Tolerance for Cheating From the Classroom to the Boardroom: A Study of Underlying Personal and Cultural Drivers

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glen H. Brodowsky ◽  
Emily Tarr ◽  
Foo Nin Ho ◽  
Don Sciglimpaglia
Keyword(s):  
Academic Dishonesty ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Cultural Dimension ◽  
Academic Cheating ◽  
Corporate Behavior ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Self Construal ◽  
Diverse Student ◽  
Business Behavior ◽  
The Individual

Professors face increasingly diverse student bodies that exhibit divergent understandings and motivations to engage in academic dishonesty. Research suggests that collectivism/individualism is the cultural dimension underlying such differences. This study measures this dimension at the individual level using two constructs—agency-communion and self-construal—and their relationships to tolerance for academic cheating and unethical corporate behavior. Analyses show a positive relationship between tolerance for academic cheating and for unethical corporate behavior. Both measures of collectivism (interdependent self-construal and communion) exhibit positive relationships to tolerance for unethical business behavior, while interdependence is also positively related to tolerance for academic cheating.

scholarly journals WHETHER INDIVIDUALISM MAKES PEOPLE FROM THE “WEST” HAPPIER AND COLLECTIVISM MAKES PEOPLE FROM THE “EAST” MORE SATISFIED IN LIFE: AN INDIVIDUAL-LEVEL ANALYSIS

2019 ◽  
Vol 128 (6B) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Nguyễn Hữu An ◽  
Lê Duy Mai Phương
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Cultural Dimension ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
The West ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Collectivistic Cultures ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Level Of Analysis

Determinants of the variation of happiness have long been discussed in social sciences. Recent studies have focused on investigating cultural factors contributing to the level of individual happiness, in which the cultural dimension of individualism (IND) and collectivism (COL) has been drawing the attention of a large number of scholars. At the cultural level of analysis, happiness is associated with personal achievements as well as personal egoism in individualistic cultures, while it is related to interpersonal relationships in collectivistic cultures. Empirical research yields unconventional results at the individual level of analysis, that is, individuals in collectivistic cultures favor IND to be happy, in contrast, people in individualistic cultures emphasize COL be satisfied in life. Using data from the fifth wave of the World Values Survey (WVS), this study takes the cultural dimension of IND and COL at the individual level of analysis to detect its effects on happiness (conceptualized as subjective well-being – SWB) in the comparison between the two cultures. Multiple linear regression models reveal results that individuals from the “West” experience greater happiness when they expose themselves less individualist, while, individuals from the “East” feel more satisfied and happier in their life when they emphasize more on IND or being more autonomous.

scholarly journals Frankly, We Do Give a Damn

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 816-826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilad Feldman ◽  
Huiwen Lian ◽  
Michal Kosinski ◽  
David Stillwell
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Aggregate Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

There are two conflicting perspectives regarding the relationship between profanity and dishonesty. These two forms of norm-violating behavior share common causes and are often considered to be positively related. On the other hand, however, profanity is often used to express one’s genuine feelings and could therefore be negatively related to dishonesty. In three studies, we explored the relationship between profanity and honesty. We examined profanity and honesty first with profanity behavior and lying on a scale in the lab (Study 1; N = 276), then with a linguistic analysis of real-life social interactions on Facebook (Study 2; N = 73,789), and finally with profanity and integrity indexes for the aggregate level of U.S. states (Study 3; N = 50 states). We found a consistent positive relationship between profanity and honesty; profanity was associated with less lying and deception at the individual level and with higher integrity at the society level.

Citizen-Initiated Contacting of Government Officials and Socioeconomic Status: Determining the Relationship and Accounting for It

1982 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine B. Sharp
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Related Data ◽  
Sense Of Efficacy ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Level Of Analysis

The topic of citizen-initiated contacting of government officials has received increasing attention, but research has yielded conflicting findings on the relationship of socioeconomic status to contacting behavior. Various studies find that the two are negatively, positively, parabolically, or negligibly related. Data are presented supporting the claim of a positive relationship, and reasons for the conflicting findings are explored. The need-awareness model, associated with the finding of a parabolic relationship between socioeconomic status and contacting at the aggregate level, is tested at the individual level of analysis. While the importance of the need and awareness factors is affirmed, the overall model is not supported. As with other modes of political participation, sense of efficacy is found to be an important predictor of contracting, but the positive relationship between socioeconomic status and contacting remains when efficacy is controlled.

scholarly journals Is an Emphasis on Dignity, Honor and Face more an Attribute of Individuals or of Cultural Groups?

2020 ◽  
pp. 106939712097957
Author(s):  
Peter B. Smith ◽  
Matthew J. Easterbrook ◽  
Yasin Koc ◽  
Vivian Miu-Chi Lun ◽  
Dona Papastylianou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Multilevel Analyses ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
Predictive Utility ◽  
Cultural Logic ◽  
Interpersonal Conflicts ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Self Construal ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Individual

This study compares the individual-level and sample-level predictive utility of a measure of the cultural logics of dignity, honor, and face. University students in 29 samples from 24 nations used a simple measure to rate their perceptions of the interpersonal cultural logic characterizing their local culture. The nomological net of these measures was then explored. Key dependent measures included three different facets of independent versus interdependent self-construal, relevant attitudes and values, reported handling of actual interpersonal conflicts, and responses to normative settings. Multilevel analyses revealed both individual- and sample-level effects but the dignity measure showed more individual-level effects, whereas sample-level effects were relatively more important with the face measure. The implications of this contrast are discussed.

Change Leadership and Employees’ Commitment to Change

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Ling ◽  
Yue Guo ◽  
Dusheng Chen
Keyword(s):  
Collective Identity ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Employee Commitment ◽  
Change Leadership ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Commitment To Change ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual

Abstract. This research develops a multilevel motivation model to examine the mediating effect of collective identity and change self-efficacy on the relationship between change leadership and employee commitment to change. Our model is empirically tested using data collected from 647 employees within 110 teams. The results show that in addition to the positive relationship between change leadership and employee commitment to change, collective identity at the group level and change self-efficacy at the individual level significantly mediate the positive relationship between change leadership and employee commitment to change. This paper rounds off with a discussion of limitations and contributions from theoretical and practical perspectives.

Revisiting the Asian Values Thesis

Asian Survey ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 535-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fei Shen ◽  
Lokman Tsui
Keyword(s):  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Freedom Of Expression ◽  
Asian Values ◽  
Empirical Relationships ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
The Individual

This study aims to disentangle the empirical relationships between Asian values and attitudes toward freedom of expression in Asia. Findings from our multinational survey suggest no obvious relationship between Asian values and support for freedom of expression at the country level. At the individual level, the data suggest a positive relationship between Asian values and support for freedom of expression when Asian values are treated as a single concept.

Externalizing Behavior and Psychopathy: A Social Relations Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 310-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
David K. Marcus ◽  
Samantha L. Robinson ◽  
Alexander E. Eichenbaum
Keyword(s):  
Problem Behaviors ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Academic Dishonesty ◽  
Externalizing Behavior ◽  
Externalizing Behaviors ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Psychopathic Personality ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Report Measure

Most conceptualizations of psychopathy emphasize its interpersonal consequences, yet most research on psychopathy has been conducted at the individual level. In small groups, well-acquainted members of sororities and fraternities (N = 111) rated one another and themselves on a variety of externalizing behaviors (e.g., cheating, risky sex), and completed a self-report measure of psychopathy. There was consensus about the extent to which members of the groups engaged in these behaviors. The associations between these target effects and respondents' self-reports suggest that these consensual judgments were reasonably accurate. Individuals who reported higher levels of psychopathic personality traits were seen as more likely to engage in externalizing behaviors, with self-centered impulsivity most strongly associated with these behaviors. Although fearless dominance was unrelated to self-reported externalizing behaviors, it was related to peers' ratings of marijuana use, academic dishonesty, and future legal troubles, suggesting that individuals high in fearless dominance may underreport their problem behaviors.

scholarly journals Team Mindfulness and Employee Moral Efficacy: The Moderating Effect of Team Bottom-Line Mentality

2021 ◽  
Vol 257 ◽  
pp. 02088
Author(s):  
Yang Li ◽  
Han Ren
Keyword(s):  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Bottom Line ◽  
Impact Mechanism ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Moderating Role ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Moral Efficacy

Different from the previous studies that mainly focused on the mindfulness at the individual level, this research explores the effect of team mindfulness on employee moral efficacy, and considers the influence of the interaction between team bottom-line mentality (BLM) and team mindfulness on employees’ moral efficacy. Results from three-wave surveys of 275 employees indicated that: the team BLM will weaken the positive relationship between team mindfulness and employees’ moral effectiveness. This research advances the current understandings of the influencing process between team mindfulness and employees’ moral efficacy by identifying the moderating role of team BLM, and casts the spotlight on the impact mechanism among team mindfulness, team BLM, and employees’ moral efficacy at the team level. Theoretical and practical implications are also discussed.

Self-construal and perspective taking: partial support for the attentional hypothesis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuong-Van Vu ◽  
Catrin Finkenauer ◽  
Lydia Krabbendam
Keyword(s):  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Mental States ◽  
The Self ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Separate Entity ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Self Construal ◽  
Egocentric Bias ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Director Task

How efficiently one can take the perspective of another might be influenced by individualism (I) and collectivism (C), characterized by whether the self is construed as independent or interdependent. Collectivism can be associated with more accurate and faster inference of others’ mental states because of heightened attention to others’ perspective (the attentional hypothesis). However, construing the self as a separate entity from others, as in individualistic self-construal, could lead to better distinction between one’s and another’s mental states because egocentric bias (the tendency to conflate what oneself sees with what another sees) is better mitigated (the representational hypothesis). We measured IC on an individual level (Individual IC), primed participants (N = 142) with either I or C (Situational IC) and assessed their perspective-taking performance with the Director task. Participants primed with collectivism were significantly faster than the control group but not faster than those primed with individualism. On the individual level, being predominantly collectivistic did not lead to faster perspective taking, but was associated with slower non-perspective-taking performance. These findings provide more support for the attentional hypothesis than the representational hypothesis and improve our understanding of how the representation of the self can contribution to the representation of others’ mind.

Quality of Government and Social Trust

2021 ◽  
pp. 538-558
Author(s):  
Peter Thisted Dinesen ◽  
Kim Mannemar Sønderskov
Keyword(s):  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Social Trust ◽  
Institutional Quality ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Output Side ◽  
Societal Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Positive Effect

In this chapter we review the literature on the relationship between quality of government—conceptualized as quality of institutions at the output side of government—and generalized social trust (trust in strangers). After reviewing the theoretical mechanisms—in both directions—proposed to link social trust and quality of government, we review the empirical evidence. We report considerable evidence for a positive relationship between trust and various manifestations of quality of government at both the societal level (macro) and the individual level (micro). Most studies have limited causal leverage, but a few studies—primarily at the individual level—employ designs better suited for causal statements. These studies suggest a positive effect of institutional quality on generalized social trust. We conclude the review by discussing path for further research.

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