A snippet in a snippet: Development of the Matryoshka principle for the construction of very short musical stimuli (plinks)

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 515-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Christian Thiesen ◽  
Reinhard Kopiez ◽  
Christoph Reuter ◽  
Isabella Czedik-Eysenberg
Keyword(s):  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Acoustic Parameters ◽  
The Past ◽  
Popular Songs ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Stimulus Generation ◽  
Selection Of

For the past 140 years, numerous studies have been conducted to examine minimum durations of samples needed for the recognition of acoustic parameters such as pitch, timbre or vocal phonemes. Recent studies in this field are often based on short clips (plinks) of popular songs, using target variables such as titles and interpreters. These studies provide strong evidence that a wide range of intra- and extramusical information can be identified above chance level for stimuli lasting much shorter than a second. Nevertheless, a review of precedent studies revealed a heterogeneity in stimulus generation processes that could have influenced overall recognition rates. As a piece of music unfolds in time, its timbral structure is subject to a variety of changes. We assume that the position of stimulus extraction, therefore, could influence the outcomes of a subsequent recognition task, for instance. In this study, we offer a systematic and objective stimulus extraction procedure that might help to control for (a) a possible confounding of stimulus duration and timbre (caused by the extraction of stimulus sets of various length from different song positions), (b) possible confoundings of song section and timbre (caused by the comparison of stimulus sets from divergent song sections), and (c) the suspected influence of subjective criteria on extract selection (caused by the non-randomized selection of extract positions). As an alternative approach, the suggested Matryoshka principle produces randomized sets of nested stimuli controlled for song position and objective selection. Each set represents an individual section and consists of five short excerpts, cut from each other in decreasing duration. Correlation analyses confirmed that these sets prove to be stable in terms of their mel-frequency cepstrum coefficients, the so-called “psycho-acoustic fingerprint” of a sound. Based on the software Random Plink Generator, the suggested procedure can help to contribute to an objective selection of stimuli in future plink research.

Zoonoses

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
John S Mackenzie ◽  
David Williams
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Zoonotic Diseases ◽  
Zoonotic Pathogen ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Ancient Mesopotamia ◽  
Selection Of

The selection of papers included in this issue of Microbiology Australia present a broad brush of zoonotic diseases, from those known or described in ancient times such as rabies, first described in the Eshnunna cuneiform law tablets from ancient Mesopotamia dating back to the 18th–19th centuries BC, and glanders, thought to be first described in donkeys by Aristotle in Ancient Greece in 420–450 BC and subsequently by the Romans, to some discovered or recognised as zoonotic within the past 30 years, such as the recently described zoonotic bat-borne pathogens in Australia, and Clostridium difficile, only recently recognised as a zoonotic pathogen. The selection of papers also demonstrates the wide range of zoonotic origins, including arthropod-borne viruses and potentially seafood-borne parasites.

Twenty-First Century Palestinian Development Studies

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 7-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raja Khalidi
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
State Building ◽  
First Century ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
New School ◽  
Colonial Studies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Palestinian Economy ◽  
Selection Of

Within the wide range of research and studies about Palestinian development, especially in the past twenty years, a new school of literature has recently emerged, drawing on heterodox economic and social science, settler-colonial studies, and the widening critique of neoliberalism. Studies in this issue of JPS are a selection of the intellectual output of a younger generation of scholars who have challenged the thrust of preceding literature produced by international and donor organizations, academics, and Israeli and Palestinian research projects. This new body of research critiques and proposes alternatives to scholarship that placed study of Palestinian economy and society within the parameters of the peace process, premised upon the supposed benefits of globalization and liberalization and more recently, reform and state-building as a precursor to national liberation.

Voices Prophesying Everything

Futures ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 68-84
Author(s):  
Mat Paskins
Keyword(s):  
Public Discourse ◽  
Source Material ◽  
The Past ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Future ◽  
Current Practices

This chapter intervenes in critical debates about the recording and documenting of histories of the future by critiquing, and offering an alternative approach to, current practices. It argues that many histories of the future rely on an extremely selective range of empirical sources which secure particular versions of, and narratives about, the future. Instead, this chapter identifies and examines the multifarious form of the periodical as a vital source material for reconstructing the past. Juxtaposing numerous techniques of representing the future, the periodical enables different ways of imagining, predicting, and resisting possible futures to collide against and compete with each other in a variety of rapidly shifting contexts. Reading the diversity of modes for presenting futures in periodicals can help us to consider how different representations of the future, with a wide range of temporalities, are woven into one another within ordinary public discourse.

Viability of Litchi chinensis seeds when stored in air and in water

1985 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 247-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. K. Ray ◽  
S. B. Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Litchi Chinensis ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Range Of Variation ◽  
Selection Of

India is the second largest litchi producing country in the world after China (Syamal & Mishra, 1984), yet the number of litchi cultivars grown in the country is quite small compared with mango (Mangifera indica). In mango most of the choicest Indian cultivars have been obtained from chance seedlings (Singh, 1960) grown in the past without any definite aim in mind. Litchi, as a result of crosspollination (Chaturvedi, 1965), is a highly heterozygous fruit, and as such, its seedlings, like those of mango, exhibit a wide range of variation which helps in the selection of new desired types. It has, thus, been emphasized that litchi should be grown in bulk from seeds to introduce genetic variability (Kumar & Thakur, 1981). Kadman & Slor (1974), encouraged by excellent success in grafting, have also stressed the need for raising plants through seeds for rootstocks.

The Multiple Criterion Technique of Subjective Appraisal

1950 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 124-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Hopkinson
Keyword(s):  
Functional Relationship ◽  
The Past ◽  
Radar Echoes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Discomfort Glare ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Visual Problems ◽  
Theoretical Import ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Made In

A technique is described by which, the quantitative connection between physical aspects of a stimulus situation and subjective aspects of the perceptual response may be conveniently and reliably determined. The subject is given control of one of the significant physical variables such, for instance, as brightness, and is asked to set this variable to correspond In turn with a limited number of defined criteria relating to a subjective variable such as glare-discomfort It is found that each criterion acts as a check upon judgments made in terms of the others, so that the scatter of the control settings Is less than when a single criterion is used The functional relationship between the physical and the subjective variable can be estimated, and provided care Is taken in the design of the experiment and In the selection of observers, consistent results are obtained. This technique has been applied during the past ten years to a wide range of visual problems which Include those of the visibility of radar echoes, the visibility of street-lighting from the air, discomfort-glare and ease of reading. It Is thought that It might find wide application not only in applied Psychological work but in the investigation of problems of theoretical import.

The Limits of Free Will

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Russell
Keyword(s):  
Moral Responsibility ◽  
Free Will ◽  
Moral Psychology ◽  
Practical Reason ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Moral Capacity ◽  
Selection Of

This volume contains a selection of chapters concerning free will and moral responsibility. The problems arising in this field of philosophy, which are deeply rooted in the history of the subject, are also intimately related to a wide range of other fields, such as law and criminology, moral psychology, theology, and, more recently, neuroscience. The chapters included in this collection were written and first published over a period of three decades, although most have appeared in the past decade or so. During this period this area of philosophy has been particularly active and it continues to attract a great deal of interest and attention. Among the topics covered, as they relate to these problems, are the challenge of skepticism; moral sentiment and moral capacity; necessity and the metaphysics of causation; practical reason; free will and art; fatalism and the limits of agency; and our metaphysical attitudes of optimism and pessimism.

Calcium signaling in the nucleusThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue, entitled The Nucleus: A Cell Within A Cell.

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 325-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawidson A. Gomes ◽  
M. Fatima Leite ◽  
Anton M. Bennett ◽  
Michael H. Nathanson
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Pores ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Secondary Messenger ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Inositol 1,4,5 Trisphosphate ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Trisphosphate Receptor ◽  
Selection Of

Cytosolic Ca2+ is a versatile secondary messenger that regulates a wide range of cellular activities. In the past decade, evidence has accumulated that free Ca2+ within the nucleus also plays an important messenger function. Here we review the mechanisms and effects of Ca2+ signals within the nucleus. In particular, evidence is reviewed that the nucleus contains the machinery necessary for production of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and for inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor-mediated Ca2+ release. The role of Ca2+ signals within the nucleus is discussed including regulation of such critical cell functions as gene expression, activation of kinases, and permeability of nuclear pores.

scholarly journals Sabah and Sarawak in the 14th General Election 2018 (GE14): Local Factors and State Nationalism

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Chin
Keyword(s):  
Political Issue ◽  
Native Communities ◽  
Local Factors ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
East Malaysia ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Sabah And Sarawak ◽  
Past Half ◽  
Selection Of

Many would argue that the main factors in Pakatan Harapan's victory were the 1MDB scandal, anti-Najib and anti-UMNO sentiments, and Mahathir's ability to penetrate the rural Malay constituencies so as to split the UMNO/PAS vote. In the East Malaysia states of Sabah and Sarawak, however, it was local factors and state nationalism that largely decided the outcome of GE14. In this article, I will argue that the rise of state nationalism means that the most potent political issue in contemporary East Malaysia is MA63 – or the 1963 Malaysia Agreement. MA63 gives Sabah and Sarawak autonomy in a wide range of areas. For the past half-century, the East Malaysia polity has felt that it has lost its autonomy in many areas stipulated in the MA63 agreement, due to the centralisation of bureaucratic powers by the federal government. This has created a strong sense of historical grievance among Sabahans and Sarawakians, especially the non-Muslim native communities. The MA63 issue combined with local factors such as the selection of candidates and internal party disputes as well as sabotage together better reflect the on-the-ground experience of GE14 in Sabah and Sarawak.

scholarly journals Radiometric Scale Transfer Using Bayesian Model Selection

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Donald W. Nelson ◽  
Udo von Toussaint
Keyword(s):  
Model Selection ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
Climate Modelling ◽  
Input Quantity ◽  
Weather Forecasts ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Regression Functions ◽  
Approach Method ◽  
Selection Of

The key input quantity to climate modelling and weather forecasts is the solar beam irradiance, i.e., the primary amount of energy provided by the sun. Despite its importance the absolute accuracy of the measurements are limited—which not only affects the modelling but also ground truth tests of satellite observations. Here we focus on the problem of improving instrument calibration based on dedicated measurements. A Bayesian approach reveals that the standard approach results in inferior results. An alternative approach method based on monomial based selection of regression functions, combined with model selection is shown to yield superior estimations for a wide range of conditions. The approach is illustrated on selected data and possible further enhancements are outlined.

Optical Properties of HVEM Accelerators

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 180-181
Author(s):  
A. Strojnik ◽  
J.W. Scholl ◽  
V. Bevc
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Electron Accelerator ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Electron Source ◽  
High Brightness ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Optical Behavior

The electron accelerator, as inserted between the electron source (injector) and the imaging column of the HVEM, is usually a strong lens and should be optimized in order to ensure high brightness over a wide range of accelerating voltages and illuminating conditions. This is especially true in the case of the STEM where the brightness directly determines the highest resolution attainable. In the past, the optical behavior of accelerators was usually determined for a particular configuration. During the development of the accelerator for the Arizona 1 MEV STEM, systematic investigation was made of the major optical properties for a variety of electrode configurations, number of stages N, accelerating voltages, 1 and 10 MEV, and a range of injection voltages ϕ0 = 1, 3, 10, 30, 100, 300 kV).

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