Says who? How the match between the social identity of organizations and their audiences increases perceptions of organizational authenticity

2020 ◽  
pp. 147612702092248
Author(s):  
Balázs Kovács ◽  
Suzanne Horwitz
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Online Reviews ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Organizational Characteristics ◽  
Audience Effects ◽  
The Social ◽  
Identity Match ◽  
Mere Presence ◽  
Organization Identity

Research shows that people systematically prefer “authentic” organizations above organizations that are not deemed authentic. Yet, people who desire authenticity may also be unable to detect what is authentic. We propose that endorsement by audiences that match the organization’s identity may provide a useful cue for authenticity. Using an experimental approach, we test for audience effects in the context of online reviews about a restaurant’s authenticity and find that reviewers whose ethnic identity match the restaurant’s cuisine are more influential on third-party perceptions of authenticity and subsequent liking of the restaurant. These experiments demonstrate that the effect works through a stereotype-based inferred expertise mechanism, but do not provide support to the “mere presence” and “ingroup-homophily” mechanisms. We discuss the scope conditions of our theory and explore how our general theory of audience-organization identity match applies to organizations besides restaurants, to audience characteristic besides ethnicity, and to organizational characteristics beside authenticity.

The Social Development Model

2018 ◽  
pp. 223-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Cambron ◽  
Richard F. Catalano ◽  
J. David Hawkins
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Social Development ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Development Model ◽  
Antisocial Behaviors ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Social Development Model ◽  
The Social ◽  
Empirical Tests

This chapter presents an overview of the social development model (SDM)—a general theory of human behavior that integrates research on risk and protective factors into a coherent model. The goal of this synthesis is to provide more explanatory power than its component theories. This chapter first specifies the model constructs and their hypothesized relationships to prosocial and antisocial behaviors. It then provides a synthesis of what has been learned from empirical tests of social development hypotheses for predicting pro- and antisocial behaviors. This chapter also highlights interventions derived from the SDM and summarizes their impact on pro- and antisocial behaviors. Finally, the chapter concludes by presenting future directions for SDM-based research.

Trial by Jury as “Mockery of Justice”: Party Contention, Courtroom Corruption, and the Ironic Judicial Legacy of Antimasonry

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-198
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Bussiere
Keyword(s):  
Political Culture ◽  
Early Republic ◽  
Democratic Politics ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Party Organization ◽  
Party Organizations ◽  
Political Landscape ◽  
The Social ◽  
Modern Mass ◽  
True Mass

Sweeping across the social and political landscape of the northeastern United States during the late 1820s and early 1830s, the Antimasonic Party has earned a modest immortality as the first “third” party in American history. In pamphlets, speeches, sermons, protests, and other venues, Antimasons lambasted the fraternal order of Freemasonry as undemocratic, inegalitarian, and un-Christian, reviling it as a threat to the moral order and civic health of the Early Republic. Because they believed that the fraternal organization largely controlled all levels of government, antebellum Antimasons first created a social movement and then an independent political party. Even before the full emergence of modern mass democratic politics, Antimasons demonstrated the benefits of party organization, open national nominating conventions, and party platforms. Scholars with otherwise different perspectives on the “party period” tend to agree that Antimasonry had an important impact on what became the first true mass party organizations—the Jacksonian Democrats and the Whigs—and helped push the political culture in a more egalitarian and populist direction.

Uno

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federica Formato ◽  
Vittorio Tantucci
Keyword(s):  
Third Party ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Gendered Language ◽  
Language Discrimination ◽  
The Social ◽  
Indefinite Pronoun

Generic masculines – masculine forms used for women – are employed in many languages, for example English (Mills 2008), French (Coady 2018), Spanish (Bengoechea 2011) and German (Motschenbacher 2016), providing accounts of how gender is made visible in the language through morphological, lexical and syntactic units. These accounts are also linked with how gender is seen in societies and culture, reproducing an imbalance between women and men. Specifically, language discrimination against women is based on the idea that speakers orient themselves towards androcentric language, recognising ‘men’ as a metonym for the group ‘human being’ (Alvanoudi 2014), causing a linguistic invisibility of women.   Similarly, studies in Italian have also discussed the use of masculine forms to refer to, talk about and describe women (Cavagnoli 2013), or have shown how these are used in specialised (Nardone 2016, 2018) or media corpora (Formato 2014, 2016, 2019). This article investigates the use of a specific (and underexamined) generic masculine in Italian – namely, the indefinite pronoun uno.m.sg (in comparison with una.f.sg) labelled ‘impersonal masculine’ (Formato 2019:69) – in three subcorpora of the Perugia Corpus (TV, Web and Spoken; Spina 2014). Uno.m.sg is seen as constructing ‘extended intersubjectivity’, that is, the awareness of a general third party (3rdP) acting as the social bearer of the utterance (Tantucci 2013, 2016, 2017a). The results show that the masculine impersonal uno.m.sg is widely used in the three subcorpora and in several functions, confirming that grammatically gendered language is still employed within a ‘masculine as a norm’ order.

THE SOCIAL TV PHENOMENON AND FAKE ONLINE RESTAURANT REVIEWS

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-42
Author(s):  
Breno de Paula Andrade Cruz ◽  
Susana C. Silva ◽  
Steven Dutt Ross
Keyword(s):  
Online Reviews ◽  
Assessment System ◽  
Reality Show ◽  
Social Tv ◽  
The Social ◽  
Restaurant Reviews ◽  
Brazilian Culture ◽  
Fake Reviews ◽  
Tv Show ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose – The social TV phenomenon has raised the interest of some researchers in studying the production of online reviews. However, little is known about the characteristics of reviewers that, without having had indeed a real experience of consumption, still dare to assess the service. The purpose of this research is to understand these reviewers better, using an experiment conducted in Brazil. Design/methodology/approach – Through a cluster analysis with 2547 reviewers of 7 restaurants that participated in a reality show in Brazil, we were able to create 4 fours. Using Spearman Correlation and Kruskal-Wallis Test, differences among groups were analysed in the search of behavioural changes among different types of reviewers. Findings – We conclude that social TV influence fake online reviews of restaurants that were involved in a tv show. Furthermore, we were able to verify that some reviewers indeed assess the service without indeed having tried the service, which strongly bias the influence they are going to cause in potential consumers. Four types of reviewers were identified: the real expert, the amateur reviewer, the speculator and the pseudo expert. The 2 latter types are analyzed through the anthropologic lens of the popular Brazilian culture and the TV influence in that country. Research limitations/implications – we were able to understand how TV can influence the construction of fake online reviews for restaurants. Practical implications – It is important for the restaurant and hospitality industry in general, to be able to be attentive to the phenomenon of fake reviews that can totally biased the advantages of this assessment system that was created to produce trust among consumers, but that can act exactly the other way around. Originality/value – This study highlights the relevance of taking into account cultural background of the country where the restaurant is located, as well as emphasizing the relevance of conducting a previous analysis of the decision of embarking on a reality show that it has high chances to biasedly influence consumers’ decisions.

Artfully thinking the prosocial

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Warr ◽  
Gretel Taylor ◽  
Richard Williams
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Social Research ◽  
Human Flourishing ◽  
Creative Practice ◽  
The Social ◽  
Form Part ◽  
The Status

This chapter explores how arts-based activities form part of an experimental approach for social research that fuses sociological insights with creative practice. As an ethos, people conceive the prosocial as seeking to promote collective human flourishing, while a prosocial practice is inclusive and imaginative. The potential to flourish is supported by involvement in diverse social relations that connect people as families, friends, communities, neighbourhoods, and nations. Experiences of social collectivity, however, are being shredded through the expanding dominance, and cascading impacts, of market-oriented ideologies. The chapter shows how the status of the social as a nonmarket domain has little value or sense when seen from within these dominant ideological framings.

Altering distance and defining authority

2009 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minna Nevala
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Social Identities ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Altering Distance ◽  
The Social ◽  
Person Reference ◽  
Social Deixis ◽  
Late Modern ◽  
Common Function

This article studies the use of nominal terms and pronouns as a means to refer to a third party, as well as to the writer him/herself and the addressee in written interaction. The purpose is to discuss the concepts of person reference and social deixis by looking at how the interactants’ social identities and interpersonal relationships are encoded in the use of referential terms in Late Modern English letters and journals. The results show that the term friend may be used when the writer has something to gain from it: an actual favour, a reciprocal act of solidarity, or an access to the addressee’s/referent’s in-group. In general, shifting between in-group/out-group membership appears to be a common function for the use of friend. The use of addressee- and self-oriented reference is in turn determined by the social and contextual aspects of appearance, attitude, and authority.

scholarly journals Livelihood Patterns of the Tibetan Refugees in Kathmandu

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-94
Author(s):  
Neelam Shahi
Keyword(s):  
Social Economic ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Home Affair ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government ◽  
Tibetan Refugees ◽  
Sampling Survey

This Study entitled as “Livelihood Pattern of the Tibetan Refugees in Nepal” (A Case Study of the Samdupling in Jawalakhel and Khampa Refugee Camp in Boudha- Jorpati) aims to discover the livelihood patterns of Tibetan refugees residing in the Samdupling camp in Jawalakhel and Khampa Refugee’s Camp in Boudha-Jorpati. The paper intends to examine the problems confronted by Tibetan refugees residing in the Samdupling camp and Khampa Refugee’s Camp. The study itself is conducted with the objectives of describing the present socio-economic status of Tibetan refugees dwelling in aforementioned camps located inside the Kathmandu valley and Lalitpur. This write-up not only deals with different livelihood aspects of Tibetan refugees but also compares the livelihood of two camps to list out the social, economic and political problems affecting their livelihood. However, this study is mainly based on the primary information and the data which were collected using the techniques of household survey and sampling survey, along with questionnaire and interview during the several field visits to camps. The paper concludes by stating that government intervention is required to resolve the issues affecting the livelihood of Tibetan refugees. Tibetan refugees’ problems required a political yet humanitarian resolution. The government needs to decide on whether to endow the citizenship or refugee card to the refugees who have been deprived of the both, or opt for the third-party settlement. For that Tibetans refugees also need to cooperate and coordinate with the refugees department under the Ministry of the Home Affair, Government of Nepal

scholarly journals Reputational and cooperative benefits of third-party compensation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indrajeet Patil ◽  
Nathan Dhaliwal ◽  
Fiery Andrews Cushman
Keyword(s):  
Social Norm ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Honest Signal ◽  
Extensive Analysis ◽  
The Social ◽  
Comprehensive Examination ◽  
Social Partners

Sometimes people intervene in others’ conflicts—so called “third-party responding”. In some cases, third parties punish perpetrators; in others, they aid victims. Across 22 studies (N > 20,000), we provide a comprehensive examination of the consequences of this choice between punishment and compensation. What do people infer from, and how do they respond to, the choice of punishment versus compensation? We find that compensating victims leads to greater reputational and cooperative benefits than punishing perpetrators. In fact, even people who themselves prefer to punish still prefer social partners who compensate. We also find that the signal that is sent via third-party compensating may be an honest signal of trustworthiness. Furthermore, we find that people accurately anticipate that observers would prefer them to compensate victims than to punish perpetrators and that participants personal decisions about whether to compensate or punish is based in part on the belief that the social norm is to compensate. These findings provide an extensive analysis of the causes and consequences of third-party responding to moral violations.

scholarly journals Impact of Student Interventions on Urban Greening Processes

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (13) ◽  
pp. 5451
Author(s):  
Derk Jan Stobbelaar
Keyword(s):  
Ecological System ◽  
Process Time ◽  
Urban Greening ◽  
Ecological Network ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Political Empowerment ◽  
The Social ◽  
Mere Presence ◽  
Dutch Cities

The aim of this study is to determine the contribution of student interventions to urban greening processes. In two Dutch cities action research was conducted, including reflexive interviews a year after the first intervention, to assess factors causing change in the socio-ecological system. Results show that students and network actors were mutually learning, causing the empowerment of actors in that network by adding contextualized knowledge, enlarging the social network, expanding the amount of interactions in the socio-ecological system and speeding up the process. Students brought unique qualities to the process: time, access to stakeholders who tend to distrust the municipality and a certain open-mindedness. Their mere presence made a difference and started a process of change. However, university staff needed to keep the focus on long-term effects and empowerment, because students did not oversee that. After a year, many new green elements had been developed or were in the planning phase. In Enschede, the municipality district managers were part of the learning network, which made it easier to cause changes in the main ecological network. In Haarlem however, no change took place in the main ecological network managed by the municipality, because no political empowerment of the civil society group had developed yet.

scholarly journals Why we don’t always punish: Preferences for non-punitive responses to moral violations

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Heffner ◽  
Oriel FeldmanHall
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Social Exchange ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Perceived Severity ◽  
Unfair Treatment ◽  
The Social

Abstract While decades of research demonstrate that people punish unfair treatment, recent work illustrates that alternative, non-punitive responses may also be preferred. Across five studies (N = 1,010) we examine non-punitive methods for restoring justice. We find that in the wake of a fairness violation, compensation is preferred to punishment, and once maximal compensation is available, punishment is no longer the favored response. Furthermore, compensating the victim—as a method for restoring justice—also generalizes to judgments of more severe crimes: participants allocate more compensation to the victim as perceived severity of the crime increases. Why might someone refrain from punishing a perpetrator? We investigate one possible explanation, finding that punishment acts as a conduit for different moral signals depending on the social context in which it arises. When choosing partners for social exchange, there are stronger preferences for those who previously punished as third-party observers but not those who punished as victims. This is in part because third-parties are perceived as relatively more moral when they punish, while victims are not. Together, these findings demonstrate that non-punitive alternatives can act as effective avenues for restoring justice, while also highlighting that moral reputation hinges on whether punishment is enacted by victims or third-parties.

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