Bulgarian Ritual Kinship (Kumstvo)

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-87
Author(s):  
Petko Hristov

Among the Orthodox Christians on the Balkans, the rituals of Christian baptism and marriage traditionally give rise to ritual kinship relationships, not only among individuals but also among family groups that were until then unrelated. Only among Bulgarians, Serbians, and Macedonians, these relationships are carried on hereditarily and are constructed according to the patrilineal kinship model. The godfather’s role ( kumstvo) is inherited as symbolic capital by the family-kin groups of both the godparents and the godchildren. These are relations of symbolic inequality and have a ritual character: both the calendar feast cycle and the lifecycle rituals are marked by symbolic rights and obligations, which are still observed until the present day in most Bulgarian families, for example, mandatory gift exchange. The belief in the power of the godparent’s curse is still alive today in a number of regions in Bulgaria. On the other hand, the godparent tradition among Bulgarians acquired new meaning and new dimensions during the decades of socialism and postsocialist transition. During the last two or three decades, the godparent relationship has become a way of building new social networks, often of a clientelist nature. More and more often, ritual kinship relations are used for benefits and hierarchical ascent, similarly to nepotism. This process leads to the reformation of social networks—it still functions as social capital, but to each new generation. Every new family chooses different godparents, thus creating new social networks. Research about godparent relations among Bulgarians and, more generally, on the Balkans, is based on both existing studies on the subject and on the author’s personal fieldwork research in Bulgaria.

Author(s):  
Nicola Clark

Throughout the sixteenth century and beyond, the Howards are usually described as religiously ‘conservative’, resisting the reformist impulse of the Reformation while conforming to the royal supremacy over the Church. The women of the family have played little part in this characterization, yet they too lived through the earliest stages of the Reformation. This chapter shows that what we see is not a family following the lead of its patriarch in religious matters at this early stage of the Reformation, but that this did not stop them maintaining strong kinship relations across the shifting religious spectrum.


Zootaxa ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 2392 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
WILLIAM D. HUMMON ◽  
M. ANTONIO TODARO

Marine Gastrotricha, both Macrodasyida and Chaetonotida, are the subject of an analytic review, citing taxonomic status of names, authorships of taxa, and those responsible for changes, in accordance with the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 4 th ed. (1999). Notes are included with regard to taxonomic usage so as to guide workers in the future. Among the proposed novelties are: within Macrodasyida, to restrict the family Lepidodasyidae Remane, 1927 to the genus Lepidodasys Remane, 1926, and to establish a new family, Cephalodasyidae with Cephalodasys Remane, 1926 as its type-species to house the remaining genera and species that have been contained in the polyphyletic family Lepidodasyidae. Hemidasys agaso Claparède, 1867 is considered extinct, and the new name Tetranchyroderma antenniphorum is proposed for Tetranchyroderma antennatum Luporini, Magagnini & Tongiorgi, 1973; in addition, five species are here considered to be species inquirendae: Dactylopodola weilli d'Hondt, 1965, Paradasys nipponensis Sudzuki, 1976, Macrodasys indicus Kutty & Nair, 1969. Tetranchyroderma forceps d’Hondt & Balsamo, 2009 and Turbanella plana (Giard, 1904b). Among Chaetonotida: the Xenotrichula velox-species group Ruppert, 1979 and the Xenotrichula intermedia-species group Ruppert, 1979 were given each the rank of subgenus. Chaetonotus pleuracanthus Remane, 1926 is rejected as a synonym for Chaetonotus marinus Giard, 1904; Chaetonotus somniculosus Mock, 1979 is transferred to the genus Halichaetonotus, the new name Halichaetonotus euromarinus is proposed for Halichaetonotus spinosus Mock, 1979, and Xenotrichula carolinensis Ruppert, 1979 is re-established. Heteroxenotrichula variocirrata d'Hondt, 1966 is here considered to be species inquirenda.


Author(s):  
Ana Abril ◽  
Matilde Peinado

Resumen:La sociedad actual ha transformado la estructura familiar; las familias diversas (monoparentales, ensambladas, homoparentales, etc.) ya no son la excepción. Aunque la legislación española atiende esta realidad, todavía no se aborda abiertamente en las aulas, como ocurre en otros países. La normalización de los nuevos modelos familiares debe de gestarse desde edades tempranas y el profesorado (en concreto su formación) es una pieza clave para garantizar el éxito. En este trabajo se presentan, en primer lugar, las ideas previas de los futuros profesores de Educación Infantil sobre la diversidad familiar. A continuación, se muestra el análisis crítico de los futuros docentes hacia dos instrumentos complementarios que favorecen el trabajo inclusivo: el árbol genealógico y el “familyme”. Por último, se discuten los resultados desde el punto de vista de la formación del profesorado y de una posible implementación en las aulas de infantil. Abstract:Modern society has transformed family structure. Diverse families are no longer the exception (single parents, homosexual parents, step families, etc.). Although Spanish legislation reflects this fact, it does not openly address it in the classroom as is the case in other countries. The standardisation of new family structures should be nurtured from a young age and teachers are a key element in guaranteeing that it is done successfully (especially through their training). Firstly, this study outlines the beliefs of future Early Childhood Education teachers on the subject of family diversity. The following critical analysis carried out by future teachers is set out regarding two complementary instruments which favour inclusive work: the family tree and the “familyme”. Lastly, results are discussed from a teacher training standpoint and from possible implementation within infant school classrooms.


2000 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Gilding

The renewed attention to family business in western societies is usually attributed to a past lack of attention to the subject because of its private character and to the resurgence of family business in the context of economic restructuring. This paper argues that there is a third reason for the renewed attention to family business, namely, the changing character of the family institution. In particular, there are broad trends toward the pursuit of individual autonomy and democratization in family relationships. A qualitative study of high-wealth stakeholders in Australian family businesses found that the principles of individual autonomy and democratization presented challenges for family business solidarity and continuity. These challenges gave rise to new family business institutions designed to facilitate communication and trust. These institutions are at the center of the renewed attention to family business in western societies.


e-Finanse ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
Michał Wojciuk ◽  
Łukasz Zegarowicz

AbstractThe main objective of the study was an attempt to describe the policy for supporting families with children in Poland in the years 2004-2017 in the context of traditional support instruments. The following research methods were used in the article: analysis of the literature on the subject and legal acts, analysis of statistical data and comparative analysis. The study uses statistical data from reports of the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Family, Labor and Social Policy. The study did not confirm the research hypothesis which says that in the analyzed period, tax preferences were the dominant instrument of support for families in Poland. Shifting the burden of family policy towards direct benefits is unlikely to increase the transparency of this policy. With the introduction of new family benefits at a high level, which are the subject of exemption from personal income tax, public spending made with the use of tax expenditures will also increase. The lack of detailed and cyclical reporting of this type of expenditure in Poland reduces the transparency of the family policy.


2018 ◽  
Vol 589 (4) ◽  
pp. 33-44
Author(s):  
Danuta Ochojska ◽  
Małgorzata Marmola ◽  
Anna Wańczyk-Welc

The functioning of the family, interactions between spouses are determined by various factors. Young people bring in to their new family their own experience from the family of origin, the specific characteristics of the personality, and the skills acquired as a result of environmental influences and of their own activity . Each family system is unique because of individual features of individual family members and their mutual influence on each other and the system of the various elements and phenomena affecting the family. The family can be described for the different aspects of its activity, including cohesion, adaptability, identity of family and interpersonal communication. The subject of our research was to determine to what extent the family of origin influences the interactions and the way of communication between spouses. The analysis confirmed the special importance of cohesion in the family of origin for the development of good relations between spouses. It was also found more of the relationships between the specifics of family of origin and the level of commitment and support of women by men.


Author(s):  
Cecilio Luis Rosales ◽  
Cecilio Luis Rosales

Para el estudio de la noción de persona en mam consideré importante, desde el punto de vista metodológico, partir de la descripción de los ritos dedicados a la Siembra del niño y a la Siembra del ombligo. Son dos rituales de los llamados de destino y propiciatorio, respectivamente, ambos se practican en el cuerpo del recién nacido. Dichos rituales los vinculo con el mito de la creación del hombre mam con el objetivo de contextualizar la noción que se tiene de persona.La Siembra del ombligo es tarea reservada a la b’etx’el, partera, mientras que la de la cruz le corresponde al chiman, es decir al ajq’ij. Los conceptos usuales con los que se conocen los rituales de Siembra de la cruz son dos: el xochil, que define la manera en que se establece el lugar sagrado para depositar las cruces de la familia, las de la comunidad y las de la región; por lo general son sitios en donde hay laguna, cerros, volcanes y ríos; y el pusunke, que es la ceremonia de la bebida ceremonial ofrecida a la cruz y a las entidades anímicas de los bautizados. El problema de configurar lo que los mames entienden por persona es muy complejo por varias razones: se carece de estudios que aborden dicho punto entre este grupo indígena. Los conceptos atribuibles a la noción de persona en estas páginas son, por razones de traducción, aproximaciones. Por lo tanto, presento los dos rituales y el mito de creación del hombre mam como una manera de acercarnos al entendimiento del tema, y se añaden otros asuntos relacionados, que podrían profundizarse en el futuro, tales como: el principio de intercambio y de reciprocidad; la jerarquía política religiosa; el uso y manejo del tiempo, y el espacio en el calendario ritual, entre los principales.   ABSTRACT For the study of the notion of person in mam — indigenous people from Mesoamerica— I considered it important, from the methodological point of view, to part from the description of the rituals dedicated to the Siembra del niño —“Seedtime of the offspring”— and the Siembra del ombligo —“Seedtime of the navel”—. Both ritual are practiced on the body of newborn. I link these rituals with the myth of the creation of the human being within the mam with the objective of contextualizing their notion of person. Seedtime of the navel is a task reserved to the b'etx'el or midwife, while the propitiatory ritual or Ritual de la cruz corresponds to chiman, that is to say, to ajq'ij. The basic concepts of the Ritual de la cruz are the following: xochil, which defines the sacred place where to deposit the crosses of the family, the community and those belonging to the region; generally they are located in sacred places as lagoons, hills, volcanos and rivers; and pusunke, the ceremonial drink, is offered to the cross and the animic entities of the baptized ones.The problems to understand the mam conception of person are very complex for several reasons, but the basic problem is still the lack of studies and an specific methodology to approach this issue. The concepts related to the notion of person in these pages are, for reasons of translation, obviously only an aproximation. Therefore, I present both mam rituals, as well as the myth of creation of the humanity, as a way to approach the understanding of the subject. Other related subjects are added, that should be further investigated in the future such as: a) the principle of interchange and reciprocity; b) the religious political hierarchy, c) the use and handling of time and space in the ritual calendar. Specialists termed this ritual “propitiatory ritual”, while mam people called it Siembra de la cruz and in another region is called Ritual de la cruz. The chiman´s lexicon b´etx´el is related to the way in which a mam speaks to his grandfathers, but in the southern mam region of Guatemala, this term is used in a reciprocal way in grandfathers - grandson kinship relations; while across the mountain and in the central mam region of Chiapas, México, the term used is b'etx’el or yoq´ol, taking the meaning of “who gives massages” o “who pulses with her hands”, same word that designates the midwife.


Author(s):  
Innara Guseynova ◽  
◽  
Alexey Gorozhanov ◽  
Elena Kudinova ◽  
◽  
...  

The paper attempts to consider changes in the translator's activity caused by the turn towards digital transformation in the institutional sphere. The analysis is based on material from German social networks, their content being the subject matter for the modern translator who is a specialist in cross-cultural and cross-lingual communication. The study describes the algorithm for implementing social management at the macrostructural and compositional levels. The emphasis is also placed on the institutional spheres that are most susceptible to digital transformation, which include nutrition and healthy lifestyle, education and many others. Total digital transformation of these institutional spheres is primarily evidenced by an increase in neologisms recorded in electronic databases, and dictionaries with an indication of their contextual use and their further popularization, first of all, in mass media texts. The results of the analysis lead the authors to conclude that training a new generation of interpreters and translators should include mastering the skill of working with big data, different corpora of texts, neologisms marked by or containing the industry component, as well as the need to develop glossary-type dictionaries for branches of knowledge. Considering the controversial content of social networks, the authors of the paper come to the conclusion that it is necessary to develop the code of ethics for the social networks translator.


2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-18
Author(s):  
Juliana Isabele Gomes Probst ◽  
Vitor Ferreira de Campos

ResumoEntre os destaques relacionados ao Direito de Família se encontra, em sua própria titulação, o cerne de todas as discussões dessa decorrentes: a concepção de família. Como uma das ramificações dessa concepção, fruto da nova interpretação sobre o conceito de família, a filiação deixou de ter relação apenas com a consanguinidade, mas adentrou ao âmago das relações sociais de afeto. Compreender a evolução do conceito de família nuclear, suas novas estruturações na contemporaneidade, o conceito de socioafetividade e sua composição no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro é exordio para a apreensão da concepção teórica do Direito de Família em sentido macro, exigindo uma análise aprofundada das transformações decorrentes das vicissitudes do cenário global constituinte das relações e manifestações sociais, geopolíticas e econômicas, bem como um estudo comparado entre teoria e prática. Por meio da pesquisa qualitativa bibliográfica é possível analisar o Direito de Família, sobretudo, no que tange ao reconhecimento de paternidade socioafetiva, tendo por base julgados e legislações contemporâneas, trazendo segurança jurídica na adoção desta prática interpretativa do Direito, que ainda causa dúvidas e controvérsias ideológicas, as quais nos últimos anos têm sido alvo de debates, de reflexões, de avanços e de retrocessos, como todo bom processo de evolução na sociedade. Palavras-chave: Paternidade Socioafetiva. Direito de Família. Conceito de Família. AbstractAmong the highlights related to Family Law, there is in its own title the heart of all discussions arising from it: the family concept. As one of the ramifications of this conception, the result of the new family concept interpretation, affiliation is no longer related only to consanguinity, but has entered the heart of social relationships of affection. Understanding the evolution of the nuclear family concept, its new structures in contemporary times, the socio-affectivity concept and its composition in the Brazilian legal system, is a requirement for understanding the theoretical conception of Family Law in a macro sense, requiring an in-depth analysis of the transformations arising out of the vicissitudes of the global scenario constituting the social, geopolitical and economic relations and manifestations, as well as a comparative study between theory and practice. Through qualitative bibliographic research, it is possible to analyze Family Law, especially regarding the recognition of socio-affective paternity, based on contemporary judgments and legislation, bringing legal certainty in the adoption of this interpretative Law practice, which still causes doubts and ideological controversies, which in recent years has been the subject of debates, reflections, advances and setbacks, like any good evolution process in the society. Keywords: Socio-Affective Fatherhood. Family Right. Family Concept.


Parasitology ◽  
1925 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 370-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. N. F. Woodland

When La Rue (1914 a) published his exhaustive monograph on the Proteocephalidae, all the then-known species of this family were, with one exception, shown to be very much alike. To substantiate this statement it will suffice to mention that all the six genera, into which La Rue grouped the species, were chiefly based upon trivial characters of the scolex and the distribution of the testes. The one exception referred to was the species which he re-named Monticellia coryphicephala (Monticelli), and this species differed from all the others in the remarkable and relatively deep-seated character of its principal genital organs being situated in the cortical region of the parenchyma instead of in the medullary. This one exception was promptly transferred by La Rue to a distinct new family, the Monticellidae, and the consequence was that he was still left dependent upon the aforesaid trivial characters as bases for his genera in the original family. Since 1914 however we have come to know of some other Proteocephalids exhibiting similar deep-seated differences of structure, and we are therefore in a position to re-consider the classification of the Proteocephalidae on broader lines, including Monticellia coryphicephala in that family. The general scheme of this re-classification I have already outlined in a paper (Woodland, 1925 a) which will be published either before or shortly after the present communication, and it is my purpose, in this latter, to justify the suggestions there referred to by discussing the subject in some detail. Before attempting this, however, I shall describe the structure of three new Proteocephalids, two from India (in a frog and a Varanid lizard) and one from the Sudan (in a Siluroid fish).


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