How far will we travel? A global distance pattern of international travel from both demand and supply perspectives

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 1200-1223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya-Yen Sun ◽  
Pei-Chun Lin
Keyword(s):  
Average Distance ◽  
National Development ◽  
International Travel ◽  
Carbon Intensity ◽  
Spatial Expansion ◽  
Sustainable Transport ◽  
Spatial Econometric ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Transportation Modes ◽  
High Level

The travel distance of international journeys critically determines our reliance on different transportation modes and the associated carbon intensity. This study quantified the influence of macrolevel determinants to the inbound and outbound average distance per visitor from a panel data of 152 countries using spatial econometric analysis. Results confirmed that national development and transport capacity assisted the spatial expansion of outbound travel, while tourism competitiveness, geographic attributes, and institutional arrangements regarding people’s mobility facilitate inbound visits from distant source markets. A high level of heterogeneity was found across five continents where the distance friction effect through geographic barrier, transport accessibility, and the freedom of people’s movement exhibited a different level of influences. To manage the spatial expansion of international travels for a sustainable transport future, a strong geopolitical integration system across countries within the region and adjustments to the aviation capacity to disfavor long-haul flights have been proposed.

scholarly journals Study on Tourism Flow Network Patterns on May Day Holiday

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 947
Author(s):  
Shanshan Wu ◽  
Lucang Wang ◽  
Haiyang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Transportation Network ◽  
Edge Structure ◽  
Flow Network ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Spatial Distribution Characteristics ◽  
Transportation Modes ◽  
May Day ◽  
High Level ◽  
Network Patterns ◽  
Main Factor

The development of tourism is based on tourism flow and studying a tourism flow network can help to elucidate its mechanism of operation. Transportation network is the path to realize the spatial displacement of tourism flow. This study used “Tencent migration” big data to explore the spatial distribution characteristics and rules of tourism flow in China, providing suggestions for the development of tourism. The results demonstrate that the 361 cities studied can be divided into three types: destination-oriented, tourist-origin-oriented, and destination-oriented and tourist-origin-oriented. There are significant differences in the quantity of flow, the area of concentration, and the factors affecting the flow in the three types of cities. The larger the flow of tourism between cities, the higher the network level, and the wider the network range. The high-level nodes are closely related, while the peripheral nodes are more widely distributed, with weak attractiveness and inconvenient traffic, forming a “core-edge” structure. Different network patterns are established for different modes of transportation. The degree of response of different types of transportation to distance is the main factor influencing the network patterns of diverse paths. These findings have practical implications for the choice of appropriate travel destinations and transportation modes for tourists.

Cost Effectiveness Analysis in Short Sea Shipping: Evidence from Northeast Asian Routes

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1340
Author(s):  
Xue-Bin Zheng ◽  
Yul-Seong Kim ◽  
Young-Ran Shin
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Short Sea Shipping ◽  
Effectiveness Analysis ◽  
Transportation Modes ◽  
Lift Off ◽  
Cooperative Relationship ◽  
High Level ◽  
Northeast Asian ◽  
The Cost

Nowadays, roll-on/roll-off (Ro-Ro) is an important mode for short sea shipping (SSS) due to its advantages of fast and convenient load and unloading system. Despite the advantages, the market share of Ro-Ro is insignificant compared with lift-on/lift-off (Lo-Lo) in the Northeast Asian region that is geographically suitable for fostering SSS. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to have a better understanding of the effectiveness or Ro-Ro and Lo-Lo in the regional SSS market. For this purpose, this paper develops a model to estimate the total logistics cost of the two transportation modes. The total logistics costs of Ro-Ro and Lo-Lo are calculated on three major SSS routes between Korea and Japan. The results show that Lo-Lo outperforms Ro-Ro on most routes in terms of the cost effectiveness, and Ro-Ro is competitive only for high-priced and time-sensitive cargo. However, it is also documented that Ro-Ro transport has a significant impact on reduction in the total logistics costs when companies integrate the supply chain and improve the cooperative relationship to a high level.

scholarly journals Surgical and Postoperative Evaluations of Rectal Adenomas Ecised With a Novel Proctoscope.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberta Denise Alkmin Lopes Lima ◽  
Rogerio Serafim Parra ◽  
Marley Ribeiro Feitosa ◽  
Omar Féres ◽  
José Joaquim Ribeiro Rocha
Keyword(s):  
Operative Time ◽  
Average Distance ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Surgeon Experience ◽  
Average Operative Time ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Average Size ◽  
High Level ◽  
Complex Methods

Abstract Purpose Many transanal endoscopic surgeries require a high level of technical expertise and surgeon experience. Considering the economic feasibility of material acquisition and the technical feasibility of training and experience with complex methods, a simpler technique with available resources is relevant for the excision of rectal adenomas. This study presents the surgical and postoperative results achieved with a novel proctoscope using the transanal endoscopic technique to excise rectal adenomas. The results are compared to the results obtained with other currently employed transanal techniques. Methods We retrospectively investigated the medical records of patients who underwent transanal endoscopic operations from April 2000 to June 2018 at two tertiary referral centers for colorectal cancer. Results This study included 99 patients. The mean age was 65.3 ± 13.3 years. The average size of the adenomas was 4.6 ± 2.3 cm, and their average distance to the anal border was 5.6 ± 3.3 cm. The average operative time was 65.3 ± 41.7 min. In 48.5% of the operations, the specimen was fragmented, and in 59.6% of the cases, the microscopic margins were free. The rates of postoperative complications and relapse were 5% and 19%, respectively. The mean follow-up was 80 ± 61.5 months. Conclusions The described proctoscope proved to be a viable technique with results similar to other techniques, with the advantage that it allowed greater accessibility for surgeons. Therefore, its use could be implemented and become widespread in surgical practice.

scholarly journals The European Green Deal and Climate Policy of the New Independent States

2021 ◽  
pp. 164-182
Author(s):  
E. Burkova
Keyword(s):  
Climate Policy ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
National Development ◽  
Carbon Intensity ◽  
Transition Mechanism ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Independent States ◽  
New Independent States ◽  
The Eu

This article considers the most relevant component of the global environmental problem – the climate one. The article aims to identify the reaction of a national state to the global climate challenge. The subject of consideration is climate policy and, more broadly, the whole set of reactions of the political sphere of society to the global climate change. Among the tasks set by the author is to understand the nature of setting and solving new climatic environmental problems, to find out how they fit into national development strategies, to establish the interdependence of the climate ambitions of countries with the type of development, the carbon intensity of their economies, the structure of exports, the degree of energy independence. The solution of these tasks is carried out on the example of a number of new independent states (including CIS ones). A brief comparative analysis of these countries’ and the EU climate activities is carried out. The breakthrough event of the European environmental policy – the Green Deal of 2019 is taken as a starting point for the analysis. The main attention is paid to the key instrument of the EU climate policy today – the border carbon tax. Additional attention is paid to the observance of the principles of social justice in the implementation of new environmental activities (a just transition mechanism). The paper pays special attention to the role of Russia in the global climatic process. An assessment of the state of the climate segment of the environmental protection industry of our country, as well as the prospects for its development, is given.

scholarly journals An Assessment of the Reliability of the NIGNET Data

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-29
Author(s):  
E. G. Ayodele ◽  
C. J. Okolie ◽  
O. A. Mayaki
Keyword(s):  
National Development ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Positional Accuracy ◽  
Data Archiving ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Gnss Network ◽  
High Level ◽  
Gnss Data ◽  
Geodetic Reference Frame

The Nigerian Geodetic Reference Frame is defined by a number of Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) that constitute the Nigerian GNSS Network (NIGNET). NIGNET is essential for planning and national development with the main goal of ensuring consistency in the geodetic framework both nationally and internationally. Currently, the strength of the network in terms of data reliability has not been adequately studied due to the fact that research into CORS in Nigeria is just evolving, which constitutes a limitation in its applications. Therefore, the aim of this research is to explore the reliability of the 3-dimensional coordinates of NIGNET to inform usability and adequacy for both scientific and practical applications. In particular, this study examines if the 3-dimensional coordinates of NIGNET are equally reliable in terms of positional accuracy. Accordingly, this study utilised GNSS data collected over a period of six years (2011 – 2016) from the network to compute the daily geocentric coordinates of the stations. Exploratory and statistical data analysis techniques were used to understand the magnitude of the errors and the accuracy level in the 3-dimensional coordinates. For this purpose, accuracy metrics such as standard deviation (𝜎), standard error (𝑆𝐸) and root mean square error (RMSE) were computed. While One-way ANOVA was conducted to explore the coordinate differences. The results obtained showed that SE and RMSE ranged from 13.00 − 56.50𝑚𝑚 and 14.38 − 73.16𝑚𝑚 respectively, which signifies high accuracy. Overall, while 88% of the network showed a high level of positional accuracy, the reliability has been compromised due to excessive gaps in the data archiving. Therefore, due attention must be given to NIGNET to achieve its purpose in the provision of accurate information for various geospatial applications. Also, any efforts directed at understanding the practical implications of NIGNET must be well-embraced for the realization of its set objectives.

A Shortage of Neurologists — We Must Act Now: A Report From the AAN 2019 Transforming Leaders Program

Neurology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 10.1212/WNL.0000000000012111
Author(s):  
Jennifer Juhl Majersik ◽  
Aiesha Ahmed ◽  
I-Hweii Amy Chen ◽  
Holly Shill ◽  
Gregory P. Hanes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Future Health ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Local Resources ◽  
Raising Awareness ◽  
Neurologic Disorders ◽  
High Level ◽  
American Academy Of Neurology

In nearly every US state today, a large mismatch exists between the need for neurologists and neurological services and the availability of neurologists to provide these services. Patients with neurologic disorders are rising in prevalence and require access to high level care to reduce disability. The current neurology mismatch reduces access to care, worsens patient outcomes, and erodes career satisfaction and quality of life for neurologists as they face increasingly insurmountable demands. As a community, we must address this mismatch in the demand and supply of neurological care in an aggressive and sustained manner to ensure the future health of our patients and our specialty. The American Academy of Neurology has multiple ongoing initiatives to help reduce and resolve the existing mismatch. With the intent of raising awareness and widening the debate nationally, we present a strategic plan that the Academy could implement to coordinate and expand existing efforts. We characterize the suggested strategies as: shaping the demand, enhancing the workforce, and advocating for neurologist value. The proposed framework is based on available data and expert opinion when data were lacking. Prioritization of strategies will vary by geography, practice setting, and local resources. We believe the time to act is now, to allow concerted effort and targeted interventions to avert this looming public health crisis.

Sovereign Debt and the Right to Development

2018 ◽  
pp. 248-266
Author(s):  
Gail Hurley
Keyword(s):  
Sovereign Debt ◽  
Task Force ◽  
National Development ◽  
Country Ownership ◽  
Right To Development ◽  
Primary Responsibility ◽  
Development Policies ◽  
The Right ◽  
High Level ◽  
Regional Partnerships

The right to development is an over-arching, synthesis-based collective right that has found a solid place in the international human rights architecture. Under the UN Declaration on the Right to Development, States have the primary responsibility for establishing national and international conditions favourable to the realisation of the right to development. According to the high-level task force on the implementation of the right to development, this responsibility is at three levels: (a) States acting collectively in global and regional partnerships; (b) States acting individually as they adopt and implement policies that affect persons strictly not within their jurisdiction, and (c) States acting individually as they formulate national development policies and programmes affecting persons within their jurisdiction. The right to development also implies the full realisation of the right of peoples to self-determination. In many contexts, however, onerous debt service obligations and related conditionalities often undermine country ownership of national development strategies, thereby threatening the right to development.

scholarly journals An Evaluation of the Implementation of a UK School-Based Running Program

Children ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 151
Author(s):  
Anna E. Chalkley ◽  
Ash C. Routen ◽  
Jo P. Harris ◽  
Lorraine A. Cale ◽  
Trish Gorely ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Schools ◽  
Average Distance ◽  
Multiple Time ◽  
School Year ◽  
School Based ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Uk ◽  
High Level ◽  
Academic Year ◽  
Over Time

The adoption of school-based running programs has rapidly increased over the last five years in the UK and globally. However, there is currently a lack of information on how these initiatives are implemented, and whether they are generalizable and/or sustainable. This study evaluated the implementation (including reach, fidelity, and dose) of a school-based running program over seven months to inform future delivery. This observational study used a mixed-method, single-group, before-and-after design strengthened by multiple interim measurements to evaluate the implementation of an optional school-based running program. Five state-funded primary schools in Leicestershire, UK, participated, with 17 teachers and 189 (81 boys (47.4%) and 90 girls (52.6%)) Year 5 pupils (aged 9–10 years) from eight classes. During the 2016/2017 academic year, data were collected via several measures (including interviews, focus groups, observations, questionnaires, and teacher implementation logs) at multiple levels (i.e., school and individual) and at multiple time points during implementation. Follow up qualitative data were also collected during 2017/2018. The school-based running program achieved good reach, with 100% of pupils opting to participate at some point during the academic year. All schools implemented the program with good fidelity, although the level of implementation varied between schools and over time. The average number of sessions held per week ranged from 0.94–3.89 with the average distance accumulated per pupil per week ranging from 0.02 to 2.91 kilometers and boys being more likely than girls to be classed as high-level participators. Despite an initial drop off in participation over time, all schools remained engaged in the program and continued to implement it until the end of the school year. Contextual features (e.g., staff capacity and resources) differed between schools and influenced the quality of implementation and the frequency of delivery. The school-based running program is simple, inexpensive, and versatile and can be implemented by schools with relative ease. However, schools are diverse settings, with unique challenges to ongoing delivery. Thus, planned adaptations, specific to each school’s context, are likely necessary to sustain participation in the longer term and should be considered prior to implementation.

Economic Elites’ Attitudes Toward Meritocracy in Chile: A Moral Economy Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (9) ◽  
pp. 1219-1241
Author(s):  
Jorge Atria ◽  
Juan Castillo ◽  
Luis Maldonado ◽  
Simón Ramirez
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
National Development ◽  
Moral Economy ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
High Turnover ◽  
Redistributive Policies ◽  
Economic Elite ◽  
Distribution Of Resources ◽  
Economic Elites ◽  
High Level

We analyze economic elites’ perceptions and beliefs about meritocracy from a moral economy perspective. A moral economy perspective considers how norms and beliefs structure socioeconomic practices through the constitution and expression of what is considered acceptable, proper, and legitimate. Our study explores how economic elites make sense of the roles of talent and effort in the distribution of resources and how they reconcile the idea of meritocracy within a rigid social order. The site of our study is Chile, a country with fluid mobility between low and middle classes, but with high and persistent disparities and strong barriers to elite positions. We conducted 44 semistructured interviews with shareholders, board members, and high-level executives of large or high-turnover companies in three major Chilean cities. We find that the economic elite strongly support meritocracy but explain access to top positions based on talent rather than effort. The economic elite define talent in terms of business and leadership skills. They attribute upward mobility in the private sector to meritocratic practice. At the same time, they view the public sector as the epitome of nonmeritocratic practices, incompetence, and inefficiency. They profess empathy with the poor, but they reject redistributive policies. The economic elite believe in the primacy of competition in economic life and the necessity of continual economic growth, and thus, they understand meritocracy as both the means to survive in a market economy and a responsible approach to lead national development.

scholarly journals Modelling transmission and control of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheryl L. Chang ◽  
Nathan Harding ◽  
Cameron Zachreson ◽  
Oliver M. Cliff ◽  
Mikhail Prokopenko
Keyword(s):  
Computational Simulation ◽  
International Travel ◽  
School Closures ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Travel Restrictions ◽  
High Level ◽  
And Control

Abstract There is a continuing debate on relative benefits of various mitigation and suppression strategies aimed to control the spread of COVID-19. Here we report the results of agent-based modelling using a fine-grained computational simulation of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in Australia. This model is calibrated to match key characteristics of COVID-19 transmission. An important calibration outcome is the age-dependent fraction of symptomatic cases, with this fraction for children found to be one-fifth of such fraction for adults. We apply the model to compare several intervention strategies, including restrictions on international air travel, case isolation, home quarantine, social distancing with varying levels of compliance, and school closures. School closures are not found to bring decisive benefits unless coupled with high level of social distancing compliance. We report several trade-offs, and an important transition across the levels of social distancing compliance, in the range between 70% and 80% levels, with compliance at the 90% level found to control the disease within 13–14 weeks, when coupled with effective case isolation and international travel restrictions.

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