scholarly journals Nomenclature, classification, and documentation of catastrophic fractures and associated preexisting injuries in racehorses

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 396-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan M. Stover
Keyword(s):  
Bone Fracture ◽  
Bone Fractures ◽  
Stress Fractures ◽  
Fracture Classification ◽  
Acute Fracture ◽  
Bone Stress ◽  
High Magnitude ◽  
Autopsy Report ◽  
Trabecular Bone Tissue ◽  
Periosteal Callus

Racehorses are susceptible to bone fractures when damage from repetitive, high-magnitude loads incurred during training and racing exceed concurrent damage removal and replacement, resulting in transient periods of focal osteoporosis and bone weakening. Clinically, these events correspond to cortical stress fractures and subchondral bone stress remodeling. Evidence of these preexisting lesions include periosteal callus, endosteal callus, and intracortical focal hyperemia for cortical stress fractures; and subchondral focal hyperemia located superficial to sclerotic compacted trabecular bone tissue for subchondral stress remodeling. These findings must be in direct physical association with an acute fracture to infer that the abnormalities precipitated complete bone fracture. Recognition of preexisting lesions must be conveyed in the autopsy report to the racehorse industry audience because this is the mechanism for education of racehorse trainers, veterinarians, and owners. Standardized anatomic nomenclature, fracture classification, and documentation of gross autopsy findings specific to catastrophic bone fractures in racehorses provides information to empower changes in management of racehorses for the detection and management of mild injuries and prevention of catastrophic fractures.

scholarly journals X-Ray Bone Fracture Classification Using Deep Learning: A Baseline for Designing a Reliable Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 1507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo Tanzi ◽  
Enrico Vezzetti ◽  
Rodrigo Moreno ◽  
Sandro Moos
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Bone Fracture ◽  
Bone Fractures ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Test Accuracy ◽  
Fracture Classification ◽  
Fracture Detection ◽  
Cad System ◽  
Dataset Size ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

In recent years, bone fracture detection and classification has been a widely discussed topic and many researchers have proposed different methods to tackle this problem. Despite this, a universal approach able to classify all the fractures in the human body has not yet been defined. We aim to analyze and evaluate a selection of papers, chosen according to their representative approach, where the authors applied different deep learning techniques to classify bone fractures, in order to select the strengths of each of them and try to delineate a generalized strategy. Each study is summarized and evaluated using a radar graph with six values: area under the curve (AUC), test accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, dataset size and labelling reliability. Plus, we defined the key points which should be taken into account when trying to accomplish this purpose and we compared each study with our baseline. In recent years, deep learning and, in particular, the convolution neural network (CNN), has achieved results comparable to those of humans in bone fracture classification. Adopting a correct generalization, we are reasonably sure that a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system, correctly designed to assist doctors, would save a considerable amount of time and would limit the number of wrong diagnoses.

521 Incidence of Bone Fracture Rate Post-Burn and Trauma in Role 2 and 3 Treatment Centers

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S107-S108
Author(s):  
Linda E Sousse ◽  
Amanda Staudt ◽  
Christopher VanFosson
Keyword(s):  
Bone Fracture ◽  
Injury Severity ◽  
Burn Injury ◽  
Bone Fractures ◽  
Total Body Surface Area ◽  
Anatomical Location ◽  
Fracture Rate ◽  
Initial Correlation ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Markers Of Bone Resorption

Abstract Introduction One of the hallmarks of critical illness and trauma is that it triggers resorptive bone loss, as well as an increase in bone fractures and a reduction in bone density. Sustained markers of bone resorption, bone formation, and regulators of bone signaling pathways are linked to prolonged inflammatory activities and the prolonged deterioration of bone microstructure. The objective of this study is to evaluate the bone fracture rate of the U.S Military, non-U.S. Military, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Military, local civilian, and Coalition Forces population in Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Freedom’s Sentinel with burns from 2005 to 2018 using the Department of Defense Trauma Registry (DoDTR; n=28,707). Our hypothesis is that there is a direct relationship between burn injury severity and bone fracture rates. Methods Pearson’s correlation coefficient and scatterplots were used in this retrospective, observational study to demonstrate the correlation between total body surface area (TBSA) burn and number of fractures by anatomical location. Results Approximately 15,195 patients (age: 26 ± 10 years) in Role 2 and Role 3 treatment centers reported fractures. Of those patients, 351 suffered from burns with 632 anatomical fracture locations. Facial fractures were most prominent (16%), followed by foot (12%), skull (12%), tibia/fibula (11%), hand (11%), and ulna/radius (10%). There was no initial correlation between n increasing severity of TBSA burn and count of fracture locations (ρ=-0.03, p=0.8572). Conclusions There was no acute correlation between burn severity and bone fracture rates; however, further analyses are required to assess chronic post-burn fracture rates.

A review on experimental and numerical investigations of cortical bone fracture

2022 ◽  
pp. 095441192110703
Author(s):  
Ajay Kumar ◽  
Rajesh Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Cortical Bone ◽  
Bone Fracture ◽  
Bone Fractures ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Fracture Pattern ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Fracture Mechanisms ◽  
Numerical Investigations ◽  
Fracture Parameters

This paper comprehensively reviews the various experimental and numerical techniques, which were considered to determine the fracture characteristics of the cortical bone. This study also provides some recommendations along with the critical review, which would be beneficial for future research of fracture analysis of cortical bone. Cortical bone fractures due to sports activities, climbing, running, and engagement in transport or industrial accidents. Individuals having different diseases are also at high risk of cortical bone fracture. It has been observed that osteon orientation influences cortical bone fracture toughness and fracture mechanisms. Apart from this, recent studies indicate that fracture parameters of cortical bone also depend on many factors such as age, sex, temperature, osteoporosis, orientation, location, loading condition, strain rate, and storage facility, etc. The cortical bone regains its fracture toughness due to various toughening mechanisms. Owing to these factors, several experimental, clinical, and numerical investigations have been carried out to determine the fracture parameters of the cortical bone. Cortical bone is the dense outer surface of the bone and contributes to 80%–82% of the skeleton mass. Cortical bone experiences load far exceeding body weight due to muscle contraction and the dynamics of motion. It is very important to know the fracture pattern, direction of fracture, location of the fracture, and toughening mechanism of cortical bone. A basic understanding of the different factors that affect the fracture parameters and fracture mechanisms of the cortical bone is necessary to prevent the failure and fracture of cortical bone. This review has summarized the advancement considered in the various experimental techniques and numerical methods to get complete information about the fracture mechanisms of cortical bone.

Injury characteristics in male youth athletics: a five-season prospective study in a full-time sports academy

2020 ◽  
pp. bjsports-2020-102373
Author(s):  
Daniel Martínez-Silván ◽  
Eirik Halvorsen Wik ◽  
Juan Manuel Alonso ◽  
Evan Jeanguyot ◽  
Benjamin Salcinovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Male ◽  
Stress Fractures ◽  
Injury Incidence ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Male Youth ◽  
Youth Athletes ◽  
Injury Characteristics ◽  
Bone Stress ◽  
Stress Injuries ◽  
Injury Burden

ObjectivesTo describe the injury characteristics of male youth athletes exposed to year-round athletics programmes.MethodsInjury surveillance data were prospectively collected by medical staff in a cohort of youth athletics athletes participating in a full-time sports academy from 2014–2015 to 2018–2019. Time-loss injuries (>1 day) were recorded following consensus procedures for athletics. Athletes were clustered into five event groups (sprints, jumps, endurance, throws and non-specialised) and the number of completed training and competition sessions (athletics exposures (AE)) were calculated for each athlete per completed season (one athlete season). Injury characteristics were reported overall and by event groups as injury incidence (injuries per 1000 AE) and injury burden (days lost per 1000 AE).ResultsOne-hundred and seventy-eight boys (14.9±1.8 years old) completed 391 athlete seasons, sustaining 290 injuries. The overall incidence was 4.0 injuries per 1000 AE and the overall burden was 79.1 days lost per 1000 AE. The thigh was the most common injury location (19%). Muscle strains (0.7 injuries per 1000 AE) and bone stress injuries (0.5 injuries per 1000 AE) presented the highest incidence and stress fractures the highest burden (17.6 days lost per 1000 AE). The most burdensome injury types by event group were: bone stress injuries for endurance, hamstring strains for sprints, stress fractures for jumps, lesion of meniscus/cartilage for throws and growth plate injuries for non-specialised athletes.ConclusionAcute muscle strains, stress fractures and bone stress injuries were identified as the main injury concerns in this cohort of young male athletics athletes. The injury characteristics differed between event groups.

Transverse Fractures of the Spinous Process of the 7th Cervical Vertebra in RDT Patients: An AI Related Disease?

1987 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Marumo ◽  
T. Nomura ◽  
H. Nishikawa
Keyword(s):  
Bone Disease ◽  
Bone Fracture ◽  
Bone Pain ◽  
Bone Fractures ◽  
Spinous Process ◽  
Cervical Vertebra ◽  
Maintenance Hemodialysis ◽  
Daily Work ◽  
Related Disease ◽  
Transverse Fractures

Transverse fractures of the spinous process of the 7th cervical vertebra were noted in 2 patients and of the 1st thoracic vertebra in 1 patient on maintenance hemodialysis. Two patients with aluminum (AI)- and/or iron-related bone disease complained of bone pain, relieved by deferoxamine therapy. In all three cases, the bone fractures had occurred suddenly while the patients were going about their daily work. These observations indicate that AI- or iron-related bone disease with secondary hyperparathyroidism can induce bone fracture by only slight stress in patients maintained on hemodialysis.

scholarly journals Pericytes as a Source of Osteogenic Cells in Bone Fracture Healing

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 1079 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sopak Supakul ◽  
Kenta Yao ◽  
Hiroki Ochi ◽  
Tomohito Shimada ◽  
Kyoko Hashimoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Healing ◽  
Bone Fracture ◽  
Bone Fractures ◽  
Callus Formation ◽  
Bone Diseases ◽  
Lineage Tracing ◽  
Osteogenic Potential ◽  
Bone Fracture Healing ◽  
Osteogenic Cells

Pericytes are mesenchymal cells that surround the endothelial cells of small vessels in various organs. These cells express several markers, such as NG2, CD146, and PDGFRβ, and play an important role in the stabilization and maturation of blood vessels. It was also recently revealed that like mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), pericytes possess multilineage differentiation capacity, especially myogenic, adipogenic, and fibrogenic differentiation capacities. Although some previous studies have reported that pericytes also have osteogenic potential, the osteogenesis of pericytes can still be further elucidated. In the present study, we established novel methods for isolating and culturing primary murine pericytes. An immortalized pericyte line was also established. Multilineage induction of the pericyte line induced osteogenesis, adipogenesis, and chondrogenesis of the cells in vitro. In addition, pericytes that were injected into the fracture site of a bone fracture mouse model contributed to callus formation. Furthermore, in vivo pericyte-lineage-tracing studies demonstrated that endogenous pericytes also differentiate into osteoblasts and osteocytes and contribute to bone fracture healing as a cellular source of osteogenic cells. Pericytes can be a promising therapeutic candidate for treating bone fractures with a delayed union or nonunion as well as bone diseases causing bone defects.

scholarly journals Stress analysis in a bone fracture fixed with topology-optimised plates

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 693-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulsalam Abdulaziz Al-Tamimi ◽  
Carlos Quental ◽  
Joao Folgado ◽  
Chris Peach ◽  
Paulo Bartolo
Keyword(s):  
Bone Fracture ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Stress Shielding ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Long Bone ◽  
Fracture Plane ◽  
Topology Optimisation ◽  
Bone Stress ◽  
Bending Load ◽  
Fixation Plate

Abstract The design of commercially available fixation plates and the materials used for their fabrication lead to the plates being stiffer than bone. Consequently, commercial plates are prone to induce bone stress shielding. In this study, three-dimensional fixation plates are designed using topology optimisation aiming to reduce the risk of bone stress shielding. Fixation plate designs were optimised by minimising the strain energy for three levels of volume reduction (i.e. 25%, 45% and 75%). To evaluate stress shielding, changes in bone stress due to the different fixation plate designs were determined on the fracture plane of an idealised shaft of a long bone under a four-point bending load considering the effect of a patient walking with crutches of a transverse fractured tibia. Topology optimisation is a viable approach to design less stiff plates with adequate mechanical strength considering high volume reductions, which consequently increased the stress transferred to the bone fracture plane minimising bone stress shielding.

Classification of Fractures of Long Bones in the Dog and Cat: Introduction and Clinical Application

1990 ◽  
Vol 03 (02) ◽  
pp. 41-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Unger ◽  
P. M. Montavon ◽  
U. F. A. Heim
Keyword(s):  
Bone Fractures ◽  
Reliable Data ◽  
Long Bone ◽  
Small Animals ◽  
Long Bones ◽  
Coding System ◽  
Fracture Classification ◽  
Fracture Criteria ◽  
Filing System

AbstractA computer filing system for the classification of fractured long bones in dogs and cats is described. It includes definitions of terms and a method of classification, based on fracture criteria seen on radiographs. This fracture classification was adapted from the AO/ASIF classification in man, to accomodate the special requirements of small animals. The localization and morphology of fractures were characterized with defined conventional terms, in order to assign an alpha-numeric code to each fracture. This coding system may also be used for computer filing of the data. With this classification system, the fractures are ranked in increasing severity and complexity for the various anatomical locations. This provides some prognostic and therapeutic informations. The system was used to code 1038 radiographically documented long bone fractures in dogs and cats. The distribution of fractures, with regard to their localization and morphology, was recorded. The system was easy to apply and proved to be able to supply valuable and reliable data.A computer filing system for the classification of fractured long bones in dogs and cats is described.

scholarly journals Amygdalin Promotes Fracture Healing through TGF-β/Smad Signaling in Mesenchymal Stem Cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Jun Ying ◽  
Qinwen Ge ◽  
Songfeng Hu ◽  
Cheng Luo ◽  
Fengyi Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Fracture Healing ◽  
Bone Fracture ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Bone Fractures ◽  
Conditional Knockout ◽  
Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells ◽  
Bone Fracture Healing ◽  
Smad Signaling

Chondrogenesis and subsequent osteogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and angiogenesis at injured sites are crucial for bone fracture healing. Amygdalin, a cyanogenic glycoside compound derived from bitter apricot kernel, has been reported to inhibit IL-1β-induced chondrocyte degeneration and to stimulate blood circulation, suggesting a promising role of amygdalin in fracture healing. In this study, tibial fractures in C57BL/6 mice were treated with amygdalin. Fracture calluses were then harvested and subjected to radiographic, histological, and biomechanical testing, as well as angiography and gene expression analyses to evaluate fracture healing. The results showed that amygdalin treatment promoted bone fracture healing. Further experiments using MSC-specific transforming growth factor- (TGF-) β receptor 2 conditional knockout (KO) mice (Tgfbr2Gli1-Cre) and C3H10 T1/2 murine mesenchymal progenitor cells showed that this effect was mediated through TGF-β/Smad signaling. We conclude that amygdalin could be used as an alternative treatment for bone fractures.

scholarly journals People's Motives Toward Bone Fracture Alternative Treatment in District of Bandung Barat

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2.29) ◽  
pp. 1041
Author(s):  
Diah Fatma Sjoraida ◽  
Evi Novianti ◽  
Edwin Rizal ◽  
Diah Sri Rezeki
Keyword(s):  
Bone Fracture ◽  
Alternative Treatment ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Bone Fractures ◽  
Social Motives ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Figures ◽  
Fracture Bone ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Economic Motives

The purpose of this study is to determine the community motive towards an alternative treatment of bone fractures in the district of West Bandung. Today, alternative treatment, especially fracture bone treatment is still popular with the societies, whereas technology and science in the medical world are growing very rapidly. The research method used is qualitative with phenomenology approach. The results of the study show some motives that are the reasons for choosing alternative treatment, among others: [1] Economic motives. The cost of alternative treatment of fractures is fairly cheap because it is not emphasized on a certain amount of cost. [2] Social motives. Believe in the neighbor's experience or experience of the public figures who have done the alternative treatment. [3] Psychological motives. Feel safe and not afraid when doing alternative treatments.  

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