scholarly journals Is an Emphasis on Dignity, Honor and Face more an Attribute of Individuals or of Cultural Groups?

2020 ◽  
pp. 106939712097957
Author(s):  
Peter B. Smith ◽  
Matthew J. Easterbrook ◽  
Yasin Koc ◽  
Vivian Miu-Chi Lun ◽  
Dona Papastylianou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Multilevel Analyses ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
Predictive Utility ◽  
Cultural Logic ◽  
Interpersonal Conflicts ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Self Construal ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Individual

This study compares the individual-level and sample-level predictive utility of a measure of the cultural logics of dignity, honor, and face. University students in 29 samples from 24 nations used a simple measure to rate their perceptions of the interpersonal cultural logic characterizing their local culture. The nomological net of these measures was then explored. Key dependent measures included three different facets of independent versus interdependent self-construal, relevant attitudes and values, reported handling of actual interpersonal conflicts, and responses to normative settings. Multilevel analyses revealed both individual- and sample-level effects but the dignity measure showed more individual-level effects, whereas sample-level effects were relatively more important with the face measure. The implications of this contrast are discussed.

The consequences of social intolerance on non-violent protest

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 567-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolin Rapp ◽  
Kathrin Ackermann
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Rational Choice ◽  
Ecological Effect ◽  
Multilevel Analyses ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Established Democracies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect

This paper scrutinizes the impact of intolerance toward diverse ethnic, religious, and cultural groups on an individual’s willingness to actively engage in non-violent protest. Following new insights, we examine the individual as well as the ecological effect of social intolerance on protest behavior. Drawing from insights of social psychology and communication science, we expect that the prevalence of intolerance reinforces the positive effect of individual-level intolerance on protest participation. From a rational choice perspective, however, a negative moderating effect is expected, as the expression of opinions becomes redundant for intolerant individuals in an intolerant society. We base our multilevel analyses on data from theWorld Values Surveyscovering 32 established democracies. Our results reveal that intolerance leads to more non-violent protest participation. This relationship, however, is strongly influenced by the prevalence of intolerance in a country.

Tolerance for Cheating From the Classroom to the Boardroom: A Study of Underlying Personal and Cultural Drivers

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glen H. Brodowsky ◽  
Emily Tarr ◽  
Foo Nin Ho ◽  
Don Sciglimpaglia
Keyword(s):  
Academic Dishonesty ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Cultural Dimension ◽  
Academic Cheating ◽  
Corporate Behavior ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Self Construal ◽  
Diverse Student ◽  
Business Behavior ◽  
The Individual

Professors face increasingly diverse student bodies that exhibit divergent understandings and motivations to engage in academic dishonesty. Research suggests that collectivism/individualism is the cultural dimension underlying such differences. This study measures this dimension at the individual level using two constructs—agency-communion and self-construal—and their relationships to tolerance for academic cheating and unethical corporate behavior. Analyses show a positive relationship between tolerance for academic cheating and for unethical corporate behavior. Both measures of collectivism (interdependent self-construal and communion) exhibit positive relationships to tolerance for unethical business behavior, while interdependence is also positively related to tolerance for academic cheating.

Exploring entrepreneurial orientation and intentions among technical university students

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 718-736
Author(s):  
Swagatika Sahoo ◽  
Rajeev Kumar Panda
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Entrepreneurial Orientation ◽  
Resource Planning ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The University ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to empirically investigate the impact of the contextual antecedents on the individual entrepreneurial orientation (IEO) of university graduates, which, in turn, affects their entrepreneurial intentions (EIs). Design/methodology/approach Primary data were collected in the form of 510 valid responses from engineering students across two technical universities in India, through a structured questionnaire consisting of scales adapted from the extant literature, and the data were empirically validated in this study. The reliability and validity measures of the constructs were validated through the confirmatory factor analysis, and the proposed hypotheses were validated using structural equation modelling. Findings The results of this empirical analysis validate that the contextual antecedents have a significant positive impact on students’ entrepreneurial orientation (EO), which, in turn, has a significant positive influence on EIs. Research limitations/implications This analysis depicts the significance of EO as a perceptual driver at the individual level and substantiates that the availability of resources such as startup capital, access to business information, social networks and supportive university context significantly affects the decision-making process of an individual to venture into an otherwise uncertain occupation of entrepreneurship. Practical implications The study has the likely potential to help university administrators and policymakers to allocate resources, develop strategies and provide effective entrepreneurial learning in entrepreneurship-oriented courses aimed at honing entrepreneurial skills and self-confidence of the university students. This holistic model can be used as a tool for resource planning and prioritising in order to provide the desired contextual support essential for fostering the IEO of the university students towards adopting entrepreneurial career, thereby assisting them to achieve their career goals and the broader objective of nation-building. Originality/value This study adopts an innovative approach to empirically validate the EO construct at the individual level, which has been studied at the organisation (firm) level till today. This research explores the relevant contextual antecedents and analyses their impact on IEO as well as the explanatory capacity of IEO to explain students’ EIs in the contextual backdrop of universities in a fast transitioning economy like India.

scholarly journals Schwartz Value Clusters in Modern University Students

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Olga V. Maslova ◽  
Dmitry A. Shlyakhta ◽  
Mikhail S. Yanitskiy
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Personal Values ◽  
Initial Sample ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Professional Groups ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Basic Personal Values

People differ in their value hierarchies, i.e., in the importance they attach to basic personal values. A large number of studies were performed to establish similarities and differences between national, ethnic, or professional groups in terms of Schwartz’s values structure. In addition to this sample-level approach, we found it useful to disclose a number of subgroups within those larger social groups, which are more homogeneous in themselves and reflect the individual-level types of personal values systems. The study was performed on university students (n = 1237) who were asked to fill in the SVS и PVQ Schwartz’s questionnaires. The sample was then treated with the K-means cluster analysis, which resulted in the division of the initial sample into three subgroups or clusters according to their values hierarchy being measured separately at the (1) Normative Ideals scale and (2) the scale of Behavioral Priorities. These clusters were equally common among male and female students, but they were unequally found in young people coming from different ethnic groups and regions, demonstrating the role of socio-cultural environment in building up personal values. The results may extend our capabilities for the prediction of the social, economic, and political behavior of the younger generation.

Working with Asian American Clients: One Person at a Time

1992 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 356-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Insoo Kim Berg ◽  
Scott D. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
Asian American ◽  
Treatment Model ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Cultural Experiences ◽  
Case Vignettes ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Solution Focused ◽  
Group Experience

The authors contend that not all clients from the same ethnic group experience life in similar ways. A treatment model is presented that incorporates both macro and micro views of ethnic differences and similarities. Therapists need to maintain both an ecosystemic view of how the ethnic and cultural experiences of the client affect treatment while not losing sight of the micro view of how these cultural traits are experienced at the individual level. Based on a solution-focused treatment model, the authors present an approach to working with clients from different ethnic or cultural groups. Case vignettes are used throughout to illustrate helpful techniques in working with Asian American clients.

Strategizing Safety: Theoretical Frameworks to Understand Women’s Decision Making in the Face of Partner Violence and Social Inequities

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (21) ◽  
pp. 3321-3345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alisa J. Velonis ◽  
Nihaya Daoud ◽  
Flora Matheson ◽  
Julia Woodhall-Melnik ◽  
Sarah Hamilton-Wright ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Partner Violence ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Safe Place ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Social Inequities ◽  
Women's Lives ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Individual

Women in physically and psychologically abusive relationships face numerous decisions related to their safety: decisions that historically have been viewed by researchers and human service practitioners as related to individual or interpersonal factors, such as how they feel about their partner, what they (or those they are close to) think is best for their children, or whether they have a safe place to go to. Social and structural factors, such as poverty, sexism, and barriers related to disability, are either left out or viewed at their individual-level consequence, such as a woman’s employment status. Using interview data and case studies from a larger study on housing instability, partner violence, and health, the authors apply ecological and macro-level theoretical models that go beyond the individual level to the stories of women who struggled with partner violence, arguing that it is critical to examine the large social and structural forces that impact women’s lives if we are to understand the decisions women make when facing a violent partner.

scholarly journals Outbreak of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis among military personnel in French Guiana, 2020: Clinical, phylogenetic, individual and environmental aspects

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. e0009938
Author(s):  
Kim Henry ◽  
Aurélie Mayet ◽  
Miguel Hernandez ◽  
Guillaume Frechard ◽  
Pierre-Antoine Blanc ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Attack Rate ◽  
French Guiana ◽  
Military Training ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Illegal Logging ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Training Course ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Individual

Background Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is endemic in French Guiana but cases are usually sporadic. An outbreak signal was issued on May 15th 2020 with 15 suspected cases after a military training course in the rainforest. An outbreak investigation was carried out. Methodology/Principal findings Thirty cases were confirmed. Leishmania guyanensis was the most frequent species (90%). The most frequent presentation was ulcerative (90%). Lesions on the face and hands were frequent (40% each). Eight cases (26%) presented a poor outcome after treatment with pentamidine and required a second line with amphotericin B. Three of them required further treatments with meglumine antimoniate or miltefosine. Two spots within the training area were deemed as likely sites of contamination, due to illegal logging. The isolated Leishmania strains did not form a separate cluster. Participation in Week 13 of year 2020 was associated with infection (OR = 4.59 [1.10–19.83]; p = 0.016) while undergoing only the “Fighting” exercise was protective (OR = 0.1 [0–0.74]; p = 0.021). There was no association between infection and other risk factors at the individual level. The attack rate of Regiment B (14/105 = 13.3%) was significantly higher (OR = 4.22 [1.84–9.53], p = 0.0001) compared to Regiment A (16/507 = 3.2%). The attack rate during this training course (30/858 = 3.5%) was significantly higher (OR 2.29 [1.28–4.13]; p = 0.002) than for other missions in French Guiana during the same period (22/1427 = 1.5%). Conclusions This outbreak could be explained by a combination of factors: climatic conditions around week 13, at-risk activities including night trainings, absence of impregnation, a lesser experience of rainforest duties in Regiment B and illegal logging attracting sandflies on military training grounds.

scholarly journals Current trends in the application of causal inference methods to pooled longitudinal observational infectious disease studies—A protocol for a methodological systematic review

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0250778
Author(s):  
Heather Hufstedler ◽  
Ellicott C. Matthay ◽  
Sabahat Rahman ◽  
Valentijn M. T. de Jong ◽  
Harlan Campbell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Full Text ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Joint Estimation ◽  
Related Research ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Face ◽  
Business Source Premier ◽  
The Individual

Introduction Pooling (or combining) and analysing observational, longitudinal data at the individual level facilitates inference through increased sample sizes, allowing for joint estimation of study- and individual-level exposure variables, and better enabling the assessment of rare exposures and diseases. Empirical studies leveraging such methods when randomization is unethical or impractical have grown in the health sciences in recent years. The adoption of so-called “causal” methods to account for both/either measured and/or unmeasured confounders is an important addition to the methodological toolkit for understanding the distribution, progression, and consequences of infectious diseases (IDs) and interventions on IDs. In the face of the Covid-19 pandemic and in the absence of systematic randomization of exposures or interventions, the value of these methods is even more apparent. Yet to our knowledge, no studies have assessed how causal methods involving pooling individual-level, observational, longitudinal data are being applied in ID-related research. In this systematic review, we assess how these methods are used and reported in ID-related research over the last 10 years. Findings will facilitate evaluation of trends of causal methods for ID research and lead to concrete recommendations for how to apply these methods where gaps in methodological rigor are identified. Methods and analysis We will apply MeSH and text terms to identify relevant studies from EBSCO (Academic Search Complete, Business Source Premier, CINAHL, EconLit with Full Text, PsychINFO), EMBASE, PubMed, and Web of Science. Eligible studies are those that apply causal methods to account for confounding when assessing the effects of an intervention or exposure on an ID-related outcome using pooled, individual-level data from 2 or more longitudinal, observational studies. Titles, abstracts, and full-text articles, will be independently screened by two reviewers using Covidence software. Discrepancies will be resolved by a third reviewer. This systematic review protocol has been registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020204104).

The Role of Strategic Management Simulation as a Tool for Teamwork KSA Learning

2014 ◽  
pp. 216-234
Author(s):  
Víctor Martín Pérez ◽  
Natalia Martín Cruz
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Strategic Management ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Learning By Doing ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Initial Knowledge

The purpose of this study is to assess the effectiveness of strategic management simulations as a learning-by-doing tool so that university students can learn to work in a team, that is, they can enhance their Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities (KSA) for effective teamwork. The authors carry out an analysis of the effect of strategic management simulation on the teamwork KSA with a group of undergraduates studying in the School of Business. The results show that teamwork KSA can improve and that the initial knowledge of that teamwork KSA, at the individual level, is the only factor that conditions their learning. Initial knowledge of the teamwork KSA and the spread of this knowledge within the team are not determinant influences on the learning-by-doing of the individual. Surprisingly, neither are features such as intelligence, personality, attitude to teamwork, and teamwork self-efficacy, both of the individual and the team.

Self-construal and perspective taking: partial support for the attentional hypothesis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuong-Van Vu ◽  
Catrin Finkenauer ◽  
Lydia Krabbendam
Keyword(s):  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Mental States ◽  
The Self ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Separate Entity ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Self Construal ◽  
Egocentric Bias ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Director Task

How efficiently one can take the perspective of another might be influenced by individualism (I) and collectivism (C), characterized by whether the self is construed as independent or interdependent. Collectivism can be associated with more accurate and faster inference of others’ mental states because of heightened attention to others’ perspective (the attentional hypothesis). However, construing the self as a separate entity from others, as in individualistic self-construal, could lead to better distinction between one’s and another’s mental states because egocentric bias (the tendency to conflate what oneself sees with what another sees) is better mitigated (the representational hypothesis). We measured IC on an individual level (Individual IC), primed participants (N = 142) with either I or C (Situational IC) and assessed their perspective-taking performance with the Director task. Participants primed with collectivism were significantly faster than the control group but not faster than those primed with individualism. On the individual level, being predominantly collectivistic did not lead to faster perspective taking, but was associated with slower non-perspective-taking performance. These findings provide more support for the attentional hypothesis than the representational hypothesis and improve our understanding of how the representation of the self can contribution to the representation of others’ mind.

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