuring and refinancing, and administrative support measures.

The Effectiveness of Durante Hemodialysis Packed Red Cells (PRC) Transfusion on Hemoglobin Levels

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 013-018
Author(s):  
Pria Wahyu Romadhon Girianto ◽  
Mega Wahyu Mulyasari
Keyword(s):  
Renal Disease ◽  
Chronic Renal Disease ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
P Value ◽  
Test Design ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The One

Renal Disease was a chronic disease that the most attacking people in Indonesia. Damage to this vital organ in the human body greatly affected a person's health condition, one of which was anemia. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of Durante hemodialysis PRC transfusions on hemoglobin levels. The method used was Pre-experimental design, with the One group pre-post test design approach. With a sample of 49 patients who underwent regular hemodialysis at RSUD dr. Iskak Tulungagung. Data were obtained by direct observation. Processed by computerized methods with a statistical t-test, the significance level (α) was 0.05. The study results showed that the hemoglobin levels of the pre-Durante hemodialysis PRC transfusion patients were 4-5 mg/dl (53.06%), and the hemoglobin levels of the post-Durante hemodialysis PRC transfusion patients were 6.1-7 mg/dl (34.69%). The results of statistical tests showed that there was an increase in hemoglobin levels in patients who received Durante hemodialysis PRC transfusion by 1.22 mg/dl because p-value = 0.000 < 0.05 (α) means that there was an effect. It could be concluded that the delivery of Durante hemodialysis PRC transfusion could help increase hemoglobin levels. This finding was very helpful for chronic Renal Disease patients undergoing hemodialysis, who have been using erythropoietin preparations because PRC transfusions were cheaper and more effective when compared to using erythropoietin preparations

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