Review of Empirical Studies on Relationship between Street Environment and Crime

2021 ◽  
pp. 088541222199228
Author(s):  
Yuanyuan Mao ◽  
Ling Yin ◽  
Minling Zeng ◽  
Jiajun Ding ◽  
Yan Song
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Environmental Design ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Street Networks ◽  
Planning And Design ◽  
Urban Planning And Design ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Street Environment

Creating a safe street environment is the primary goal for urban planners and urban designers. However, the existing research findings on the relationship between street environment and criminal behavior are various and contradictory, which brings confusion to the practice of urban planning and design. This article reviews literature on crime prevention through street environmental design on three spatial levels—street networks, paths, and nodes. This article also explores the causes of diversity and contradiction in the existing conclusions. Finally, limitations of the existing research, directions of optimization, and further studies in this field are put forward.

Text characteristics, perceived difficulty and task performance in sight translation

Interpreting ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiwei Wu
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Word Type ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Perceived Difficulty ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
And Task

Abstract This paper reports on an exploratory study examining the relationship between text characteristics, perceived difficulty and task performance in sight translation (ST). Twenty-nine undergraduate interpreters were asked to sight-translate six texts with different properties. Correlation analysis shows that Sophisticated Word Type and Mean Length of a T-unit are, respectively, the lexical and the syntactic variables having the highest correlations with all the three dependent variables (i.e. perceived difficulty, accuracy and fluency in ST performance). Surprisingly, the discoursal variables are weakly or modestly correlated with the dependent variables. Thematic analysis of the students’ reflective essays points to two hypothesized causal links among the three Ps in ST: task properties may cause decoding difficulties and cognitive overload in the cognitive process, which in turn lead to inaccuracy and dysfluency in ST performance. The research findings lend empirical support to the “shallow-scan hypothesis” in previous research. Finally, this study proposes a three-tier conceptual framework to inform and guide future research to operationalize variables in ST empirical studies. The pedagogical implications of ST are also discussed.

The Atmospheres of Urban Environments

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Hisham Abusaada
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Landscape Architecture ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Planning And Design ◽  
Urban Planning And Design ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter investigates the ambiguity of the word “atmospheres” in the fields of urban studies. It examines the justifications (plausibility) beyond its uses, with the terms that are focusing on the perceptual qualities. The author investigated the uses of the word “atmospheres” from the beginning of the 17th century to the year 2020, a period which he divided into four stages. The investigation covered the work of 27 thinkers in the fields of natural sciences and humanities, including 10 in architecture disciplines, in addition to 28 manuscripts that addressed the relationship between atmospheres in the areas of architecture, particularly urban planning and design and urban landscape architecture between 1998 and 2020. The outcomes were developed through a comprehensive literature review by gaps analysis and a deductive online survey with 58 specialized participants, using SurveyMonkey. This chapter contributes to the rationale that an urban designer can use to study people's changing feelings, emotions, and moods according to the understanding of the terms related to atmospheres.

scholarly journals Crime in Lithuanian Cities in Relation to Urban Planning and Design Aspects

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina Matijošaitienė ◽  
Monika Gedvilaite
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Applied Research ◽  
Space Syntax ◽  
Environmental Design ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Urban Spaces ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Design Elements ◽  
Planning And Design ◽  
Urban Planning And Design

Abstract Crime is a social phenomenon, which is closely related to human behaviour, economics, urban planning and design. The detailed research of six blocks of houses in three Lithuanian cities (Kaunas, Vilnius and Panevezys) with the highest crime rates and the most heterogeneous crimes was performed. Space syntax method, crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) and correlation analysis were applied. Research results demonstrate that thefts from cars, other thefts, crime against human health, robberies, small-scale hooliganism and intentional damage or destruction of property correlate with particular properties of urban spaces and design elements.

scholarly journals Not So Much about Informality: Emergent Challenges for Urban Planning and Design Education

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (20) ◽  
pp. 8450
Author(s):  
Paulo Silva
Keyword(s):  
Design Education ◽  
Global South ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Planning Theory ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Planning And Design ◽  
Urban Planning And Design ◽  
Global North ◽  
Perspective Planning ◽  
The Relationship

This paper addresses the challenges faced by planning and design education programmes when focusing on more sustainable ways of dealing with global changes. While the dominant discourse addresses the fact that planning programmes discuss the Global South through the lens of planning theory and practice from the Global North, the proposal is to shift the debate and recognise that, from a complexity perspective, planning problems are not so different from region to region. The argument is that, although the theory has moved on, when discussing conceptual aspects of planning, spatial planning practice is still focused on objects rather than the relationship between them (be they buildings, streets, neighbourhoods or even cities). Assuming that urban territories are not objects and do not develop in a linear way, but rather evolve, the proposal is to reflect on how planning and design education addresses urban evolution. This paper suggests a revision of planning and design approaches to informality, given the participation in recent years of a joint studio in Bandung, Indonesia. The alternative perspective offered here involves a re-examination of concepts and deconstruction of dichotomies. The main findings rely on the interpretation of formalisation processes (in the Global North) through the lens of complexity theory, which has facilitated understanding of today’s informal settlements (in the Global South). It suggests the deconstruction of dichotomies, such as informal versus formal, thus, positing the need for a major shift on planning and design rules that focus less on objects and more on the relationship between them.

Rational Choice Models of Crimes by Youth

1987 ◽  
Vol 16 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 129-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Llad Phillips ◽  
Harold L. Votey
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
School Enrollment ◽  
Economic Opportunity ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Labor Market Activity

This article presents research findings from three analyses of criminal activity among youth. The data set used in all three is the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Americans, a data set that is particularly appropriate for this type of analysis. The work examined the relationship between criminal behavior and family and moral influences; the impact of legitimate labor market activity on participation in crime; and the effect of school enrollment on criminal activity. The findings confirm the hypothesis that black and white differences in criminal participation partially reflect differences in economic opportunity.

scholarly journals Environmental Design Features for Large-Scale Nature-Based Solutions: Development of a Framework That Incorporates Landscape Dynamics into the Design of Nature-Based Solutions

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 6123
Author(s):  
Bo-Syuan Wu ◽  
Laddaporn Ruangpan ◽  
Arlex Sanchez ◽  
Marzenna Rasmussen ◽  
Eldon R. Rene ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Monitoring ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Environmental Design ◽  
Landscape Dynamics ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Planning And Design ◽  
Case Study Site ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Eu

Large-scale nature-based solutions (NBS) contribute to the change in large-scale landscapes and ecosystems for which continuous monitoring activities would be necessary to reflect the constantly changing environment. To fill the gap in the design-making process of implementing NBS, a framework that incorporates the landscape dynamics into the design of NBS is expedient and beneficial. This research addresses the above gap and presents a practically applicable framework for large-scale NBS that incorporates landscape dynamics into the design of NBS. To amplify the power of stakeholders’ involvement and evidence-based knowledge (i.e., field experiences and literature reports), the framework developed in this study was evaluated on a case-study site in Odense area, Denmark, within the EU-funded RECONECT project. Furthermore, this study also addresses the relationship between landscape dynamics and biodiversity by performing a detailed literature review. The results obtained from this work demonstrate that the framework developed can be applied to existing large-scale NBS and it has the potential to recommend guidelines during the planning and design step of large-scale NBS.

scholarly journals Relationship between investor sentiment and Corporate investment activities on the stock market: Seeing from empirical Research

2020 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 39-46
Author(s):  
Thuy Thi Hoang ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Stock Market ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Investor Sentiment ◽  
Research Articles ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Investment Level ◽  
The Relationship

Investor sentiment is a sentimental factor, so in existing empirical studies there exist many different methods to measure the depiction of investor sentiment. The methods of designing indicators to measure investor sentiment for the whole stock market, there are no separate studies for investors according to specific industries of the business. Existing empirical studies in other countries show that investor sentiment affects investment activities of enterprises by two ways: The path of The catering theory and the theoretical path Theory of optimism”. The research results are still different. Most scholars argue that the relationship between investor sentiment and firm's investment level is a positive relationship, but some scholars prove that investor sentiment is inversely related to investment activities of the business. Therefore, the article proposes more research directions for the research articles on investment activities of enterprises participating in the stock market of Vietnam.

scholarly journals Activity as a Mediator Between Users and Their Auditory Environment in an Urban Pocket Park

2018 ◽  
pp. 100-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edda Bild ◽  
Daniel Steele ◽  
Karin Pfeffer ◽  
Luca Bertolini ◽  
Catherine Guastavino
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Methods Research ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Planning And Design ◽  
Urban Planning And Design ◽  
Auditory Experience ◽  
The Relationship

Sound is receiving increasing attention in urban planning and design due to its effects on human health and quality of life. Soundscape researchers have sought ecologically valid measures to describe and explain the complex relationship between people and their auditory environments, largely employing laboratory studies and neglecting the active role of activity. This chapter proposes a situated cognition approach to study the relationship between context, use of space, and the ways in which users describe and evaluate sounds and their auditory environments in an urban pocket park. It draws on empirical data gathered in Parc du Portugal in Montreal, Canada using a mixed-methods research design that integrates ethnographic observations, on-site questionnaires, and behavioral mapping using a geo-spatial app to offer a situated understanding of the human auditory experience in its full complexity, with an emphasis on the mediating role of activity on the user-auditory environment relationship.

The Relationship Between Religiosity and Deviance Among Adolescents in a Religiously Pluralistic Society

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (15) ◽  
pp. 1739-1759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilhong Yun ◽  
Julak Lee
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
The United States ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Comparison Research ◽  
Social Controls ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Mainstream Culture ◽  
The Relationship

Most empirical studies of religion and deviance have employed samples from Western countries, especially the United States, where one predominant religion—Judeo-Christianity—is an embedded fixture of the mainstream culture. By comparison, research conducted in East Asia, where religious pluralism is the norm rather than the exception, is extremely scarce. Moreover, a large proportion of the population in East Asia professes themselves to be atheists. Given the drastically different religious climates between East and West, it thus remains an important empirical question whether the research findings on religiosity and deviance garnered from Western samples can be generalizable to East Asia. Given this background, the current study assesses the linkage between religiosity and deviance using a sample of adolescents in South Korea, where secular social controls emanating from Confucianism are potent. The results of the study show that religiosity’s deviance-constraining effects are considerably weaker in South Korea. In addition, many of the Western findings do not apply to the South Korean context.

A Brief Analysis of the Urban Street Design Based on TOD Mode

2013 ◽  
Vol 357-360 ◽  
pp. 1970-1974
Author(s):  
Qiao Ning ◽  
Bing Ran Zhou ◽  
Yu Xiao Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Street Design ◽  
Urban Street ◽  
Street Networks ◽  
Planning And Design ◽  
New Development ◽  
Urban Planning And Design

With the introduction of the concept and practice of TOD in Urban planning and design, the concept and practice of urban street design also has a new development. This paper focuses on the theory, principle and technique of urban street design based on the TOD mode, including the design of street networks, the introduction of transport calming and the design of urban street form.

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