The investigation of wear on three-dimensional printed spur gears

2021 ◽  
pp. 095440892110277
Author(s):  
Mert Safak Tunalioglu ◽  
Turgut Torun
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Coordinate Measuring Machine ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Spur Gears ◽  
Manufacturing Method ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Measuring Machine ◽  
Plastic Gears ◽  
Wear Tests

Gears are commonly used in every field of industry as power and motion transmission elements. According to the usage areas, they are manufactured from materials such as steel, aluminium, plastics, cast and bronze. There are different manufacturing methods according to material type. Plastic gears are preferred in textile, automotive and aviation industries where the supported load is low, and corrosion and lightness are considerably important. They work more quietly than metal gears. Plastic gears are manufactured by an injection moulding or hobbing method. The disadvantages of the plastic injection method are high cost of the injection moulds and strength losses in the moulded parts due to the internal clearance faults, whereas the disadvantage of the hobbing method is defects in tooth profiles due to operational faults. In this study, wear strengths of plastic spur gears manufactured via a three-dimensional printer with the fused deposition modelling technique as an alternative manufacturing method were experimentally examined. In the experimental studies, polylactic acid pinion gear manufactured with the three-dimensional printer was subjected to wear tests with St37-2 gear. Wear strengths of plastic spur gears were compared in wear tests performed with Forschungsstelle für Zahnrader und Getriebebau equipment under various loads and rotational speeds. Wear depths that occurred in plastic gears were examined via coordinate measuring machine equipment. As a result of the experimental studies, it is found that wear is increased with the increase of load affecting the gear, and wear is decreased with the increase of rotational speed. As a result of this study, it was shown that plastic spur gears manufactured with three-dimensional printers can be used in areas where lightness and corrosion resistance is important under low loads.

Observation of Shape and Dimensional Accuracy Changing of Parts in Time Intervals Manufactured by Additive Method Fused Deposition Modeling

2018 ◽  
Vol 919 ◽  
pp. 182-189
Author(s):  
Ivan Molnár ◽  
Róbert Hrušecký ◽  
Ladislav Morovič ◽  
Augustín Görög
Keyword(s):  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Coordinate Measuring Machine ◽  
Dimensional Accuracy ◽  
Medical Applications ◽  
Cad Model ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Manufacturing Method ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Deposition Modeling ◽  
Measuring Machine

This article deals with the observation of shape and dimensional accuracy of parts after manufacturing in certain time intervals. The parts was manufactured by additive manufacturing method Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM). The shape and chosen dimension changes due to material shrinkage was observed on materials, namely Polylactic Acid (PLA) and Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol (PET-G). These materials rank among health-conscious and usable in some medical applications. The parts were measured by using coordinate measuring machine (CMM) in certain time intervals and the shape and chosen dimensions was compared with the reference computer aided designed (CAD) model.

Evaluation of Parts Produced by a Novel Additive Manufacturing Process

2013 ◽  
Vol 315 ◽  
pp. 63-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Fahad ◽  
Neil Hopkinson
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Rapid Prototyping ◽  
Manufacturing Process ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Coordinate Measuring Machine ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Nylon 12 ◽  
Measuring Machine ◽  
End Use

Rapid prototyping refers to building three dimensional parts in a tool-less, layer by layer manner using the CAD geometry of the part. Additive Manufacturing (AM) is the name given to the application of rapid prototyping technologies to produce functional, end use items. Since AM is relatively new area of manufacturing processes, various processes are being developed and analyzed for their performance (mainly speed and accuracy). This paper deals with the design of a new benchmark part to analyze the flatness of parts produced on High Speed Sintering (HSS) which is a novel Additive Manufacturing process and is currently being developed at Loughborough University. The designed benchmark part comprised of various features such as cubes, holes, cylinders, spheres and cones on a flat base and the build material used for these parts was nylon 12 powder. Flatness and curvature of the base of these parts were measured using a coordinate measuring machine (CMM) and the results are discussed in relation to the operating parameters of the process.The result show changes in the flatness of part with the depth of part in the bed which is attributed to the thermal gradient within the build envelope during build.

scholarly journals Influence of the Infill Geometry of 3D-Printed Tablets on Drug Dissolution

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Nuno Venâncio ◽  
Gabriela G. Pereira ◽  
João F. Pinto ◽  
Ana I. Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Drug Dissolution ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Three Dimensional Printing ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Dimensional Printing ◽  
Hot Melt ◽  
Patient Centric

Patient-centric therapy is especially important in pediatrics and may be attained by three-dimensional printing. Filaments containing 30% w/w of theophylline were produced by hot-melt extrusion and printed using fused deposition modelling to produce tablets. Here, preliminary results evaluating the effect of infill geometry (cross, star, grid) on drug content and release are reported.

Investigations of process parameters during dissolution studies of drug loaded 3D printed tablets

2021 ◽  
pp. 095441192199358
Author(s):  
Varun Sharma ◽  
Khaja Moinuddin Shaik ◽  
Archita Choudhury ◽  
Pramod Kumar ◽  
Prateek Kala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dissolution Rate ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Empirical Relation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Critical Parameters ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Rate Of Dissolution ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Percentage Release

The present research paper attempts to study the effect of different process parameters on the dissolution rate during 3D printed tablets. Three-dimensional printing has the potential of serving tailored made tablets to cater personalized drug delivery systems. Fluorescein loaded PVA filaments through impregnation route was used to fabricate tablets based on Taguchi based design of experimentation using Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM). The effect of print speed, infill percentage and layer thickness were analyzed to study the effect on rate of dissolution. Infill percentage followed by print speed were found to be critical parameters affecting dissolution rate. The data analysis provided an insight into the study of interaction among different 3D printing parameters to develop an empirical relation for percentage release of the drug in human body.

Animal orthosis fabrication with additive manufacturing – a case study of custom orthosis for chicken

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wiktoria Maria Wojnarowska ◽  
Jakub Najowicz ◽  
Tomasz Piecuch ◽  
Michał Sochacki ◽  
Dawid Pijanka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Veterinary Medicine ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Secondary Objective ◽  
Traditional Manufacturing ◽  
Aided Design

Purpose Chicken orthoses that cover the ankle joint area are not commercially available. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to fabricate a customised temporary Ankle–Foot Orthosis (AFO) for a chicken with a twisted ankle using computer-aided design (CAD) and three-dimensional (3D) printing. The secondary objective of the paper is to present the specific application of Additive Manufacturing (AM) in veterinary medicine. Design/methodology/approach The design process was based on multiple sketches, photos and measurements that were provided by the owner of the animal. The 3D model of the orthosis was made with Autodesk Fusion 360, while the prototype was fabricated using fused deposition modelling (FDM). Evaluation of the AFO was performed using the finite element method. Findings The work resulted in a functional 3D printed AFO for chicken. It was found that the orthosis made with AM provides satisfactory stiffen and a good fit. It was concluded that AM is suitable for custom bird AFO fabrication and, in some respects, is superior to traditional manufacturing methods. It was also concluded that the presented procedure can be applied in other veterinary cases and to other animal species and other parts of their body. AM provides veterinary with a powerful tool for the production of well-fitted and durable orthoses for animals. Research limitations/implications The study does not include the chicken's opinion on the comfort or fit of the manufactured AFO due to communication issues. Evaluation of the final prototype was done by the researchers and the animal owner. Originality/value No evidence was found in the literature on the use of AM for chicken orthosis, so this study is the first to describe such an application of AM. In addition, the study demonstrates the value of AM in veterinary medicine, especially in the production of devices such as orthoses.

scholarly journals Processing of (Co)Poly(2-oxazoline)s by Electrospinning and Extrusion from Melt and the Postprocessing Properties of the (Co)Polymers

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wojciech Wałach ◽  
Natalia Oleszko-Torbus ◽  
Alicja Utrata-Wesołek ◽  
Marcelina Bochenek ◽  
Ewa Kijeńska-Gawrońska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Differential Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Molar Mass ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Processing Conditions ◽  
Structure And Properties ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Gradient Copolymers ◽  
Fused Deposition

Poly(2-oxazoline) (POx) matrices in the form of non-woven fibrous mats and three-dimensional moulds were obtained by electrospinning and fused deposition modelling (FDM), respectively. To obtain these materials, poly(2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline) (PiPrOx) and gradient copolymers of 2-isopropyl- with 2-n-propyl-2-oxazoline (P(iPrOx-nPrOx)), with relatively low molar masses and low dispersity values, were processed. The conditions for the electrospinning of POx were optimised for both water and the organic solvent. Also, the FDM conditions for the fabrication of POx multi-layer moulds of cylindrical or cubical shape were optimised. The properties of the POx after electrospinning and extrusion from melt were determined. The molar mass of all (co)poly(2-oxazoline)s did not change after electrospinning. Also, FDM did not influence the molar masses of the (co)polymers; however, the long processing of the material caused degradation and an increase in molar mass dispersity. The thermal properties changed significantly after processing of POx what was monitored by increase in enthalpy of exo- and endothermic peaks in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curve. The influence of the processing conditions on the structure and properties of the final material were evaluated having in a mind their potential application as scaffolds.

scholarly journals Enabling Technology for Remote Prosthetic Alignment Tuning

2021 ◽  
Vol 186 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 659-664
Author(s):  
David A Boone ◽  
Sarah R Chang
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Coordinate Measuring Machine ◽  
Software Application ◽  
Prosthetic Socket ◽  
Prosthetic Alignment ◽  
Prosthesis Alignment ◽  
Alignment Tool ◽  
Measuring Machine

ABSTRACT Introduction This research has resulted in a system of sensors and software for effectively adjusting prosthetic alignment with digital numeric control. We called this suite of technologies the Prosthesis Smart Alignment Tool (ProSAT) system. Materials and Methods The ProSAT system has three components: a prosthesis-embedded sensor, an alignment tool, and an Internet-connected alignment expert system application that utilizes machine learning to analyze prosthetic alignment. All components communicate via Bluetooth. Together, they provide for numerically controlled prosthesis alignment adjustment. The ProSAT components help diagnose and guide the correction of very subtle, difficult-to-see imbalances in dynamic gait. The sensor has been cross-validated against kinetic measurement in a gait laboratory, and bench testing was performed to validate the performance of the tool while adjusting a prosthetic socket based on machine learning analyses from the software application. Results The three-dimensional alignment of the prosthetic socket was measured pre- and postadjustment from two fiducial points marked on the anterior surface of the prosthetic socket. A coordinate measuring machine was used to derive an alignment angular offset from vertical for both conditions: pre- and postalignment conditions. Of interest is the difference in the angles between conditions. The ProSAT tool is only controlling the relative change made to the alignment, not an absolute position or orientation. Target alignments were calculated by the machine learning algorithm in the ProSAT software, based on input of kinetic data samples representing the precondition and where a real prosthetic misalignment condition was known a priori. Detected misalignments were converted by the software to a corrective adjustment in the prosthesis alignment being tested. We demonstrated that a user could successfully and quickly achieve target postalignment change within an average of 0.1°. Conclusions The accuracy of a prototype ProSAT system has been validated for controlled alignment changes by a prosthetist. Refinement of the ergonomic form and technical function of the hardware and clinical usability of the mobile software application are currently being completed with benchtop experiments in advance of further human subject testing of alignment efficiency, accuracy, and user experience.

scholarly journals 3D Printing of Thermo-Sensitive Drugs

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1524
Author(s):  
Sadikalmahdi Abdella ◽  
Souha H. Youssef ◽  
Franklin Afinjuomo ◽  
Yunmei Song ◽  
Paris Fouladian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Digital Light Processing ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Printing Technique ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Semi Solid ◽  
Selection Of

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is among the rapidly evolving technologies with applications in many sectors. The pharmaceutical industry is no exception, and the approval of the first 3D-printed tablet (Spiratam®) marked a revolution in the field. Several studies reported the fabrication of different dosage forms using a range of 3D printing techniques. Thermosensitive drugs compose a considerable segment of available medications in the market requiring strict temperature control during processing to ensure their efficacy and safety. Heating involved in some of the 3D printing technologies raises concerns regarding the feasibility of the techniques for printing thermolabile drugs. Studies reported that semi-solid extrusion (SSE) is the commonly used printing technique to fabricate thermosensitive drugs. Digital light processing (DLP), binder jetting (BJ), and stereolithography (SLA) can also be used for the fabrication of thermosensitive drugs as they do not involve heating elements. Nonetheless, degradation of some drugs by light source used in the techniques was reported. Interestingly, fused deposition modelling (FDM) coupled with filling techniques offered protection against thermal degradation. Concepts such as selection of low melting point polymers, adjustment of printing parameters, and coupling of more than one printing technique were exploited in printing thermosensitive drugs. This systematic review presents challenges, 3DP procedures, and future directions of 3D printing of thermo-sensitive formulations.

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