Fit gets better: A longitudinal study of changes in interest fit in educational and work environments

2021 ◽  
pp. 089020702110140
Author(s):  
Alexis Hanna ◽  
Daniel Briley ◽  
Sif Einarsdóttir ◽  
Kevin Hoff ◽  
James Rounds
Keyword(s):  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Theory Development ◽  
Work Environments ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Person Environment Fit ◽  
Environmental Transitions ◽  
Interest Congruence ◽  
Longitudinal Examination ◽  
Over Time

Theories of person–environment fit describe a dynamic process in which fit should improve over time due to changes in a person’s attributes, the environment, or both. Although these ideas are central in several theoretical perspectives, they have largely gone untested. Here, we report a longitudinal examination of interest congruence (i.e. interest fit) across 12 years during the transition from education to the workforce. The study uses four methods to capture interest congruence and the drivers of fit change: growth models, latent congruence models, person and environment latent difference scores, and piecewise growth models based on environmental transitions. Each method uses a different lens to understand interest congruence in educational and work domains. Across methods, three results were typically found: (1) interest congruence improved over time in school and at work, (2) participants’ interests often predicted educational and work changes, and (3) participants’ interests rarely changed in response to their environment. These results support a dynamic conceptualization of fit and suggest that selection—rather than socialization—is the main mechanism through which individuals achieve better interest fit during young adulthood. Other implications are discussed for theory development and the applied use of interest assessments.

Fit Gets Better: A Longitudinal Study of Changes in Interest Fit in Educational and Work Environments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis Hanna ◽  
Daniel A Briley ◽  
Sif Einarsdóttir ◽  
Kevin Hoff ◽  
James Rounds
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Theory Development ◽  
Work Environments ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Environmental Transitions ◽  
Interest Congruence ◽  
Longitudinal Examination ◽  
Over Time

Theories of person-environment (P-E) fit describe a dynamic process in which fit should improve over time due to changes in a person’s attributes, the environment, or both. Although these ideas are central in several theoretical perspectives, they have largely gone untested. Here, we report a longitudinal examination of interest congruence (i.e., interest fit) across 12 years during the transition from education to the workforce. The study uses four methods to capture interest congruence and the drivers of fit change: growth models, latent congruence models, person and environment latent difference scores, and piecewise growth models based on environmental transitions. Each method uses a different lens to understand interest congruence in educational and work domains. Across methods, three results were typically found: (1) interest congruence improved over time in school and at work, (2) participants’ interests often predicted educational and work changes, and (3) participants’ interests rarely changed in response to their environment. These results support a dynamic conceptualization of fit and suggest that selection—rather than socialization—is the main mechanism through which individuals achieve better interest fit during young adulthood. Other implications are discussed for theory development and the applied use of interest assessments.

Multifinality, equifinality, and fanning: Developmental concepts and statistical implications

2021 ◽  
pp. 016502542110204
Author(s):  
Ben Hinnant ◽  
John Schulenberg ◽  
Justin Jager
Keyword(s):  
Interindividual Variability ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Simulated Data ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Developmental Window

Multifinality, equifinality, and fanning are important developmental concepts that emphasize understanding interindividual variability in trajectories over time. However, each concept implies that there are points in a developmental window where interindividual variability is more limited. We illustrate the multifinality concept under manipulations of variance in starting points, using both normal and zero-inflated simulated data. Results indicate that standardized estimates and effect sizes are inflated when predicting components of growth models with limited interindividual variance, which could lead to overinterpretation of the practical importance of findings. Conceptual implications are considered and recommendations are provided for evaluating developmental changes in common situations that researchers may encounter.

scholarly journals Decreased heritability and emergence of novel genetic effects on pulse wave velocity from youth to young adulthood

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yisong Huang ◽  
Shaoyong Su ◽  
Harold Snieder ◽  
Frank Treiber ◽  
Gaston Kapuku ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Pulse Wave Velocity ◽  
Wave Velocity ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Pulse Wave ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Over Time

AbstractIncreased arterial stiffness measured by pulse wave velocity (PWV) is an important parameter in the assessment of cardiovascular risk. Our previous longitudinal study has demonstrated that carotid-distal PWV showed reasonable stability throughout youth and young adulthood. This stability might be driven by genetic factors that are expressed consistently over time. We aimed to illustrate the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to the stability of carotid-distal PWV from youth to young adulthood. We also examined potential ethnic differences. For this purpose, carotid-distal PWV was measured twice in 497 European American (EA) and African American (AA) twins, with an average interval time of 3 years. Twin modelling on PWV showed that heritability decreased over time (62–35%), with the nonshared environmental influences becoming larger. There was no correlation between the nonshared environmental factors on PWV measured at visit 1 and visit 2, with the phenotypic tracking correlation (r = 0.32) completely explained by shared genetic factors over time. Novel genetic influences were identified accounting for a significant part of the variance (19%) at the second measurement occasion. There was no evidence for ethnic differences. In summary, novel genetic effects appear during development into young adulthood and account for a considerable part of the variation in PWV. Environmental influences become larger with age for PWV.

Self-Esteem and Socioeconomic Status: A Meta-Analytic Review

2002 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean M. Twenge ◽  
W. Keith Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Asian Americans ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Social Indicator ◽  
Middle Age ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Analytic Review ◽  
Over Time

Socioeconomic status (SES) has a small but significantrelationship with self-esteem (d = .15, r = .08) in a meta-analysis of 446 samples (total participant N = 312,940). Higher SES individuals report higher self-esteem. The effect size is very small in young children, increases substantially during young adulthood, continues higher until middle age, and is then smaller for adults over the age of 60. Gender interacts with birth cohort: The effect size increased over time for women but decreased over time for men. Asians and Asian Americans show a higher effect size, and occupation and education produce higher correlations with self-esteem than income does. The results are most consistent with a social indicator or salience model.

scholarly journals Increases in social support co-occur with decreases in depressive symptoms and substance use problems among adults in permanent supportive housing: an 18-month longitudinal study

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengqi Tan ◽  
Eun-Young Mun ◽  
Uyen-Sa D. T. Nguyen ◽  
Scott T. Walters
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Parallel Process ◽  
Supportive Housing ◽  
Permanent Supportive Housing ◽  
Substance Use Problems ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background Social support is a well-known protective factor against depressive symptoms and substance use problems, but very few studies have examined its protective effects among residents of permanent supportive housing (PSH), a housing program for people with a history of chronic homelessness. We utilized unconditional latent growth curve models (LGCMs) and parallel process growth models to describe univariate trajectories of social support, depressive symptoms, and substance use problems and to examine their longitudinal associations in a large sample of adults residing in PSH. Methods Participants were 653 adult PSH residents in North Texas (56% female; 57% Black; mean age: 51 years) who participated in a monthly health coaching program from 2014 to 2017. Their health behaviors were assessed at baseline and tracked every six months at three follow-up visits. Results Unconditional LGCMs indicated that over time, social support increased, whereas depressive symptoms and substance use problems decreased. However, their rates of change slowed over time. Further, in parallel process growth models, we found that at baseline, individuals with greater social support tended to have less severe depressive symptoms and substance use problems (coefficients: − 0.67, p < 0.01; − 0.52, p < 0.01, respectively). Individuals with a faster increase in social support tended to have steeper rates of reduction in both depressive symptoms (coefficient: − 0.99, p < 0.01) and substance use problems (coefficient: − 0.98, p < 0.01), respectively. Conclusions This study suggests that plausibly, increases in social support, though slowing over time, still positively impact depressive symptoms and substance use problems among PSH residents. Future PSH programs could emphasize social support as an early component as it may contribute to clients’ overall health.

scholarly journals Core Self-Evaluations Over Time

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Michael C. Tocci ◽  
Patrick D. Converse ◽  
Nicholas A. Moon
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Fundamental Nature ◽  
Organizational Behaviors ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Core Self ◽  
Over Time

Abstract. Core self-evaluations (CSEs) represent a prominent construct with links to a number of important organizational behaviors and outcomes. Previous research on this variable appears to have assumed that CSE is a stable trait. However, very little research has examined this assumption, particularly over longer time periods. This study investigated this issue, focusing on within-person variability in CSE. Drawing from several theoretical perspectives related to self-concept, we examined the extent to which levels of this construct varied over several years as well as potential predictors of this variability. Hierarchical linear modeling analyses indicated there was substantial within-person variance in CSE over time and this variability was related to income and education. These findings shed additional light on the fundamental nature of CSE, contributing to a new perspective on this construct with potential implications for employees, organizations, and researchers.

The Transforming, Transformative Self

2021 ◽  
pp. 351-380
Author(s):  
Jack Bauer
Keyword(s):  
Identity Development ◽  
Female Characters ◽  
Identity Exploration ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Identity Statuses ◽  
Interpersonal Conflicts ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Low Degrees ◽  
Over Time

The developmental path of the transformative self is not straightforward, easy, or uniform. This chapter charts how the transformative self itself develops over time, from the theoretical perspectives of Eriksonian identity development and eudaimonic growth. The chapter provides an overview of how one’s degrees of identity exploration and commitment in a world of others shape one’s development over time. High versus low degrees of exploration and commitment yield four identity statuses or pathways: searchers, traditionalists, pathmakers, and drifters. This chapter surveys recent research and theoretical adjustments on the Eriksonian ideal, notably regarding non-idealized pathways of development. Excerpts from the bildungsroman genre illustrate the internal and interpersonal conflicts of eudaimonic growth that arise along all four pathways, plus non-ideal developments, from the perspectives of male and female characters, and then in the contexts of relationships, work, and religious views.

Profiles and Evolution of E-Government Readiness in Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-65
Author(s):  
Niguissie Mengesha ◽  
Anteneh Ayanso ◽  
Dawit Demissie
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Machine Learning Technique ◽  
Measurement Framework ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Telecommunication Infrastructure ◽  
Learning Technique ◽  
Cluster Profiles ◽  
Over Time

E-government has been one of the top government strategies in recent years. Several studies and projects have attempted to understand the scope of e-government and the measurement framework that can be deployed to track the readiness as well as progress of nations overtime. Among these initiatives is the United Nations Public Administration Network (UN PAN) that assesses the e-government readiness of nations according to a quantitative composite index based on telecommunication infrastructure, human capital, and online services. Using the UN PAN index data from 2008 to 2016, the article profiles African nations using unsupervised machine learning technique. It also examines the resulting cluster profiles in terms of theoretical perspectives in the literature and derive policy insights from the different groupings of nations and their evolution over time. Finally, the article discusses the policy implications of the proposed methodology and the insights obtained.

scholarly journals The course and predictors of perceived unsupportive responses by family and friends among women newly diagnosed with gynecological cancers

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 682-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon L Manne ◽  
Deborah A Kashy ◽  
David W Kissane ◽  
Melissa Ozga ◽  
Shannon Myers Virtue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Usual Care ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Gynecologic Cancer ◽  
Psychological Adaptation ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Systematic Change ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Counseling Intervention ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Perceived unsupportive responses from close others play an important role in psychological adaptation of patients with cancer. Little is known about whether these negative responses change after someone experiences a serious life event, and even less is known about the individual characteristics and related factors that might contribute to both the levels of and changes in perceived unsupportive responses over the course of adaptation to an experience. This longitudinal study aimed to evaluate changes in perceived unsupportive behavior from family and friends among women newly with gynecologic cancer as well as initial demographic, disease, and psychological factors that predict the course of perceived unsupportive behavior over time. Women (N = 125) assigned to the usual care arm of a randomized clinical trial comparing a coping and communication intervention with a supportive counseling intervention to usual care completed six surveys over an 18 month period. Growth models using multilevel modeling were used to predict unsupportive responses over time. Average levels of perceived unsupportive responses from family and friends were low. Unsupportive responses varied from patient to patient, but patients did not report a systematic change in perceived unsupportive responses over time. Cultivating meaning and peace and coping efficacy were associated with fewer perceived unsupportive responses as well as reductions in perceived unsupportive responses over time. Emotional distress, cancer concerns, functional impairment, holding back sharing concerns, and cognitive and behavioral avoidance predicted higher perceived unsupportive responses over time. The findings are discussed in terms of the self-presentation theory and social network responses to persons undergoing difficult life events.

Rethinking Public Service Motivation From the Perspective of Person–Environment Fit: Complementary or Supplementary Relationship?

2014 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geunpil Ryu
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Organizational Commitment ◽  
Public Service ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Public Service Motivation ◽  
Theoretical Development ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Person Environment Fit ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Relationship

Research on public service motivation (PSM) has paid attention to the concept of fit to identify underlying mechanisms of the relationship between PSM and beneficial outcomes such as higher job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Nonetheless, there have been rare studies aimed at theoretically comparing PSM with the person–environment (P–E) fit. In this article, PSM is reviewed from the perspective of P–E fit, not only because PSM and P–E fit share some theoretical perspectives, such as job attraction, employee rewards, and individual performance, but also because incorporating the concept of PSM into the fit framework may allow us to better understand PSM and enhance its theoretical development. This article concludes that PSM has a complementary relationship with P–E fit as the two provide more concrete and valid explanations for job applications, outcomes, and rewards when they are incorporated.

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