scholarly journals Proteasome expression and activity in cancer and cancer stem cells

Tumor Biology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 101042831769224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioannis A Voutsadakis
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Central Place ◽  
Cellular Protein ◽  
Tumor Initiating Cells ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Cell Processes ◽  
Important Regulator ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Proteasome is a multi-protein organelle that participates in cellular proteostasis by destroying damaged or short-lived proteins in an organized manner guided by the ubiquitination signal. By being in a central place in the cellular protein complement homeostasis, proteasome is involved in virtually all cell processes including decisions on cell survival or death, cell cycle, and differentiation. These processes are important also in cancer, and thus, the proteasome is an important regulator of carcinogenesis. Cancers include a variety of cells which, according to the cancer stem cell theory, descend from a small percentage of cancer stem cells, alternatively termed tumor-initiating cells. These cells constitute the subsets that have the ability to propagate the whole variety of cancer and repopulate tumors after cytostatic therapies. Proteasome plays a role in cellular processes in cancer stem cells, but it has been found to have a decreased function in them compared to the rest of cancer cells. This article will discuss the transcriptional regulation of proteasome sub-unit proteins in cancer and in particular cancer stem cells and the relationship of the proteasome with the pluripotency that is the defining characteristic of stem cells. Therapeutic opportunities that present from the understanding of the proteasome role will also be discussed.

scholarly journals Liver cancer stem cells as a hierarchical society: yes or no?

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (7) ◽  
pp. 723-735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanzhuo Gu ◽  
Xin Zheng ◽  
Junfang Ji
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Recent Decade ◽  
Regulatory Pathways ◽  
Molecular Features ◽  
The Hierarchical Structure ◽  
Multiple Cell ◽  
The Common ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are cells possessing abilities of self-renewal, differentiation, and tumorigenicity in NOD/SCID mice. Based on this definition, multiple cell surface markers (such as CD24, CD133, CD90, and EpCAM) as well as chemical methods are discovered to enrich liver CSCs in the recent decade. Accumulated studies have revealed molecular signatures and signaling pathways involved in regulating different liver CSCs. Among liver CSCs positive for different markers, some molecular features and regulatory pathways are commonly shared, while some are only unique in certain CSC populations. These studies imply that liver CSCs exhibit diverse heterogeneity, while a functional relationship also exists. The aim of this review is to revisit the society of liver CSCs and summarize the common or unique molecular features of known liver CSCs. We hope to call for attention of researchers on the relationship of the liver CSC subgroups and to provide clues on the hierarchical structure of the liver CSC society.

scholarly journals The relationship of cancer stem cells in urological cancers

2013 ◽  
Vol 66 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Adamowicz ◽  
Marta Pokrywczyńska ◽  
Jakub Tworkiewicz ◽  
Zbigniew Wolski ◽  
Tomasz Drewa
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Urological Cancers ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals The Role of Autophagy and lncRNAs in the Maintenance of Cancer Stem Cells

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1239
Author(s):  
Leila Jahangiri ◽  
Tala Ishola ◽  
Perla Pucci ◽  
Ricky M. Trigg ◽  
Joao Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Epithelial To Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Tumour Microenvironment ◽  
Repair Capacity ◽  
Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Cellular Processes

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) possess properties such as self-renewal, resistance to apoptotic cues, quiescence, and DNA-damage repair capacity. Moreover, CSCs strongly influence the tumour microenvironment (TME) and may account for cancer progression, recurrence, and relapse. CSCs represent a distinct subpopulation in tumours and the detection, characterisation, and understanding of the regulatory landscape and cellular processes that govern their maintenance may pave the way to improving prognosis, selective targeted therapy, and therapy outcomes. In this review, we have discussed the characteristics of CSCs identified in various cancer types and the role of autophagy and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in maintaining the homeostasis of CSCs. Further, we have discussed methods to detect CSCs and strategies for treatment and relapse, taking into account the requirement to inhibit CSC growth and survival within the complex backdrop of cellular processes, microenvironmental interactions, and regulatory networks associated with cancer. Finally, we critique the computationally reinforced triangle of factors inclusive of CSC properties, the process of autophagy, and lncRNA and their associated networks with respect to hypoxia, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and signalling pathways.

scholarly journals The role of steroid hormones in breast cancer stem cells

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. T177-T186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno M Simões ◽  
Denis G Alferez ◽  
Sacha J Howell ◽  
Robert B Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
Normal Mammary Gland ◽  
Breast Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Tumor Initiating Cells ◽  
Unit Of Selection ◽  
Selection For

Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) are potent tumor-initiating cells in breast cancer, the most common cancer among women. BCSCs have been suggested to play a key role in tumor initiation which can lead to disease progression and formation of metastases. Moreover, BCSCs are thought to be the unit of selection for therapy-resistant clones since they survive conventional treatments, such as chemotherapy, irradiation, and hormonal therapy. The importance of the role of hormones for both normal mammary gland and breast cancer development is well established, but it was not until recently that the effects of hormones on BCSCs have been investigated. This review will discuss recent studies highlighting how ovarian steroid hormones estrogen and progesterone, as well as therapies against them, can regulate BCSC activity.

scholarly journals Relationship of Erythropoietin Effectiveness to the Generative Cycle of Erythroid Precursor Cell

Blood ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 761-774 ◽  
Author(s):  
BERNARD S. MORSE ◽  
NICHOLAS J. RENCRICCA ◽  
FREDERICK STOHLMAN
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Generation Time ◽  
Precursor Cell ◽  
Cell Compartment ◽  
Erythroid Precursor ◽  
Erythroid Response ◽  
Stem Cell Compartment ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Erythroid Precursor Cell

Abstract Hydroxyurea, a cytotoxic agent that kills cells in DNA synthesis, was used to study the relationship between erythropoietin and the generative cycle of the immediate erythroid precursor cell. When OHU and EP were administered simultaneously to hypertransfused mice, the resultant erythroid response was diminished relative to EP treated controls. OHU given at intervals after EP resulted in a progressively greater diminution of erythroid response. From these studies, then, we would suggest that in the suppressed animal the committed stem cell compartment is in cycle but with a prolonged G1. After EP there is a shortening of the generation time and an increase in the rate of turnover of the committed stem cells. The data also indicate that cells in cycle are differentiated into the pronormoblast compartment. It further may be suggested that erythropoietin is effective throughout the bulk of the generative cycle although it seems unlikely that differentiation is accomplished during the mitotic phase. Whether erythropoietin must be present in both G1 and S as suggested by Kretchmar cannot be answered by the present studies. The data also indicate that cells of the pluripotential compartment are normally in G0 or perhaps a prolonged G1. Damage to the committed compartment appears to be in part repaired by the influx of cells from the pluripotential compartment.

scholarly journals Cancer stem cells markers associated with development and aggressive phenotype in pancreatic cancer

2020 ◽  
pp. 102-122
Author(s):  
Camila Juliano Salvador Rodrigues ◽  
Elita Ferreira da Silveira ◽  
Rafael da Silveira Vargas ◽  
Giordano Gatti de Giacomo ◽  
Marino Muxfeldt Bianchin
Keyword(s):  
Pancreatic Cancer ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Tumor Development ◽  
Staining Intensity ◽  
Ductal Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Clinicopathological Parameters ◽  
Tumor Initiating Cells ◽  
New Ideas

Background: Cancer stem cells, also known as tumor-initiating cells, are suggested to be responsible for drug resistance and cancer development due in part to their ability to self-renew themselves and differentiate into heterogeneous lineages of cancer cells. Objective: This study was designed to investigate the role of cancer stem cells in pancreatic cancer. Methods: A retrospective clinicopathological analysis was undertaken in 112 patients diagnosed with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma between 2005 and 2010, and immunohistochemistry was performed with antibodies against CD133, CD24, and OCT4. Positive nuclear, cytoplasmic or membrane staining for each antibody was rated on staining intensity, being classified into low/moderate or strong staining groups. Results were analyzed relative to each patient’s clinicopathological parameters. Results: There was an established relationship between the staining of the markers with some variables associated with worse prognosis, being the three markers present in most tumor cells and associated with tumor progression. We suppose that cancer stem cells are present from the beginning of tumor initiation and are intrinsically related to tumor development. Although the presence of stem cells has been associated with molecular biology of various tumors, their expression in pancreatic cancer has not yet been clinically reported. Conclusion: The presence of stem cells and their role in pancreatic cancer tumorigenesis may be considered as valuable prognostic factors, although the mechanism involved needs further investigation. Increasing insights into role of cancer stem cells and carcinogenesis can ultimately generate new ideas for molecularly based diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.

scholarly journals Increased Oxidative Phosphorylation Is Required for Stemness Maintenance in Liver Cancer Stem Cells from Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Line HCCLM3 Cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ge Liu ◽  
Qing Luo ◽  
Hong Li ◽  
Qiuping Liu ◽  
Yang Ju ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Liver Cancer ◽  
Oxidative Phosphorylation ◽  
Carcinoma Cell ◽  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Line ◽  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell ◽  
The Relationship

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are considered to be the main cause of tumor recurrence, metastasis, and an unfavorable prognosis. Energy metabolism is closely associated with cell stemness. However, how the stemness of liver cancer stem cells (LCSCs) is regulated by metabolic/oxidative stress remains poorly understood. In this study, we compare the metabolic differences between LCSCs and the hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HCCLM3, and explore the relationship between metabolism and LCSC stemness. We found that LCSCs from the hepatocellular carcinoma cell HCCLM3 exhibited more robust glucose metabolism than HCCLM3, including glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), and pyruvate produced by glycolysis entering mitochondria for OXPHOS. Moreover, 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) enhanced the LCSC stemness by upregulating OXPHOS. In contrast, Mdivi-1 reduced the levels of OXPHOS and weakened the stemness by inhibiting mitochondrial fission. Together, our findings clarify the relationship between energy metabolism and LCSC stemness and may provide theoretical guidance and potential therapeutic approaches for liver cancer.

scholarly journals Gastric Cancer Stem Cells: Current Insights into the Immune Microenvironment and Therapeutic Targets

Biomedicines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lingfeng Fu ◽  
Luke Bu ◽  
Tadahito Yasuda ◽  
Mayu Koiwa ◽  
Takahiko Akiyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Cancer ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Chemotherapy Resistance ◽  
Immune Microenvironment ◽  
Self Renewal ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Gastric Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Novel Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
The Relationship

Gastric cancer (GC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are known to be involved in chemotherapy resistance and the development of metastases. Although CSCs harbor self-renewal and tumorigenic abilities, the immune microenvironment surrounding CSCs provides various factors and supports the maintenance of CSC properties. The current review summarizes the accumulating findings regarding the relationship between the immune microenvironment and gastric CSCs (GCSCs), which will support the possibility of developing novel therapeutic strategies for targeting GCSCs.

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