Policing Via Principles: Reforming the Use of Force in the Western Balkans

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzette R. Grillot
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Western Balkans ◽  
Police Reform ◽  
Democratic Reform ◽  
Western Balkan Region ◽  
Law Enforcement Officials ◽  
Balkan Region ◽  
National Police

After a significant period of violent conflict in the Western Balkans, countries in the region, specifically Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Serbia-Montenegro, and the United Nations (UN) protectorate of Kosovo, have embarked on a process of democratic reform. Part of the democratization effort involves reforming the police force. One important, yet not often studied, aspect of police reform is the appropriate use of force with firearms. This study explores the process of police reform in the Western Balkan region to assess the implementation of the UN Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials. Ultimately, this study offers a view of law enforcement activities in an attempt to assess how well these countries are incorporating international standards on the use of force with firearms into their national police practices. In so doing, this research enriches our understanding of weapons issues within the context of security sector, and specifically police reform.

scholarly journals Strengthen Security and Public Order: Accountability Management in Improving the Quality of Law Enforcement

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 82
Author(s):  
Erlyn Indarti
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Code Of Conduct ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Police Reform ◽  
Democratic Policing ◽  
Law Enforcement Officials ◽  
Comparative Literature Study ◽  
Accountability Management ◽  
National Police

In the framework of Democratic Policing Reforms, since 1979 the United Nations has actually adopted what is called the Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials. This Code of Conduct includes the idea that the police should represent and be accountable to the entire community. Within the Indonesian case, it is recognized that there is a red thread between supervision and accountability of police performance, particularly law enforcement. However, more than a decade since police reform began in Indonesia, the demands of the wider community for accountability in carrying out police duties, particularly law enforcement in discretionary cases, have continued to echo. In order to make the supervision more effective, it is necessary to examine how supervision of law enforcement by the National Police is carried out. This article is written as a comparative literature study in the realm of legal philosophy. The results reveal that Law enforcement by the National Police, especially with regard to discretionary cases, turns out to require police accountability both inside and outside, both individually and organizationally. In this situation, supervision was carried out in the form of supervision of the implementation of law enforcement by the National Police. In this case, accountability can be said to be a kind of ‘soul mate’ from supervision.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Agriculture Policies for Tobacco Planting and Processing, and the Correlation With the Illicit Production and Trade of Tobacco Products in Countries of the Western Balkans

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 248
Author(s):  
Etleva Muca ◽  
Fatmir Kazazi
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
State Policies ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Western Balkans ◽  
Tobacco Production ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
Western Balkan Region ◽  
Seed Distribution ◽  
Balkan Region

Tobacco planting and processing has a long tradition in the Western Balkan region, including Albania, Kosovo, Montenegro and North Macedonia; over the last 20 years, however, farmers have faced a significant decrease in production. In Montenegro and Kosovo, for example, the surfaces planted with tobacco are almost inconsequential.Agricultural policies and legal and procedural frameworks regulate all related processes, such as tobacco seed distribution, registration of farmers, disclosure of land farmed for tobacco, production yield, and the various collecting and processing stages, as well as the enforcement capacities of the related law enforcement institutions. These factors have significantly impacted tobacco production and trade, including the levels of illicit production and trade.This paper is based on empirical analysis, evaluation of the statistical data of tobacco-related state policies and country interviews related to tobacco production costs in the region, which affect sector-related policies.Our findings indicate that Albania has a lack of clear and coordinated policies, procedures, and enforcement capacities to regulate and monitor all processes, from planting to the processing and trade of tobacco. North Macedonia is in a much better situation in this regard and a new draft tobacco law, associated with a series of implementation regulations is expected to result in further improvements. In the Albanian case, strong evidence suggests that there are considerable tracts of land planted with tobacco and many illegal tobacco-processing plants.

German Policy towards EU Enlargement

2015 ◽  
pp. 18-22
Author(s):  
F. Basov
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Eu Enlargement ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Western Balkans ◽  
Eastern Partnership ◽  
Western Balkan Region ◽  
Balkan Region ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Eu

This article is dedicated to the German policy towards the EU enlargement. Its history as well as the current German policy towards prospective enlargements are analyzed in this paper. The article offers party-political and sociological analysis of Germany`s attitude towards the EU enlargement, also the reasons for it are determined. FRG supported all of the European Community and European Union enlargements. This line is being continued, but nowadays only step to step approach is being supported. Germany‘s motives to the EU enlargement are based on the liberal concept of the common security. The main goals of this policy are the including of European countries into the Western community of developed countries (the EU), the extension of the stability and security area. The economic integration is also very important for Germany. The key priority of the EU enlargement is the Western Balkan region (the so called “Europeanisation” of Western Balkans). This process is being supported by political elites of the region and by the European Union itself. It is recognized, that the Europeanisation of Western Balkans was used as a sample for the Eastern Partnership Program. Without consideration of the Russian factor, though, this strategy towards the post-Soviet countries has many weaknesses. But the EU-membership for the Eastern Partnership members is not excluded.

scholarly journals Evidentiary video and “Professional Vision” in the Hong Kong Umbrella Movement

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 567-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodney H. Jones ◽  
Neville Chi Hang Li
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Shared Knowledge ◽  
Attitudes And Beliefs ◽  
Professional Vision ◽  
Law Enforcement Officials ◽  
Video Documentation ◽  
Excessive Use Of Force

Abstract The video documentation of police violence against citizens, and the circulation of these videos over mainstream and social media, has played an important part in many contemporary social movements, from the Black Lives Matter Movement in the U.S. to the Umbrella Movement in Hong Kong. Such videos serve as both evidence of police abuses and discursive artefacts around which viewers build bodies of shared knowledge, attitudes and beliefs about events through engaging in exercises of “collective seeing”. This article analyses the way a video of police officers beating a handcuffed protester, which became an important symbol of the excessive use of force by police during the Occupy Hong Kong protests, was interpreted by different communities, including journalists, protesters, anti-protest groups, and law enforcement officials, and how these collective acts of interpretation served as a means for members of these communities to display group membership and reinforce group norms and ideological values.

scholarly journals The Phenomenon of Sexual Violence among Adolescents in the Jurisdiction of the West Jakarta National Police Resort and Its Prevention Efforts

FIAT JUSTISIA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Dylan Aldianza Ramadhan ◽  
Charina Putri Besila
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Scientific Paper ◽  
Conduct Literature ◽  
The West ◽  
The Public ◽  
Police Station ◽  
Law Enforcement Officials ◽  
National Police

The writing of this scientific paper examines the lack of legal awareness of the community about sexual violence. This scientific work arose because the author saw that there were still many cases of sexual violence even though there were rules governing the acts of sexual violence. And this scientific work aims to tell the public what factors influence the act of sexual violence still arise and what efforts can be made by the community and law enforcement officials such as the police for this problem and is expected to eliminate the emergence of new sexual violence. The study sample was victims of sexual violence or sexual harassment in the Jakarta Bara police station. Data collection is carried out by interviewing 15 West Jakarta District Police Polres. And also conduct literature studies by looking for sources related to sexual violence. The results of this study suggest that the factors that often underlie the occurrence of sexual violence is a love factor where if the victim refuses to serve the perpetrators things will arise that are undesirable and there are false facts from the recognition of the average perpetrator who was interrogated by the police

scholarly journals The V4 Countries’ Foreign Policy concerning the Western Balkans

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-164
Author(s):  
Christina Griessler
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Role Theory ◽  
Eu Enlargement ◽  
Western Balkans ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Foreign Policies ◽  
Western Balkan Region ◽  
European Values ◽  
Balkan Region

Abstract This contribution explores the Visegrad Four’s (V4) foreign policy initiatives in the Western Balkans by considering each state’s interests and policies and the evolution of joint V4 objectives. My underlying hypothesis is that the foreign policy‑related behaviour of individual states is shaped by certain roles that they assume and by their national interests. This work uses role theory to explain the V4 states’ foreign policies both generally and in the specific case of the Western Balkans. The V4 have prioritised cooperation with this region, and I analyse the programmes of the last four V4 presidencies (Slovakia 2014-2015, the Czech Republic 2015-2016, Poland 2016-2017 and Hungary 2017-2018) to reveal key foreign policy objectives and explore why they were selected. At the same time, I examine the interests of each V4 country and the reasons for their joint attention to the Western Balkan region. My analysis shows that the V4 perceive themselves as supportive and constructive EU and NATO members and see their policies as reflective of European values. Moreover, they believe they should contribute to EU enlargement by sharing experiences of economic and political transformation with the Western Balkan states and serving as role models.

scholarly journals EU PROSPECTS FOR BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA: BETWEEN STAGNATION AND GROWTH

2018 ◽  
pp. 21-39
Keyword(s):  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Structural Reforms ◽  
Western Balkans ◽  
Financial Flows ◽  
The Public ◽  
Political Transformations ◽  
Macroeconomic Indicators ◽  
Western Balkan Region ◽  
Balkan Region

The aim of this paper is to point to the specificities of economic and political transformations in Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) and the Western Balkan in the context of economic and political changes in the global environment that can significantly affect the EU accession process. An analysis of the position of B&H in the group of Western Balkans countries and the perspective of economic growth was conducted by focusing on the political and economic criteria as well as on the current obstacles these countries are facing, specifically, based on their political and economic background and in conditions where external risks are growing. All these countries are commited to implementing structural reforms because the commitment of all the countries towards Europe, which means convergence towards the European countries and a reduction in the size of the GDP per capita. In order to achieve such long-term goals, it is necessary to implement structural reforms that will result in stimulating production, trade, financial flows and reforming the labor market and the public sector. That is why growth of investment and exports is the main determinant of long-term growth. This paper gives an overview of the basic economic features of B&H compared with the other countries that belong to Western Balkan region, as well as projections on the certain macroeconomic indicators in the forthcoming period.

scholarly journals Economic development in the European super-periphery: Evidence from the Western Balkans

2009 ◽  
Vol 54 (181) ◽  
pp. 21-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Will Bartlett
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Local Development ◽  
Western Balkans ◽  
Capital Cities ◽  
Informal Economies ◽  
Western Balkan Region ◽  
Balkan Region ◽  
Political Turmoil

This paper argues that the conflicts that afflicted the Western Balkan region in the 1990s pushed the countries into the European 'super-periphery', characterized by deindustrialization and high unemployment, ethnic and regional fragmentation, political turmoil, and instability. Integration into international trade has been disrupted, leading to chronic balance of payments deficits. Low inflows of international capital, due to high country risk, have hindered technological catch-up and weakened international competitiveness. An unattractive environment for productive entrepreneurship has created barriers to the entry of SMEs, and at the same time large informal economies. Several countries have become labour-export economies, with significant outflows of skilled labour. Economic development follows a low-skill growth path. The current global economic crisis is having a further deleterious effect as export revenues, foreign direct investment, and labour remittances all diminish. Furthermore, as transition has proceeded, disparities between capital cities and rural areas have increased, while weak administrative capacities have hindered the implementation of effective local development policies to counteract these effects. Endogenous local development cannot provide an alternative to greater engagement with the global economy. The conclusion is that the countries of the region have been left out of the most beneficial elements of the globalisation process, while simultaneously suffering from its main defects. Without a faster process of accession to the EU, local disparities are likely to widen, and the region may remain within the European super-periphery for the foreseeable future.

The Use of Force in Armed Conflicts Conduct of Hostilities, Law Enforcement, and Self-Defense

2018 ◽  
pp. 61-108
Author(s):  
Gloria Gaggioli
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
International Human Rights Law ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Self Defense ◽  
Law Enforcement Officials ◽  
Modern Warfare

In modern warfare, military forces are expected to use lethal or potentially lethal force in a variety of contexts ranging from combat operations against the adversary to maintaining law and order or responding to imminent threats to life or limb. In practice, it may not be easy to distinguish between these various situations, which may overlap, as for instance when fighters hide among rioting civilians or demonstrators. Situations of violence may also be volatile and quickly evolve from mere civilian unrest to armed clashes. This factual or operational complexity is accompanied by a legal complexity. Different legal regimes and “paradigms” govern the use of force. From an international law perspective, the use of force by armed forces and law enforcement officials is governed by two different paradigms: the conduct of hostilities paradigm, derived from international humanitarian law (IHL), and the law enforcement paradigm, mainly derived from international human rights law (IHRL). Additionally, armed forces frequently refer to the concept of self-defense at various levels (State, unit, personal) as encompassed in numerous rules of engagement. The legal sources of these concepts and interplay with IHL and HRL remain often unsettled and deserve being clarified. This chapter aims at addressing the legal complexities in identifying governing use of force rules through the analysis of various situations/scenarios that are typical of contemporary military operations.

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