Risk of MS is not associated with exposure to crude oil, but increases with low level of education

2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 780-787 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trond Riise ◽  
Jorunn Kirkeleit ◽  
Jan Harald Aarseth ◽  
Elisabeth Farbu ◽  
Rune Midgard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
Graduate Degree ◽  
Working Population ◽  
Total Study Population ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Mineral Oils ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Norwegian Education

Background: Offshore workers in the Norwegian upstream petroleum industry are exposed to a number of chemicals such as organic solvents, mineral oils and other hydrocarbons, possibly contributing to an increased risk of multiple sclerosis (MS). Objective: To estimate the risk of MS in this population compared with the general working population in Norway, adjusting for education. Methods: Using the Norwegian Registry of Employers and Employees we included all 27,900 offshore workers registered from 1981 to 2003 and 366,805 referents from the general working population matched by gender, age and community of residence. The cohort was linked to the Norwegian MS Registry and the Norwegian Education Registry. Results: There was no increased risk of MS among the offshore workers. We found a marked and linear inverse relationship between level of education and the risk of MS in the total study population, with a rate ratio of 0.48 (95% CI, 0.53 to 0.88) for workers with a graduate degree compared to workers with elementary school only. Conclusions: These findings do not support a major aetiological role of petroleum-based products, but rather point to smoking and other lifestyle factors related to the level of education as being important for the risk of MS.

scholarly journals Hypertension Burden and the Risk of New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation

Hypertension ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 919-928
Author(s):  
So-Ryoung Lee ◽  
Chan Soon Park ◽  
Eue-Keun Choi ◽  
Hyo-Jeong Ahn ◽  
Kyung-Do Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Total Study Population ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Burden Scale ◽  
History Of ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Korean National Health Insurance ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
The Relationship

The association between the cumulative hypertension burden and the development of atrial fibrillation (AF) is unclear. We aimed to investigate the relationship between hypertension burden and the development of incident AF. Using the Korean National Health Insurance Service database, we identified 3 726 172 subjects who underwent 4 consecutive annual health checkups between 2009 and 2013, with no history of AF. During the median follow-up of 5.2 years, AF was newly diagnosed in 22 012 patients (0.59% of the total study population; 1.168 per 1000 person-years). Using the blood pressure (BP) values at each health checkup, we determined the burden of hypertension (systolic BP ≥130 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥80 mm Hg), stratified as 0 to 4 per the hypertension criteria. The subjects were grouped according to hypertension burden scale 1 to 4: 20% (n=742 806), 19% (n=704 623), 19% (n=713 258), 21% (n=766 204), and 21% (n=799 281). Compared with normal people, subjects with hypertension burdens of 1, 2, 3, and 4 were associated with an 8%, 18%, 26%, and 27% increased risk of incident AF, respectively. On semiquantitative analyses with further stratification of stage 1 (systolic BP of 130–139 mm Hg or diastolic BP of 80–89 mm Hg) and stage 2 (systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg) hypertension, the risk of AF increased with the hypertension burden by up to 71%. In this study, both a sustained exposure and the degree of increased BP were associated with an increased risk of incident AF. Tailored BP management should be emphasized to reduce the risk of AF.

scholarly journals Risk of Stroke in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation Is Associated With Stroke in Siblings: A Nationwide Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
John Berntsson ◽  
Xinjun Li ◽  
Bengt Zöller ◽  
Andreas Martinsson ◽  
Pontus Andell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Hazard Ratio ◽  
Swedish Population ◽  
Total Study Population ◽  
Nationwide Study ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Traditional Risk Factors ◽  
Swedish Patient

Background It remains unclear whether heritable factors can contribute to risk stratification for ischemic stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). We examined whether having a sibling with ischemic stroke was associated with increased risk of ischemic stroke and mortality in patients with AF . Methods and Results In this nationwide study of the Swedish population, patients with AF and their siblings were identified from the Swedish patient registers and the Swedish MGR (Multi‐Generation Register). Ischemic stroke events were retrieved from the Swedish patient registers and CDR (Cause of Death Register). Risk of ischemic stroke was compared between patients with AF with and without a sibling affected by ischemic stroke, AF , or both ischemic stroke and AF . The total study population comprised 113 988 subjects (mean age, 60±12 years) diagnosed with AF between 1989 and 2012. In total, 11 709 of them were diagnosed with a first ischemic stroke and 20 097 died during a mean follow‐up time of 5.5 years for ischemic stroke and 5.9 years for mortality. After adjustment for covariates having a sibling with ischemic stroke, or both ischemic stroke and AF , was associated with increased risk of ischemic stroke (hazard ratio, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.23–1.40 or hazard ratio, 1.36; 95% CI , 1.24–1.49, respectively). Furthermore, ischemic stroke in a sibling was associated with all‐cause mortality (hazard ratio, 1.09; 95% CI , 1.05–1.14). In contrast, the risk of stroke was only marginally increased for patients with AF with a spouse affected by ischemic stroke. Conclusions Having a sibling affected by ischemic stroke confers an increased risk of ischemic stroke and death independently of traditional risk factors in patients with AF.

scholarly journals Hypertension burden and the risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation: a nationwide population-based study

EP Europace ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (Supplement_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
SR Lee ◽  
CS Park ◽  
EK Choi ◽  
HJ Ahn ◽  
KD Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Total Study Population ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Burden Scale ◽  
History Of ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Stage 1

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Background The association between the cumulative hypertension burden and the development of atrial fibrillation (AF) is unclear. Purpose We aimed to investigate the relationship between hypertension burden and the development of incident AF. Methods and Results: Using the Korean National Health Insurance Service database, we identified 3,726,172 subjects who underwent four consecutive annual health checkups between 2009 and 2013, with no history of AF. During the median follow-up of 5.2 years, AF was newly diagnosed in 22,012 patients (0.59% of the total study population, 1.168 per 1,000 person-years). Using the BP values at each health checkup, we determined the burden of hypertension (systolic blood pressure [SBP] ≥130 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure [DBP] ≥80 mmHg), stratified as 0 to 4 per the hypertension criteria. The subjects were grouped according to hypertension burden scale 1 to 4: 20% (n = 742,806), 19% (n = 704,623), 19% (n = 713,258), 21% (n = 766,204), and 21% (n = 799,281). Compared to normal people, subjects with hypertension burdens of 1, 2, 3, and 4 were associated with an 8%, 18%, 26%, and 27% increased risk of incident AF, respectively. On semi-quantitative analyses with further stratification of stage 1 (SBP 130-139 mmHg or DBP 80-89 mmHg) and stage 2 (SBP ≥140 mmHg or DBP ≥90 mmHg) hypertension, the risk of AF increased with the hypertension burden by up to 71%. Conclusions Both a sustained exposure and the degree of increased blood pressure were associated with an increased risk of incident AF. Tailored blood pressure management should be emphasized to reduce the risk of AF. Abstract Figure.

The role of MMP-2 and MMP-9 polymorphisms in sporadic intracranial aneurysms

2006 ◽  
Vol 105 (3) ◽  
pp. 418-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hariyadarshi Pannu ◽  
Dong H. Kim ◽  
Dongchuan Guo ◽  
Terri M. King ◽  
Grace Van Ginhoven ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Remodeling ◽  
Intracranial Aneurysms ◽  
Caucasian Population ◽  
Gelatinase A ◽  
Ruptured Aneurysms ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Extracellular Matrix Components ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Matrix Components

Object Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of endopeptidases that mediate vascular remodeling by degrading extracellular matrix components, such as collagen and elastin. On the basis of accumulating evidence that implicates increased MMP-2 (gelatinase A) and MMP-9 (gelatinase B) amounts and activity in the pathogenesis of aneurysms, the authors investigated the genetic association between polymorphisms in MMP-2 and MMP-9 and sporadic intracranial aneurysms. Methods Eight polymorphisms located in MMP-2 and MMP-9 were genotyped, and the association of these variations with disease was assessed in a Caucasian population consisting of 125 patients with intracranial aneurysms and 234 ethnically matched healthy volunteers. Polymorphisms in the MMP-2 gene and the haplotypes generated from these polymorphisms were not associated with the occurrence of intracranial aneurysms. However, a polymorphism located in the 3′ untranslated region of MMP-9 showed a significant association with disease in the study population, with individuals carrying the TT genotype at increased risk for developing intracranial aneurysms (odds ratio 1.91, p = 0.005). Haplotypes containing the T allele of this polymorphism also showed a comparable association with disease. Similar results were obtained in an analysis of these polymorphisms in a subgroup of patients who presented with ruptured aneurysms. Conclusions The study findings support a role for MMP-9, but not MMP-2, in the pathogenesis of intracranial aneurysms.

scholarly journals ALOKASI WAKTU DAN TINGKAT PARTISIPASI IBU RUMAH TANGGA PADA PERKEBUNAN CENGKEH

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 114
Author(s):  
Alfira Yanamisra ◽  
Letty Fudjaja ◽  
Yopie Lumoindong
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Quantitative Research Methods ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
South Sulawesi ◽  
Productive Activities ◽  
Study Population

ALOKASI WAKTU DAN TINGKAT PARTISIPASIIBU RUMAH TANGGA PADA PERKEBUNAN CENGKEHdi Desa Garuntungan, Kabupaten Bulukumba, Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan           Time Allocation and Level of Participation of Housewifes in the Clove Plantationat Garuntungan Village, Bulukumba District, South Sulawesi ProvinceAlfira Yanamisra*, Letty Fudjaja, Yopie LumoindongProgram Studi Agribisnis, Departemen Sosial Ekonomi PertanianFakultas Pertanian, Universitas Hasauddin, Makassar*Kontak penulis: [email protected] of commodities which have the role of agribusiness is clove commodity. It develops well in eastern Indonesia. The clove commodity developed by the farmers themselves together with their families which means it involves housewives in managing and regulating activities in the clove plantation business. This research aims to: 1) To determine the amount of time allocated for housewives in the clove plantation business; 2) To determine the level of participation of housewives in the clove plantation business; 3) To find out the factors that influence the level of participation of housewives in the clove plantation business and 4) To find out how much the income contribution of housewives of clove farmers to family income. This research was carried out in Garuntungan Village, Kindang District, Bulukumba District by using descriptive quantitative research methods. The study population was 402 households and selected 40 housewives who were determined using the Slovin formula. The results of the study concluded that: 1) The time allocation of housewives in the clove plantation business for productive activities in harvesting and post-harvest activities obtained results as much as ≥ 12 hours / day and outside harvesting activities ≥4 hours / day showed that housewives allocated time which is quite a lot for clove plantation business; 2) The level of participation of housewives in a high clove plantation business with 21 respondents with a percentage of 52.5%; 3) There are no relationship between participation factors and the level of participation of housewives seen from the four factors assessed: age, number of family dependents, level of education and length of effort, and 4) Contribution of housewives' income to the research location obtained a fairly low result of 12.56%. Keywords:  time allocation,  level of participation,  housewife,  clove plantation AbstrakSalah satu komoditi perkebunan yang memiliki peran agribisnis adalah cengkeh. Cengkeh dikeloka sendiri petani bersama keluarganya sehingga melibatkan ibu rumah tangga. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: 1) mengetahui besarnya alokasi waktu ibu rumah tangga pada usaha perkebunan cengkeh; 2) mengetahui tingkat partisipasi ibu rumah tangga pada usaha perkebunan cengkeh; 3) mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi tingkat partisipasi ibu rumah tangga pada usaha perkebunan cengkeh; dan 2) mengetahui kontribusi pendapatan ibu rumah tangga petani cengkeh terhadap total pendapatan keluarga. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Desa Garuntungan, Kecamatan Kindang, Kabupaten Bulukumba. Populasi penelitian sebanyak 402 rumah tangga dengan sampel 40 ibu rumah tangga. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa: 1) Alokasi waktu ibu rumah tangga pada usaha perkebunan cengkeh untuk kegiatan produktif pada kegiatan panen dan pasca panen didapatkan hasil sebanyak ≥ 12 jam/hari dan di luar kegiatan panen ≥4 jam/hari menunjukkan bahwa ibu rumah tangga mengalokasikan waktu yang cukup banyak untuk usaha perkebunan cengkeh; 2) Tingkat partisipasi ibu rumah tangga pada usaha perkebunan cengkeh dengan kategori tinggi mencapai 52,5% dari populasi; 3) Tidak terdapat hubungan antara faktor-faktor partisipasi dengan tingkat partisipasi ibu rumah tangga dilihat dari umur, jumlah tanggungan keluarga, tingkat pendidikan dan lama berusahatani; dan  4) Kontribusi pendapatan ibu rumah tangga terhadap total pendapatan keluarga adalah 12,56%.Kata Kunci: alokasi waktu, tingkat partisipasi, ibu rumah tangga, usaha perkebunan cengkeh.   

scholarly journals The Role of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 1 Insertion/Deletion Genetic Polymorphism in the Risk and Severity of COVID-19 Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Halim Saad ◽  
Karna Jabotian ◽  
Carine Sakr ◽  
Rami Mahfouz ◽  
Imad Bou Akl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Genetic Polymorphism ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
American University ◽  
American University Of Beirut ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Study Population

Background: Individuals infected with the COVID-19 virus present with different symptoms of varying severity. In addition, not all individuals are infected despite exposure. Risk factors such as age, sex, and comorbidities play a major role in this variability; however, genetics may also be important in driving the differences in the incidence and prognosis of the disease. An Insertion/Deletion (I/D) polymorphism in the ACE1 gene (rs1799752) may explain these genetic differences. The aims of this study were to determine the potential role of ACE1 I/D genetic polymorphism in the risk of contracting COVID-19 as well as predicting the severity of COVID-19 infection.Methods: Three-hundred and eighty-seven non-related Lebanese subjects, 155 controls and 232 cases, who presented to the American University of Beirut Medical Center (AUBMC) for COVID-19 PCR testing were recruited. Clinical data were collected via filling a questionnaire and accessing the medical records. Peripheral blood was withdrawn for DNA isolation, and genotyping performed with standard PCR followed by band visualization on agarose gel.Results: In our study population, previously described risk factors such as gender, age, and comorbidities were associated with increase in disease susceptibility and severity. ACE1 I was the least common allele, and there was a positive association between ACE1 I and the risk of contracting the COVID-19 disease. More specifically, the frequency of II genotype was significantly higher among cases when compared to controls (P = 0.035) with individuals with the II genotype having greater risk for contracting the COVID-19 disease: OR = 2.074, P = 0.048 in the multivariate analysis. As for disease severity, the DD genotype and D allele were associated with increased risk for developing severe symptoms (OR = 2.845, P = 0.026 and OR = 2.359, P = 0.014, respectively), and the DD genotype with necessitating hospitalization (OR = 2.307, P = 0.042). In parallel, D allele carriers showed a significantly increased risk for developing hypoxia: OR = 4.374, P = 0.045.Conclusion: We found a positive association between ACE1 I and the risk of contracting the COVID-19 disease, and between ACE1 D and a worse outcome of the COVID-19 infection. Therefore, genotyping for ACE1 I/D polymorphism could be used to assess risk and predict severity for better prognosis and management of the disease.

scholarly journals Severity of COVID-19 at elevated exposure to perfluorinated alkylates

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Grandjean ◽  
Clara Amalie Gade Timmermann ◽  
Marie Kruse ◽  
Flemming Nielsen ◽  
Pernille Just Vinholt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Site ◽  
Disease Status ◽  
Industrial Chemicals ◽  
Ordered Logistic Regression ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Background Exposure ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Exposure Levels ◽  
Elevated Exposure

Background The course of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) seems to be aggravated by air pollution, and some industrial chemicals, such as the perfluorinated alkylate substances (PFASs), are immunotoxic and may contribute as well. Methods From Danish biobanks, we obtained plasma samples from 323 subjects aged 30-70 years with known SARS-CoV-2 infection. The PFAS concentrations measured at the background exposures included five PFASs known to be immunotoxic. Register data was obtained to classify disease status, other health information, and demographic variables. We used ordinal and ordered logistic regression analyses to determine associations between PFAS concentrations and disease outcome. Results Plasma-PFAS concentrations were higher in males, in subjects with Western European background, and tended to increase with age, but were not associated with the presence of chronic disease. Of the study population, 108 (33%) had not been hospitalized, and of those hospitalized, 53 (16%) had been in intensive care or were deceased. Among the five PFASs considered, perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) showed an odds ratio (OR) of 2.19 (95% confidence interval, CI, 1.39-3.46) for increasing severities of the disease, although the OR decreased to 1.77 (95% CI, 1.09, 2.87) after adjustment for age, sex, sampling site and interval between blood sampling and diagnosis. Conclusions Measures of individual exposures to immunotoxic PFASs included PFBA that accumulates in the lungs. Elevated plasma-PFBA concentrations were associated with an increased risk of more severe course of CIVID-19. Given the low background exposure levels in this study, the role of PFAS exposure in COVID-19 needs to be ascertained in populations with elevated exposures.

scholarly journals Methodological considerations for identifying multiple plasma proteins associated with all-cause mortality in a population-based prospective cohort

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel Drake ◽  
George Hindy ◽  
Peter Almgren ◽  
Gunnar Engström ◽  
Jan Nilsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Total Study Population ◽  
C Statistic ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Study Population

AbstractNovel methods to characterize the plasma proteome has made it possible to examine a wide range of proteins in large longitudinal cohort studies, but the complexity of the human proteome makes it difficult to identify robust protein-disease associations. Nevertheless, identification of individuals at high risk of early mortality is a central issue in clinical decision making and novel biomarkers may be useful to improve risk stratification. With adjustment for established risk factors, we examined the associations between 138 plasma proteins measured using two proximity extension assays and long-term risk of all-cause mortality in 3,918 participants of the population-based Malmö Diet and Cancer Study. To examine the reproducibility of protein-mortality associations we used a two-step random-split approach to simulate a discovery and replication cohort and conducted analyses using four different methods: Cox regression, stepwise Cox regression, Lasso-Cox regression, and random survival forest (RSF). In the total study population, we identified eight proteins that associated with all-cause mortality after adjustment for established risk factors and with Bonferroni correction for multiple testing. In the two-step analyses, the number of proteins selected for model inclusion in both random samples ranged from 6 to 21 depending on the method used. However, only three proteins were consistently included in both samples across all four methods (growth/differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, and epididymal secretory protein E4). Using the total study population, the C-statistic for a model including established risk factors was 0.7222 and increased to 0.7284 with inclusion of the most predictive protein (GDF-15; P < 0.0001). All multiple protein models showed additional improvement in the C-statistic compared to the single protein model (all P < 0.0001). We identified several plasma proteins associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality independently of established risk factors. Further investigation into the putatively causal role of these proteins for longevity is needed. In addition, the examined methods for identifying multiple proteins showed tendencies for overfitting by including several putatively false positive findings. Thus, the reproducibility of findings using such approaches may be limited.

scholarly journals Depression as a predictor of postoperative delirium after cardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Falk ◽  
Jessica Kåhlin ◽  
Carolin Nymark ◽  
Rebecka Hultgren ◽  
Malin Stenman
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Cardiac Surgery ◽  
Postoperative Delirium ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Total Study Population ◽  
Summary Estimate ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Study Population

Abstract OBJECTIVES Depression is common in patients with cardiac disease. The importance of preoperative depression for development of postoperative delirium (POD) following cardiac surgery is not well known. The aim is to provide a summary estimate of depression as a predictor of POD following cardiac surgery. METHODS Systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science Core Collection and Psycinfo (Ovid) was performed from inception to October 2019, including cohort studies reporting odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for POD following cardiac surgery in patients with preoperative depression compared to patients without depression. ORs and 95% CIs for POD were calculated using random-effects meta-analyses. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed. RESULTS Seven studies were included with a combined study population of 2066 patients. The pooled prevalence of POD in the combined study population was 26% and preoperative depression was present in ∼9% of the total study population. All studies showed a positive association between preoperative depression and POD; and in 5 studies, the association was statistically significant. Patients with depression had a pooled OR of 2.31 (95% CI 1.37–3.90) for POD. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review and meta-analysis confirm the findings that the previous association between preoperative depression and increased risk for developing POD reported for other patient groups is found also in cardiac surgery. Depression screening prior to cardiac surgery may be effective in identifying patients at higher risk for POD.

Interaction Between Retinol Intake and ISX rs5755368 Polymorphism in Colorectal Cancer Risk: A Case-control Study Among the Korean Population

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anh Quynh Bui ◽  
Madhawa Gunathilake ◽  
Jeonghee Lee ◽  
Jae Hwan Oh ◽  
Hee Jin Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Total Study Population ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Control Study

Abstract There is limited evidence about the interaction between retinol intake and the intestine-specific homeobox (ISX) rs5755368 polymorphism in colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. We conducted a hospital-based case-control study to examine whether the ISX rs5755368 genotypes are associated with the effect of dietary retinol consumption on CRC risk. First, to identify the association between dietary retinol and CRC risk, we recruited 923 CRC patients and 1846 controls. Dietary retinol intake was assessed using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. For genetic analysis, genotype data were available for 1419 patients (600 cases and 819 controls) out of the total study population. ISX rs5755368 genotyping was performed using an Illumina MEGA-Expanded Array. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated using unconditional logistic regression models. Retinol intake was inversely associated with the development of CRC (OR = 0.49; 95% CI = 0.37–0.63) after adjusting for confounders. Patients with homozygous AA genotype of the ISX rs5755368 polymorphism were less likely to have CRC risk than subjects carrying the G allele (AG+GG) (OR = 0.76; 95% CI = 0.58–0.99). Additionally, a 68% reduced risk of CRC was related to the highest retinol intake among those carrying the rs5755368 AA genotype compared to the risk of participants carrying the G allele consumed the lowest retinol intake (OR = 0.32; 95% CI = 0.20–0.53; P interaction=0.026). In conclusion, our study confirmed a protective role of retinol intake in CRC risk reduction. Moreover, this association was strengthened significantly among individuals carrying the homozygous AA genotype of the ISX rs5755368 polymorphism.

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