Government Expenditure on Drinking Water and Sanitation in Uttar Pradesh, India: An Empirical Analysis of Its Trend and Composition

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-531
Author(s):  
Rashmi Shukla
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene

Government expenditure on water supply and sanitation (WSS) aims to improve both the quality of life and health conditions. Using budget analyses, this article highlights the trend and composition of WSS expenditure in Uttar Pradesh covering the period 1990–1991 to 2018–2019. The article also presents political regime wise trend of WSS expenditure and finds that political regime affects WSS expenditure. Regression analysis reveals that net state domestic product is negatively related to WSS expenditure. This is not a good sign for the state where unsafe drinking water, sanitation and hygienic condition is the fourth leading risk responsible for disease burden, and the current status of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) condition is quite low. The overall budget for WSS in Uttar Pradesh is grossly inadequate, irresponsive and out of sync with the development reality. There is an acute need of government intervention with higher budgetary allocations for the overall development of water and sanitation facilities in Uttar Pradesh.

scholarly journals Assessment of spatial and temporal variation of water quality in mid hills of North West Himalyas- a Water Quality Index approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-48
Author(s):  
Ajay Kumar Singh ◽  
Satish Kumar Bhardwaj
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Quality Index ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variation ◽  
North West ◽  
High Disease Burden

Today, the quality of drinking water across the globe has become an environmental concern because of its degradation due to urbanization, industrialization, transportation etc. Solan, a rapidly developing district and an industrial hub, in the recent past has faced water borne diarrhoeal disease outbreaks. Therefore, the study was undertaken to assess the water quality of disease burden regions during monsoon and post monsoon seasons. pH of the water sources was in the range of 6.92- 7.43 and was well within normal limits. Electrical conductivity of water ranged from 151.40- 414.65 µS/cm. The water sources of high disease burden regions exhibited higher EC than the prescribed ICMR standards. DO (range 7.43- 8.56 mg/l) was normal in all disease burden regions. BOD (range 12.25- 23.25 mg/l) was higher than the BIS limits in all regions. The COD, TDS and turbidity (range 75.75- 157.50 mg/l, 2.24- 81.01 mg/l and 1.85- 5.05 NTU respectively) were within BIS limits. The concentrations (mg/l) of Ca, Pb, Hg, Zn and Cr was found in the ranges of 37.2- 122.9, 0.17- 0.51, 0.00- 0.03, 0.74- 8.99 and 0.04- 0.10, respectively. The high disease burden regions exhibited relatively higher contents of Ca, Hg and Cr as compared to lower one and the BIS limits. However, contents of Pb and Zn were above BIS limits in all the regions. The concentration (mg/l) of Mg, NO3-, Cl- and As was in the ranges of 14.25- 30.61, 5.10- 9.88, 16.42- 74.96 , 0.001- 0.014 respectively, which were below prescribed standards. Cd was detected (0.001 mg/l) in Solan region only, however it was within BIS limits. Water Quality Index (WQI) computed by using nine parameters varied from 78.58- 219.78 (very poor to unsafe drinking water class). Interestingly, water sources of all the high disease burden regions were unsafe for drinking (WQI: 102.02- 167.04). Water quality deteriorated more in the monsoons. The study therefore warrants remedial actions of water resource protection and conservation for provision of potable water.

A REVIEW ON SWACHH BHARAT ABHIYAN

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (26) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amit Kumar Jain ◽  
Anuj Kumar Ruhela
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Solid Waste Management ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste Management ◽  
Elderly Persons ◽  
Open Defecation ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Awareness Campaigns

India is a home to 1.21 billion people, about one-sixth of the world’s population. The Prime Minister of India launched the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) on 2nd October, 2014 to accelerate the efforts to achieve universal sanitation coverage and to put focus on sanitation. It is India's biggest ever cleanliness drive and 3 million government employees and school and college students of India participated in this event. The SBM has two sub-missions, the Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) and the Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban). Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation is the nodal Ministry for SBM (Gramin) and Ministry of Urban Development is the nodal Ministry for SBM (Urban). The core objectives of SBM are to bring about an improvement in the general quality of life in the rural areas. India clean by October 2, 2019 with core objectives of making the country 100% free from Open Defecation and ensuring 100% Modern and Scientific Municipal Solid Waste Management as a fitting tribute to the 150th Birth Anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi, which in rural areas shall mean improving the levels of cleanliness. Villages are considered "Open Defecation-Free" when no faeces are openly visible and every household and public/community institution uses safe technology to dispose of faeces in such a way that there is no contamination of surface soil, groundwater or surface water; excreta is inaccessible to flies or animals, with no manual handling of fresh excreta; and there are no odour and unsightly conditions. Usually, an "ODF village" declaration is made by the village or Gram Panchayat. As of 2016, 36.7% of rural households and 70.3% of urban households, 48.4% of households overall used improved sanitation facilities as per data of National Family Health Survey 4, which was conducted between January 2015 and December 2016, show. A majority, 51.6%, did not. Household toilet availability has improved from 41.93% 2014 to 63.98% in 2017, and the state of Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Kerala have achieved 100% Open Defecation Free (ODF) status as per data of the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation. Gram Panchayats have self-declared 193,081 villages to be ODF, but 53.9% of these have not been verified, according to the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, which is responsible for Swachh Bharat Mission-Gramin, which accounts for 85% of Swachh Bharat Mission's budget. (Data accessed on May 22, 2017). According to the Swachh Survekshan 2017 Report, the top two cleanest cities in India are Indore and Bhopal in Madhya Pradesh while Gonda in Uttar Pradesh is the dirtiest city in India, Every segment of population, from primary school children to elderly persons need to be properly sensitized about inherent linkages of sanitation for public health. Besides roping in the educational institutions, particularly the schools in awareness campaigns, optimum use needs to be made of social media as well as electronic and print media to spread the message to grass root level. Celebrities like Amitabh Bachchan is leading a “Darwaza Bandh” (on open defecation) campaign for SBA. The film Toilet: Ek Prem Katha was released in Indian Cinema in the year of 2017 to improve the sanitation conditions, with an emphasis on the eradication of open defecation, especially in rural areas. Swachh Shakti 2018 is celebrated in Lucknow with 15 thousands women Swachh Bharat Champions resolving to usher in Clean India on International Women’s Day (8th March 2018).

scholarly journals Current status and future trends in Cryptosporidium and Giardia epidemiology in Malaysia

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. A. L. Lim ◽  
R. A. Ahmad ◽  
H. V. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Health Agency ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Neglected Diseases ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Shared Resources ◽  
Public Health Professionals

Cryptosporidium and Giardia are major causes of diarrhoeal diseases of humans worldwide, and are included in the World Health Organisation's ‘Neglected Diseases Initiative’. Cryptosporidium and Giardia occur commonly in Malaysian human and non-human populations, but their impact on disease, morbidity and cost of illness is not known. The commonness of contributions from human (STW effluents, indiscriminate defaecation) and non-human (calving, lambing, muck spreading, slurry spraying, pasturing/grazing of domestic animals, infected wild animals) hosts indicate that many Malaysian environments, particularly water and soil, are sufficiently contaminated to act as potential vehicles for the transmission of disease. To gain insight into the morbidity and mortality caused by human cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis, they should be included into differential diagnoses, and routine laboratory testing should be performed and (as for many infectious diseases) reported to a centralised public health agency. To understand transmission routes and the significance of environmental contamination better will require further multidisciplinary approaches and shared resources, including raising national perceptions of the parasitological quality of drinking water. Here, the detection of Cryptosporidium and Giardia should be an integral part of the water quality requirement. A multidisciplinary approach among public health professionals in the water industry and other relevant health- and environment-associated agencies is also required in order to determine the significance of Cryptosporidium and Giardia contamination of Malaysian drinking water. Lastly, adoption of validated methods to determine the species, genotype and subgenotype of Cryptosporidium and Giardia present in Malaysia will assist in developing effective risk assessment, management and communication models.

scholarly journals Hubungan Faktor Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) dengan Stunting di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Kotakulon, Kabupaten Bondowoso

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 164
Author(s):  
Alfadhila Khairil Sinatrya ◽  
Lailatul Muniroh
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Health Center ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Public Health Center ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene

Background: In 2017 prevalence of stunting in, Indonesia reached 29.6% and Bondowoso District was one of district that contributes the third higher prevalence, amounted 38.3%. One of underlying cause of stunting were water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH).Objectives: This research aims to analyze the correlation between WASH with stunting among children aged 24 - 59 months in working area of Kotakulon Public Health Center, Bondowoso District.Methods: This was an observational analytic study with case-control design. The sample size of this research was 66 children aged 24 to 59 months in working area of Kotakulon Public Health Center, Bondowoso District. This case-control study consisted of 33 children in case group and 33 children sample of contro groupl. The dependent variable was stunting status, while the independent variables were drinking water source, quality of drinking water, the ownership of lathrines, and mother’s handwashing habits. The data were analyzed using chi-square test.Results: Hand washing habit (p<0.001; OR=0.12) was a risk factor of stunting in under-five years old  which has risk 0.12 times higher for mother that has a poor handwashing habit, while drinking water source (p=0.41), quality of drinking source (p=0.58), the ownership of lathrines (p=0.22) were not accunted as a risk of stunting.Conclusions: A poor handwashing habit in mother contribute to stunting in working area of Kotakulon Public Health Center, Bondowoso District.ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Pada tahun 2017, prevalensi stunting di Indonesia mencapai angka 29,6% dan Kabupaten Bondowoso adalah kabupaten yang menyumbang angka tertinggi ketiga di Jawa Timur yaitu sebesar 38,3% balita stunting. Salah satu penyebab tidak langsung dari stunting adalah faktor water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH).Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk enganalisis hubungan WASH dengan stunting pada anak usia 24 – 59 bulan di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Kotakulon, Kabupaten Bondowoso.Metode: Jenis penelitian adalah observasional analitik dengan desain kasus kontrol. Besar sampel penelitian yaitu 66 balita usia 24 – 59 bulan di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Kotakulon, Kabupaten Bondowoso. Penelitian kasus kontrol ini terdiri dari sampel kasus sebanyak 33 balita yang mengalami stunting dan sampel kontrol sebanyak 33 balita yang tidak mengalami stunting. Variabel dependen adalah kejadian stunting. Variabel independen adalah WASH, meliputi sumber air minum, kualitas fisik air minum, kepemilikan jamban, dan kebiasaan cuci tangan ibu. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji chi-square.Hasil: Kebiasaan cuci tangan (p<0,001; OR=0,12) adalah faktor risiko dari stunting pada balita dengan besar risiko 0,12 kali lebih tinggi bagi ibu yang memiliki kebiasaan cuci tangan kurang baik, sedangkan sumber air minum (p=0,415), kualitas fisik air minum (p=0,58), kepemilikan jamban (p=0,22) bukan merupakan faktor risiko dari stunting.Kesimpulan: Kebiasaan cuci tangan yang buruk pada ibu berkontribusi terhadap kejadian stunting di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Kotakulon Kabupaten Bondowoso.

Quality of drinking water of Kosti city, White Nile State, Sudan, collected during February 2021

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 032-036
Author(s):  
Abdelaal Ali Hammad Ali ◽  
Mutaman Ali A. Kehail ◽  
Mazahir Elhadi Abdallah Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Waterborne Diseases ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Routine Work ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
White Nile

Lack of clean water supply, sanitation and hygiene are major causes for the spread of waterborne diseases in a community. This study was conducted, to determine the quality of drinking water collected from Kosti City, White Nile State, Sudan. In this study, the quality levels of drinking water (physical, chemical and the microbial), were determined following the standard methods. Five sites were selected to sampling drinking water during Feb. 2021. The results showed that, some of pH, HCO3-, Hardness, SO-, Na+ and Ca++ values were not fall within the standard ranges. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Cl and K+ data agreed with standard ranges. CO3 show a very strong +ve correlation (0.99) with Na and -ve correlation (-0.98) with HCO3. E. coli were relatively high in comparison to standards (which should be zero). The study recommends evaluating the quality of the drinking water, and this should be routine work.

scholarly journals 2030 Agenda for Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Look from the Human Rights Perspective

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
2030 Agenda ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
The Caribbean

This document was inspired by the need to promote comprehensive actions in the management of water and sanitation services with a human rights focus within the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) related to drinking water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean; in addition, it ratifies the results reported in a PAHO study (2016) on the profound inequalities between urban and rural areas in access to water and sewage services, and the correlation with characteristics such as gender, age, income, education, among others. This report assumed this challenge using a methodology based on the Human Rights to Safe Drinking Water and Sanitation (HRWS) analytical framework. This report seeks to provide the most up-to-date overview of the SDG targets 6.1 and 6.2 situation in Latin America and the Caribbean. Besides outlining the general situation of countries, it presents some elements regarding human rights and the targets 6.1 and 6.2 that have been neglected in the initial monitoring of the 2030 Agenda, above all, the dimensions of inequality and affordability. This report presents four case studies, one per sub-regional block, with a more detailed characterization of the national and subnational situations of Colombia, Brazil, Mexico, and the Dominican Republic. The results of this study show that a significant proportion of the Latin American and Caribbean population still lacks adequate access to water and sanitation services. Only 65% of the population has access to safely managed water services, a percentage lower than that reported worldwide, which is 71%. With regard to safely managed sanitation services, the situation is even more critical, with an access level of 39% worldwide being reported, compared to 22% in our Region.

scholarly journals IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN PROGRAM PENYEDIAAN AIR MINUM DAN SANITASI BERBASIS MASYARAKAT (PAMSIMAS) DI KABUPATEN TRENGGALEK

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Siti Chusniati
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Policy Implementation ◽  
Group Work ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Community Empowerment ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Implementation Program

Water is a basic need for mankind, but the fact remains that not everyone has access to clean water and healthy adequately, in accordance with its needs. The issue of water and poor sanitation in Indonesia spawn Program Pamsimas. The goal of the Program is to improve the access of Pamsimas drinking water and sanitation for the poor in rural areas and suburbs, as well as enhancing the values and behaviors of healthy living by building/infrastructure and means of providing drinking water and sanitation sustainable community-based and can be adopted by people to achieve the MDGs targets. Based on the results of the study and discussion of the two issues that the formulation is specified, then the obtained results, among other Policy Implementation Program Pamsimas in Trenggalek already running in accordance with the technical guidelines which in practice already refers to the components of the program i.e., community empowerment, the Ministry of sanitation, drinking water supply, and support the management of the commissioning programme. Factors that support the success of the Program Pamsimas in the presence of, among others, Trenggalek Regency method involving the existence of community empowerment, providing innovation and creativity inspires the citizens through group work, compromise bottom up and top down and commitment at all levels. Factors that impede the success of Trenggalek Regency Pamsimas, among others, lack of cooperation, natural condition, as well as the quality of the water resources untapped. 

scholarly journals Sewage system design for the Čierna Lehota - Slavošovce – Rochovce agglomeration

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 00108
Author(s):  
Adam Repel ◽  
Martina Zeleňáková ◽  
Gabriel Markovič ◽  
Lenka Findoráková
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Subject Area ◽  
The State ◽  
Current Status ◽  
The Public ◽  
Sewage System ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
The Individual

The development of public sewerage systems in Slovakia is significantly behind in the state of supply of drinking water. The number of inhabitants connected to the public sewerage system in Slovakia is considerably lagging behind in the state of the population supplied with drinking water, by about 28.4% less in the number of connected inhabitants. Designing sewerage in urbanized areas improves the quality of the environment and the quality of life of townspeople and municipalities. The aim of the paper is the processing of basic information about the current status of the affected area, designing alternative solutions for the sewerage subject area, a comparison of alternatives for proposed activity and the rationale for the selection of the optimal solution. An area of interest for the design of sewerage is the Čierna Lehota – Slavošovce – Rochovce agglomeration, which is located in the Košice Region in eastern Slovakia. The problem of this agglomeration is the method for the disposal of wastewaters, which are disposed of in non-ecological septic tanks or discharged directly into a local stream. In the paper are three proposals in the form of three different variants of sewage system according to relevant standards and documentation. At the end of this paper, an evaluation of the individual variants is presented.

Water, sanitation, and hygiene

2019 ◽  
pp. 1031-1050
Author(s):  
Peter Maes ◽  
Rafael Van den Bergh ◽  
Joos Van den Noortgate
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Primary Prevention ◽  
Best Practices ◽  
Health Worker ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Safe Water ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Health Quality ◽  
Health Quality Of Life

This chapter on water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) outlines the principles of safe water and sanitation as essential determinants of health, quality of life, and dignity. It provides the health worker with the necessary information to appropriately prioritize WASH, understand the process of primary prevention of WASH-related diseases, to identify best practices for different contexts, and to recognize when specialized assistance might be required.

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