scholarly journals The synthesis and characterization of a DOPO derivative bearing an active terminal epoxy group: e-DOPO and its application in rigid polyurethane foam

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daikun Jia ◽  
Jiyu He ◽  
Rongjie Yang
Keyword(s):  
Thermogravimetric Analysis ◽  
Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Thermal Performance ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Epoxy Group ◽  
Polymer Materials ◽  
Ionization Mass ◽  
Rigid Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index

DOPO and its derivatives are excellent phosphorus-based flame retardants, which are applied to a series of polymer materials. In this article, a DOPO derivative bearing an active terminal epoxy group was synthesized using a non-solvent method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry, ultra-performance liquid chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and viscosity measurements were performed to determine its molecular structure, purity, thermal performance, and fluidity. A possible fragmentation mechanism of the as-prepared DOPO derivative was analyzed using electron ionization mass spectrometer. All the results indicate that the synthesis was successful and the product had satisfactory purity and its initial decomposition temperature (T5%) under nitrogen and air atmosphere was 246°C and 240°C, respectively. Then, as a comparison with dimethyl methyl phosphonate, triethyl phosphate, and DOPO, e-DOPO was applied to a rigid polyurethane foam to investigate its effect on the flame retardancy, thermal stability, and cell morphology of polyurethane foam by limiting oxygen index, cone calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The results indicate that e-DOPO has a greater effect than DOPO and can effectively reduce the heat release and smoke release and improve the limiting oxygen index and thermal performance of the polyurethane foam. The cell size of the sample containing e-DOPO was more uniform.

scholarly journals Environmentally Friendly Flame-Retardant and Its Application in Rigid Polyurethane Foam

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongjun Chen ◽  
Zhixin Jia ◽  
Yuanfang Luo ◽  
Demin Jia ◽  
Bin Li
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Thermal Effects ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Rigid Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Peak Heat Release Rate ◽  
The Impact

A novel Flame-Retardant N-(P,P′-diphenyl) phosphorus-based-(3-triethoxysilicon) propylamine (DPTP) was synthesized in this study. The impact of DPTP on the mechanical properties, thermal stability, and flame retardancy of rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) was studied. The addition of DPTP to RPUF can significantly reduce the undesirable thermal effects and smoke density during combustion, as well as increasing the limiting oxygen index. Compared with pure RPUF, the peak heat release rate of RPUF containing 10 phr of DPTP decreased by 39.4%, while its peak smoke production rate decreased by 49.9%. However, it was also found that the addition of DPTP reduced the compressive strength of RPUF.

scholarly journals The Preparation, Thermal Properties, and Fire Property of a Phosphorus-Containing Flame-Retardant Styrene Copolymer

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Sun ◽  
Yazhen Wang ◽  
Li Liu ◽  
Tianyuan Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Thermogravimetric Analysis ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Phosphorus Containing ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Ft Ir Spectroscopy

A 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide (DOPO) acrylate, (6-oxidodibenzo [c,e][1,2] oxaphosphinin-6-yl) methyl acrylate (DOPOAA), has been prepared. Copolymers of styrene (St) and DOPOAA were prepared by emulsion polymerization. The chemical structures of copolymers containing levels of DOPOAA were verified using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy. The thermal properties and flame-retardant behaviors of DOPO-containing monomers and copolymers were observed using thermogravimetric analysis and micro calorimetry tests. From thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), it was found out that the T5% for decomposition of the copolymer was lower than that of polystyrene (PS), but the residue at 700 °C was higher than that of PS. The results from micro calorimetry (MCC) tests indicated that the rate for the heat release of the copolymer combustion was lower than that for PS. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) for combustion of the copolymer rose with increasing levels of DOPOAA. These data indicate that copolymerization of the phosphorus-containing flame-retardant monomer, DOPOAA, into a PS segment can effectively improve the thermal stability and flame retardancy of the copolymer.

scholarly journals Bio-based rigid polyurethane foam prepared from apricot stone shell-based polyol for thermal insulation application – Part 2: Morphological, mechanical, and thermal properties

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 6080-6094
Author(s):  
Muhammed Said Fidan ◽  
Murat Ertaş
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Thermogravimetric Analysis ◽  
Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Compressive Modulus ◽  
Cell Diameter ◽  
Mechanical And Thermal Properties ◽  
Rigid Polyurethane Foam

The procedure for the liquefaction of apricot stone shells was reported in Part 1. Part 2 of this work determines the morphological, mechanical, and thermal properties of the bio-based rigid polyurethane foam composites (RPUFc). In this study, the thermal conductivity, compressive strength, compressive modulus, thermogravimetric analysis, flammability tests (horizontal burning and limited oxygen index (LOI)) in the flame retardants), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) (cell diameter in the SEM) tests of the RPUFc were performed and compared with control samples. The results showed the thermal conductivity (0.0342 to 0.0362 mW/mK), compressive strength (10.5 to 14.9 kPa), compressive modulus (179.9 to 180.3 kPa), decomposition and residue in the thermogravimetric analysis (230 to 491 °C, 15.31 to 21.61%), UL-94 and LOI in the flame retardants (539.5 to 591.1 mm/min, 17.8 to 18.5%), and cell diameter in the SEM (50.6 to 347.5 μm) of RPUFc attained from liquefied biomass. The results were similar to those of foams obtained from industrial RPUFs, and demonstrated that bio-based RPUFc obtained from liquefied apricot stone shells could be used as a reinforcement filler in the preparation of RPUFs, specifically in construction and insulation materials. Moreover, liquefied apricot stone shell products have potential to be fabricated into rigid polyurethane foam composites.

scholarly journals Synthesis of a DOPO-triazine additive and its flame-retardant effect in rigid polyurethane foam

e-Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 235-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Liu ◽  
Rui Lv
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Rigid Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Flame Resistance ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Flame Retarded ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties ◽  
Mechanical Performances ◽  
Halogen Free

AbstractA DOPO (9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphen-anthrene-10-oxide)-based halogen-free flame retardant (ODOPM-CYC) was synthesized and incorporated in rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF). The structure of ODOPM-CYC was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), 1H NMR and 31P NMR. The effects of ODOPM-CYC on the flame resistance, mechanical performances, thermal properties and cell structure of RPUF were also investigated. The results showed that the incorporation of ODOPM-CYC strikingly enhanced flame retardant properties of RPUF. The flame retarded RPUF acquired a limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 26% and achieved UL-94 V-0 rating with the phosphorus content of 3 wt%. The smoke production rate (SPR) also showed an obvious decrease and total smoke release (TSR) was 39.8% lower than that of neat RPUF. Besides, the results demonstrated that the incorporation of ODOPM-CYC provided RPUF better thermal stability but did not show any obvious influence on its thermal conductivity.

Flame retardancy and thermal properties of rigid polyurethane foam conjugated with a phosphorus–nitrogen halogen-free intumescent flame retardant

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-252
Author(s):  
Zhaojun Lin ◽  
Qianqiong Zhao ◽  
Ruilan Fan ◽  
Xiaoxue Yuan ◽  
Fuli Tian
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Thermogravimetric Analysis ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Carbon Layer ◽  
Limited Oxygen Index ◽  
Halogen Free ◽  
Limited Oxygen

In this work, a halogen-free intumescent combining phosphorus and nitrogen, flame-retardant 2-((2-hydroxyphenyl)(phenylamino)methyl5,5-dimethyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane 2-oxide (HAPO) was successfully synthesized. It had been synthesized by reaction of 5,5-dimethyl-1,3, 2-dioxphosphinane 2-oxide with Schiff base. Its chemical structure was characterized in detail by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H NMR, and 31P NMR spectrum. The flame-retardant polyurethanes were prepared with different loadings of HAPO. The thermal properties, flame retardancy and combustion behavior of the pure polyurethane foam thermosets were investigated by a series of measurements involving thermogravimetric analysis, limited oxygen index measurement, UL-94 vertical burning test, and cone calorimeter test. The results of the aforementioned tests indicated that HAPO can significantly improve the flame retardancy as well as smoke inhibition performance of polyurethane foam. Compared with the PU-Neat, the limited oxygen index of flame-retardant polyurethanes (15%) thermoset was increased from 19.5% to 23.8% and its UL-94 reached V-0 rating. In addition, the cone test results showed that the heat release rate, total heat release, rate of smoke release, and total smoke production of flame-retardant polyurethanes (10%) were decreased obvious sly. The apparent morphology of carbon residue was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, and results revealed that the modified polyurethane foam can form dense carbon layer after combustion. Thermogravimetric analysis results also indicated that the char amount of flame-retardant polyurethanes was obviously increased compared with PU-Neat. Based on the above analysis, we can draw the conclusions which in the condensed phase, phosphorus-based acids from the degradation of HAPO, this could promote the formation of continuous and dense phosphorus-rich carbon layer. In the gas phase, the flame-retardant mechanism was ascribed to the quenching effect of phosphorus-based radicals and diluting effect by non-flammable gases.

scholarly journals Effects of Tung Oil-Based Polyols on the Thermal Stability, Flame Retardancy, and Mechanical Properties of Rigid Polyurethane Foam

Polymers ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Zhou ◽  
Caiying Bo ◽  
Puyou Jia ◽  
Yonghong Zhou ◽  
Meng Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Covalent Bond ◽  
Rigid Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Sem Micrographs ◽  
Tung Oil ◽  
Char Layer ◽  
Ring Opening Reaction

A phosphorus-containing tung oil-based polyol (PTOP) and a silicon-containing tung oil-based polyol (PTOSi) were each efficiently prepared by attaching 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene (DOPO) and dihydroxydiphenylsilane (DPSD) directly, respectively, to the epoxidized monoglyceride of tung oil (EGTO) through a ring-opening reaction. The two new polyols were used in the formation of rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF), which displayed great thermal stability and excellent flame retardancy performance. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of RPUF containing 80 wt % PTOP and 80 wt % PTOSi was 24.0% and 23.4%, respectively. Fourier transfer infrared (FTIR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and thermogravimetric (TG) analysis revealed that DOPO and DPSD are linked to EGTO by a covalent bond. Interestingly, PTOP and PTOSi had opposite effects on Tg and the compressive strength of RPUF, where, with the appropriate loading, the compressive strengths were 0.82 MPa and 0.25 MPa, respectively. At a higher loading of PTOP and PTOSi, the thermal conductivity of RPUF increased while the RPUF density decreased. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs showed that the size and closed areas of the RPUF cells were regular. SEM micrographs of the char after combustion showed that the char layer was compact and dense. The enhanced flame retardancy of RPUF resulted from the barrier effect of the char layer, which was covered with incombustible substance.

scholarly journals Investigation of bisphenol-substituted spirocyclic phosphazenes as cotton textile–based flame retardants

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 155892502092088
Author(s):  
Michael W Easson ◽  
Jacobs Harris Jordan ◽  
SeChin Chang ◽  
John M Bland ◽  
Brian Douglas Condon
Keyword(s):  
Thermogravimetric Analysis ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Cotton Textile ◽  
Flame Resistance ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Decomposition Pathway ◽  
Microscale Combustion Calorimetry ◽  
Nitrogen Containing Compounds

Bisphenol-substituted spirocyclic phosphazene derivatives were synthesized in 85%–94% yields and analyzed for flame retardant application to cotton fabric using Limiting Oxygen Index, Fourier transform infrared thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, microscale combustion calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The thermogravimetric analysis methods indicate a decomposition pathway consistent for phosphorus-nitrogen-containing compounds. Levoglucosan phosphorylation and carbonaceous char formation were observed. Limiting Oxygen Index testing of these compounds on cotton-based fabrics showed improved flame resistance compared to untreated fabrics.

The effects of N,N-(pyromellitoyl)-bis-l-phenylalanine diacid ester glycol on the flame retardancy and physical–mechanical properties of rigid polyurethane foams

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 535-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daikun Jia ◽  
Yi Tong ◽  
Jin Hu
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Initial Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Rigid Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Upper Limit

Flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foams incorporating N,N-(pyromellitoyl)-bis-l-phenylalanine diacid ester glycol have been prepared. After adding N,N-(pyromellitoyl)-bis-l-phenylalanine diacid ester glycol, the density and compressive strength of the polyurethane foams were seen to decrease. The flame retardancy of the polyurethane foams has been characterized by limiting oxygen index, upper limit–94, and cone calorimeter tests. The polyurethane foam with 2.27 wt% N,N-(pyromellitoyl)-bis-l-phenylalanine diacid ester glycol gave a highest limiting oxygen index of 33.4%, and the peak heat release rate of polyurethane foam reduced to 19.5 kW/m2 from 47.6 kW/m2 of PU-0 without N,N-(pyromellitoyl)-bis-l-phenylalanine diacid ester glycol. Upper limit–94 revealed N,N-(pyromellitoyl)-bis-l-phenylalanine diacid ester glycol did not change the burning rating, and all polyurethane foams had passed V-0 rating. The thermal stability of polyurethane foams has been investigated by thermogravimetric analyzer. N,N-(pyromellitoyl)-bis-l-phenylalanine diacid ester glycol significantly increased the initial decomposition temperature of polyurethane foams and their residues. In addition, the morphology of residual char from the flame-retarded polyurethane foams after cone calorimeter tests has also been characterized by digital photographs. The results indicated that N,N-(pyromellitoyl)-bis-l-phenylalanine diacid ester glycol significantly enhanced the strength and compatibility of the char layer formed by the polyurethane foams. These results indicate that N,N-(pyromellitoyl)-bis-l-phenylalanine diacid ester glycol can improve both the quality and quantity of the char, which has a significant effect on the flame-retardant properties of the foam.

The Research on Structure Fire Resistance Test of Fire Retardant Rigid Polyurethane

2014 ◽  
Vol 580-583 ◽  
pp. 2646-2648
Author(s):  
Jin Ping Wang
Keyword(s):  
Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Resistance Test ◽  
Rigid Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Fire Resistance Test ◽  
Index Value ◽  
In Fire

The developed rigid polyurethane foam is added several inorganic materials, which made the polyurethane foam release less poisonous gases in fire. The oxygen index value can reach more than 32 percent, and under the standard heating curve the retardant rigid polyurethane foam can present the performance of 1h fire resistance test.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document