Experimental investigations on R430A as a drop-in substitute for R134a in domestic refrigerators

2018 ◽  
Vol 233 (4) ◽  
pp. 728-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Mohanraj
Keyword(s):  
Performance Test ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Coefficient Of Performance ◽  
Cycle Performance ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Evaporator Temperature ◽  
Domestic Refrigerator ◽  
Discharge Temperature ◽  
Lubricant Property ◽  
Wide Range

In this work, the energy performance of a domestic refrigerator has been experimentally investigated using R430A as a possible drop-in substitute to replace R134a. Experiments have been carried out in an R134a-based single evaporator domestic refrigerator of total volume 190 L. The pull-down and ON/OFF cycle performance tests were carried out at 32 ± 0.3 ℃ ambient temperature. The continuous running performance test was carried out for wide range of ambient temperatures between 24 ℃ and 43 ℃ by maintaining evaporator temperature at −12 ± 0.2 ℃. The experimental results showed that the R430A has 3.9% lower energy consumption with 3.8%–6.4% higher coefficient of performance when compared to R134a. However, the compressor discharge temperature of R430A was observed to be 2 ℃–4 ℃ higher when compared to R134a. The lubricant used in R134a compressors is physically stable and retains its lubricant property at 4 ℃ elevated temperature when operating with R430A. The total equivalent warming impact of R430A was found to be 4%–5% lower when compared to R134a due to its higher energy efficiency and lower global warming potential. The results confirmed that R430A is found to be a good drop-in substitute to phase out R134a in domestic refrigerator servicing sectors.

Experimental Investigation of Ejector-Assisted Vapor Compression System

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (03) ◽  
pp. 1950029
Author(s):  
Vikas Kumar ◽  
Gulshan Sachdeva
Keyword(s):  
Capillary Tube ◽  
Area Ratio ◽  
Coefficient Of Performance ◽  
Vapor Compression ◽  
Evaporator Temperature ◽  
Compression System ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Expansion Valve ◽  
Maximum Improvement ◽  
Vapor Compression System

The performance of an ejector as an expansion device rather than the conventional expansion valve or capillary tube in a vapor compression system is experimentally analyzed. Experiments have been conducted using 28 ejectors of different dimensions at the same condenser and evaporator temperatures, and it has been observed that for utmost performance, an optimum area ratio of the ejector is required. One of the ejector geometry has been experimented further for a wide range of condenser and evaporator temperatures. The coefficient of performance is found to be enhanced by at least 10% in comparison to the conventional vapor compression system for the considered range of condenser and evaporator temperatures and the maximum improvement in COP obtained is 12.83% at 14.3∘C evaporator temperature and 32.4∘C condenser temperature with 17.9211 ejector area ratio. The refrigerant R134a has been used as the working substance.

scholarly journals Energy Analysis of HFC-152a, HFO-1234yf and HFC/HFO Mixtures as a Direct Substitute to HFC-134a in a Domestic Refrigerator

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-120
Author(s):  
Shaik Mohammad Hasheer ◽  
Kolla Srinivas ◽  
Prasad Katuru Bala
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Cooling Capacity ◽  
Coefficient Of Performance ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Outlet Temperature ◽  
Domestic Refrigerator ◽  
Discharge Temperature ◽  
Hfc 134A ◽  
Volumetric Cooling ◽  
Hfc 152A

Abstract The Kyoto protocol emphasized the need of replacement of HFC refrigerant due to their high GWP values that causes pollution in the environment. So in this paper the refrigerants R1234yf, R152a and HFOs/HFCs mixtures of R134a/R152a/R1234yf such as ARM42 (in the ratio of 8.5/14 /77.5 by mass), ARM42a (in the ratio of 7/11/82 by mass) with a view of replacement of the refrigerant HFC-134a in a domestic refrigerator were analyzed theoretically. Volumetric cooling capacity, compressor discharge temperature, coefficient of performance, compressor energy consumption and refrigeration capacity are the main parameters to estimate the performance of the refrigerator. The results are revealed that HFC-152a had gave a superior performance as compared to HFC-134a in terms of COP and equal cooling and volumetric cooling capacities. However, the refrigerant HFC-152a was flammable and runs with high compressor outlet temperature which may restrict its usage. The HFO refrigerant R1234yf showed an almost equal volumetric cooling capacity, compressor energy consumption, refrigerating effect and COP when compared with HFC-134a. Among the refrigerants ARM42 and ARM42a, the refrigerant ARM42a was selected as a good alternative for HFC-134a because the Volumetric cooling capacity and COP of ARM42a were almost equal to HFC-134a. Therefore ARM42a had better choice of direct substitute to HFC-134a in a domestic refrigerator when the corresponding safety requirements are adopted. So on overall comparison of every property of refrigerants we can conclude that R1234yf can be treated as best alternative to HFC-134a in a domestic refrigerator.

Experimental Analysis of R134a/LPG as Replacement of R134a in a Vapor-Compression Refrigeration System

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (02) ◽  
pp. 1750015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jatinder Gill ◽  
Jagdev Singh
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Analysis ◽  
Capillary Tube ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Tube Length ◽  
Vapor Compression ◽  
Refrigeration System ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Discharge Temperature ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Vapor Compression Refrigeration

This paper presents an experimental analysis of a vapor compression refrigeration system (VCRS) using the mixture of R134a and LPG with mass fractions of 28:72 as an alternative to R134a. In this work, we compare the energy performance of both refrigerants, R134a/LPG (28:72) and R134a, in a monitored vapor compression refrigeration system under a wide range of experimental conditions. So, the System with R134a/LPG (28:72) was tested by varying the capillary tube length and refrigerant charge under experimental conditions. Performance comparisons of both the systems are made taking refrigerant R134a as baseline, and the results show that the compressor power consumption, compressor discharge temperature and pull down time obtained with R134a/LPG (28:72) of 118[Formula: see text]g and capillary tube length of 5.1 m in vapor compression refrigeration system are about 4.4% 2.4% and 5.3%, respectively, lower than that obtained with R134a in the studied range. Also, when using R134a/LPG (28:72), the system shows values of refrigeration capacity and COP are about 10.6% and 15.2% respectively, higher than those obtained using R134a, In conclusion, the mixing refrigerant R134a/LPG proposed in this study seems to be an appropriate long-term candidate to replace R134a as a new generation refrigerant of VCRS, because of its well environmentally acceptable properties and its favorable refrigeration performances.

scholarly journals Thermal and Energy Evaluation of a Domestic Refrigerator under the Influence of the Thermal Load

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Belman-Flores ◽  
Diana Pardo-Cely ◽  
Miguel Gómez-Martínez ◽  
Iván Hernández-Pérez ◽  
David Rodríguez-Valderrama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Thermal Load ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Coefficient Of Performance ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
Domestic Refrigerator ◽  
Energy Evaluation ◽  
Main Effects

This study seeks to understand the thermal and energetic behavior of a domestic refrigerator more widely by experimentally evaluating the main effects of the thermal load (food) and the variation of the ambient temperature. To carry out the experiments, the thermal load was classified based on the results of a survey conducted on different consumers in the state of Guanajuato, Mexico. The thermal behavior of both compartments of the refrigerator, the total energy consumption, the power of the compressor in its first on-state, and the coefficient of performance, according to the classification of the thermal loads and the room temperature, were evaluated. Finally, it is verified that the thermal load and the room temperature have a significant influence on the energy performance of the refrigerator.

Experimental studies on direct expansion solar thermal heat pump systems using R430A as a substitute to R134a

2021 ◽  
pp. 095440892110209
Author(s):  
M Mohanraj ◽  
I M Kartheheyan
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Heat Pump ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Solar Thermal ◽  
Coefficient Of Performance ◽  
Direct Expansion ◽  
Pump System ◽  
Discharge Temperature ◽  
Heating Capacity

The use of halogen-based refrigerants in heat pump applications is restricted because of their high global warming potential (GWP). Therefore, it is necessary to identify a low GWP substitute for heat pump applications. This article presents the energy performance of a direct expansion solar thermal heat pump system (DXSTHPS) using R430A as an environmentally friendly substitute to phase out R134a. The effects of ambient parameters on compressor discharge temperature, compressor energy consumption, condenser heating capacity and coefficient of performance (COP) of a DXSTHPS using R134a and R430A are estimated and compared. Moreover, the total equivalent global warming impacts (TEGWI) of a DXSTHPS using R134a and R430A are evaluated. The results showed that the R430A has 0.7–1.9% lower compressor energy consumption than R134a. The condenser heating capacity and COP of a DXSTHPS using R430A are higher than R134a by 4.6–8.7% and 5.1–10.2%, respectively. The compressor discharge temperature observed in a DXSTHPS using R430A is 5.8 °C higher than R134a. The lubricant physical properties are retained at higher compressor operating temperatures, ensuring compressor reliability. The DXSTHPS using R430A has 4.2–12.9% lower TEGWI due to its lower GWP with lower compressor energy consumption than R134a.

Experimental Investigation of a Walk-in Refrigerator Performance using R290 as a Retrofit for R22

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (04) ◽  
pp. 1850029 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. El-Sayed ◽  
M. El Morsi ◽  
N. A. Mahmoud
Keyword(s):  
Control Method ◽  
Coefficient Of Performance ◽  
Lubricating Oil ◽  
Driving Frequency ◽  
Performance Study ◽  
Evaporator Temperature ◽  
Discharge Temperature ◽  
Expansion Valve ◽  
Compressor Power ◽  
Future Work

An experimental performance study is performed on a refrigeration system equipped with a scroll compressor and tested with R22 using an electronic expansion valve (EEV) as an expansion device and controlled by proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control method. The system is tested at [Formula: see text]C, [Formula: see text]C, [Formula: see text]C, 0[Formula: see text]C and 4[Formula: see text]C evaporator air temperature and 20[Formula: see text]C, 25[Formula: see text]C and 30[Formula: see text]C condenser inlet water temperature at 50[Formula: see text]Hz compressor driving frequency and 50[Formula: see text]Hz evaporator fans driving frequency. R22 reached the set point at all temperatures except [Formula: see text]C evaporator temperature with 30[Formula: see text]C condenser temperature due to the severe increase in the compressor discharge temperature that could result in the lubricating oil burnout. Then, the system is retrofitted with a reciprocating compressor especially designed to be used with R290 and tested with R290 at the same evaporator and condenser temperatures using EEV as an expansion device. R290 reached all set points at all evaporator and condenser temperatures. Also, R290 was able to reach all evaporator temperatures at higher condenser temperatures, 35[Formula: see text]C and 40[Formula: see text]C, and this will be discussed in future work. The results show that using R290, the pulldown time decreases by 30.3–71.4%, the ON time ratio decreases by 1–23.6%, the compressor discharge temperature decreases by 46.6–81[Formula: see text]C, the refrigerant mass flow rate decreases by 28.8–50.4%, VRC decreases by 15.2–32.5%, the compressor power consumption decreases by 34.4–44.3% and coefficient of performance (COP) increases by 35–115.5%.

Experimental Evaluation on Low Global Warming Potential HFO-1336mzz-Z as an Alternative to HCFC-123 and HFC-245fa

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shikuan Wang ◽  
Zhikai Guo ◽  
Xiaohong Han ◽  
Xiangguo Xu ◽  
Qin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Global Warming Potential ◽  
Power Input ◽  
Cooling Capacity ◽  
Coefficient Of Performance ◽  
Cycle Performance ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Discharge Temperature ◽  
Low Global Warming Potential ◽  
Hcfc 123

HFO-1336mzz-Z with low global warming potential (GWP) was considered as a promising alternative of HCFC-123, HFC-245fa in air conditioning (AC) and heat pump (HP), respectively. In order to understand the operation performances of HFO-1336mzz-Z and HCFC-123, HFC-245fa in different working conditions, an experimental setup for testing the refrigeration cycle performance was built. The cycle performances of HFO-1336mzz-Z and HCFC-123 in AC conditions, HFO-1336mzz-Z and HFC-245fa in HP conditions were investigated by experiment. It was found in AC conditions, the discharge temperatures for the systems with HFO-1336mzz-Z and HCFC-123 were lower than 115 °C, the cooling capacity of the system with HFO-1336mzz-Z was 27% less than that with HCFC-123 at least, and the coefficient of performance (COP) of the system with HFO-1336mzz-Z was 0.1 lower than that with HCFC-123; in HP conditions, the discharge temperature with HFO-1336mzz-Z was lower than that with HFC-245fa, the former was never over 115 °C while the latter was up to 126 °C, the power input to the compressor with HFO-1336mzz-Z was 20% less than that with HFC-245fa in the same HP conditions, the heating capacity of the system with HFO-1336mzz-Z was 30–40% less than that with HFC-245fa.

Thermodynamic Analysis and Experimental Investigation of Internal Heat Exchanger Influence on CO2 Trans-Critical Cycle Performance

2012 ◽  
Vol 614-615 ◽  
pp. 259-264
Author(s):  
Wen Hui Zhang ◽  
Zhe Wang ◽  
Yi Gong ◽  
Xue Hong Wu ◽  
Yan Li Lu
Keyword(s):  
Heat Exchanger ◽  
Experimental Evaluation ◽  
Internal Heat ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Cycle Performance ◽  
Evaporation Temperature ◽  
Internal Heat Exchanger ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Compressor Power

This work present the experimental evaluation of the energy performance of trans-critical CO2refrigeration and heat pump systems. The optimal gas cooler pressure and the optimal COP have been analysed from a thermodynamic point of view. The experimental evaluation covers five evaporating levels (-10 to 10°C) and in a wide range of gas cooler outlet pressures (75 to 120bar). It is concluded that: With the the internal heat exchanger (IHX) system compressor power is relatively low, when the high side pressure is over 100bar, and the evaporation temperature is below 0°C. The COP of the system without IHX is slightly higher than the system with the IHX, it is increase about 3% to 5%, when the evaporation temperature is over 5°C.

Study on Conceptual Design of a Solar Ejector Refrigeration System

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (01) ◽  
pp. 2030001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Khairul Bashar Shovon ◽  
Raman Senthil Kumar ◽  
Tae Ho Kim ◽  
Heuy Dong Kim
Keyword(s):  
Working Conditions ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Area Ratio ◽  
Coefficient Of Performance ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Refrigeration System ◽  
Critical Mode ◽  
Evaporator Temperature ◽  
Critical System ◽  
Wide Range

The refrigeration system based on the conventional compression cycle consumes an enormous amount of high-grade energy. Using fossil fuels as the energy sources results in the addition of CO2 into the atmosphere and consequently stimulating higher greenhouse effect. The ejector refrigeration systems powered by renewable energy sources would be an effective alternative without increasing global CO2 footprint. In this study, the performance characteristics of a solar ejector refrigeration system working with R718 are analytically calculated by using a one-dimensional flow model. At the critical mode, the solar ejector-refrigeration system is analyzed at various working conditions such as condenser temperature, evaporator temperature, generator temperature, and ejector area ratio. The critical system performance is analyzed to meet any designated working conditions with a wide range of condenser temperatures. It is found that during the critical mode of operation, higher area ratio, higher evaporator temperature and lower generator temperature enhance the performance of the system. The minimum evaporator temperature, and the maximum generator temperature designed to acquire the required coefficient of performance value are also calculated.

scholarly journals Low-Energy Electron Damage to Condensed-Phase DNA and Its Constituents

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 7879
Author(s):  
Yingxia Gao ◽  
Yi Zheng ◽  
Léon Sanche
Keyword(s):  
Condensed Phase ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Dna Lesions ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Strand Breaks ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Wide Range

The complex physical and chemical reactions between the large number of low-energy (0–30 eV) electrons (LEEs) released by high energy radiation interacting with genetic material can lead to the formation of various DNA lesions such as crosslinks, single strand breaks, base modifications, and cleavage, as well as double strand breaks and other cluster damages. When crosslinks and cluster damages cannot be repaired by the cell, they can cause genetic loss of information, mutations, apoptosis, and promote genomic instability. Through the efforts of many research groups in the past two decades, the study of the interaction between LEEs and DNA under different experimental conditions has unveiled some of the main mechanisms responsible for these damages. In the present review, we focus on experimental investigations in the condensed phase that range from fundamental DNA constituents to oligonucleotides, synthetic duplex DNA, and bacterial (i.e., plasmid) DNA. These targets were irradiated either with LEEs from a monoenergetic-electron or photoelectron source, as sub-monolayer, monolayer, or multilayer films and within clusters or water solutions. Each type of experiment is briefly described, and the observed DNA damages are reported, along with the proposed mechanisms. Defining the role of LEEs within the sequence of events leading to radiobiological lesions contributes to our understanding of the action of radiation on living organisms, over a wide range of initial radiation energies. Applications of the interaction of LEEs with DNA to radiotherapy are briefly summarized.

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