You Want to Spend My Money How? Framing Effects on Tax Increases via Ballot Propositions

Recent scholarly work has discovered that modest changes in the framing of the titles and summaries of ballot measures can have dramatic effects on voter approval. This work expands upon these findings by exploring the effect of language specificity on support for ballot propositions that require the voter to pay for the measure with tax dollars. Although extensive research has explored ballot measure language complexity (e.g., position on the ballot, electoral effects, and prepossessed knowledge have all been shown to play a role in the outcome for propositions), left unanswered is the role of detailed language in altering support. Utilizing original experimental data, this work explores the framing effects of increasing specificity of proposed use of tax expenditures on support for ballot questions. Ultimately, this research finds that propositions providing more information to voters substantially increases the likelihood of support for those measures. Moreover, this increased specificity also bolsters certainty as to how the money will be spent, and intensifies how strongly voters feel about the issues being considered.

Download Full-text

How Dehumanization Influences Attitudes toward Immigrants

Political Research Quarterly ◽

10.1177/1065912917744897 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 71 (2) ◽

pp. 440-452 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Stephen M. Utych

Keyword(s):

Experimental Data ◽

Immigration Policy ◽

Emotional Responses ◽

Negative Attitudes ◽

Attitudes Toward Immigrants ◽

Policy Attitudes ◽

Immigration Attitudes ◽

Original Experimental Data

Immigrants, as a group, are frequently described in ways, such as vermin or disease, that portray them as less than human. This type of dehumanizing language leads to negative emotional responses and negative attitudes toward the dehumanized group. This paper examines how the dehumanization of immigrants influences immigration policy attitudes. I use original experimental data to show that dehumanization leads to more negative immigration attitudes. I further find that these negative attitudes are mediated by the role of emotion. Dehumanization increases anger and disgust toward immigrants, which causes anti-immigrant sentiment.

Download Full-text

Supplemental Material for The Role of Dispositional Factors in Moderating Message Framing Effects

Health Psychology ◽

10.1037/a0029305.supp ◽

2012 ◽

Keyword(s):

Message Framing ◽

Framing Effects ◽

Dispositional Factors

Download Full-text

Supernatural norm enforcement: Thinking about Karma and God reduces selfishness among believers

10.31234/osf.io/w4dfp ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Cindel White ◽

John Michael Kelly ◽

Azim Shariff ◽

Ara Norenzayan

Keyword(s):

Social Norms ◽

Framing Effects ◽

Demographic Variables ◽

Exclusion Criteria ◽

Total N ◽

Norm Enforcement ◽

Dictator Games ◽

Within Subjects

Four experiments (total N = 3591) examined how thinking about Karma and God increases adherence to social norms that prescribe fairness in anonymous dictator games. We found that (1) thinking about Karma decreased selfishness among karmic believers across religious affiliations, including Hindus, Buddhists, Christians, and non-religious Americans; (2) thinking about God also decreased selfishness among believers in God (but not among non-believers), replicating previous findings; and (3) thinking about both karma and God shifted participants’ initially selfish offers towards fairness (the normatively prosocial response), but had no effect on already fair offers. These supernatural framing effects were obtained and replicated in high-powered, pre-registered experiments and remained robust to several methodological checks, including hypothesis guessing, game familiarity, demographic variables, between- and within-subjects designs, and variation in data exclusion criteria. These results support the role of culturally-elaborated beliefs about supernatural justice as a motivator of believer’s adherence to prosocial norms.

Download Full-text

РОЛЬ ФИЗИЧЕСКОЙ РАЗМИНКИ В ПОДГОТОВКЕ К ТРЕНИРОВОЧНЫМ ЗАНЯТИЯМ И СОРЕВНОВАНИЯМ ШАХМАТИСТОВ БГУ

Vestnik Bishkek Humanities University ◽

10.35254/bhu.2019.49.15 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 63-65

Author(s):

Судоргин Е.П. ◽

Карсакова И.Н.

Keyword(s):

Experimental Data ◽

Sport Performance ◽

Warm Up ◽

Physical Exercises ◽

Methods Of Evaluation ◽

Mental Fitness ◽

Physical Preparation ◽

Tools And Methods

Аннотация: О роли разминки перед тренировкой и соревнованиями написано много научных статьей и диссертаций. Ещё больше о значимости физической подготовки спортсменов, в том числе и шахматистов. В то же время авторы считают, что вопросу физической подготовки шахматистов и в частности разминке в научной и научно-методической литературе уделяется недостаточно внимания. В своей статье авторы приводят собственные экспериментальные данные о влиянии физических упражнений (разминки) на умственную работоспособность студентов-шахматистов БГУ и как следствие на спортивные результаты команды. Ключевые слова: Шахматы, разминка, умственная работоспособность, средства и методы разминки, методы оценки результатов. Аннотация: Машыгуунун жана мелдештердин алдында даярдоонун ролу жөнүндө көптөгөн илимий макала жана диссертация жазылган. Ошондой эле илимий жана илимий-методикалык адабияттарда шахматка даярдоого көп көңүл бурулбай жатат. Макаланын авторлору шахмат ойногон студенттерге физикалык көнүгүүлөрдүн тийгизген таасири жөнүндө өздөрүнүн эксперименталдык маалыматтарын көргөзүштү. Түйүндүү сөздөр: Шахмат, акыл-дарамет, курулуштар жана ыкмалар, баа берүү жыйынтыгы боюнча кабыл алынат. Abstract: on the role of warm-up before training and competitions written many scientific articles and theses. More about the significance of the physical preparation of athletes, including players. At the same time, the authors believe that the issue of fit- ness players and in particular workout in scientific and scientific-methodical literature neglected. In his article the authors cite their own experimental data on the influence of physical exercises (warm-up) on the mental fitness of students-BSU players and as a result the sport performance team. Keywords: chess, warm-up, mental fitness, workout tools and methods, methods of evaluation results.

Download Full-text

Moral labels increase cooperation and costly punishment in a Prisoner’s Dilemma game with punishment option

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-89675-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Laura Mieth ◽

Axel Buchner ◽

Raoul Bell

Keyword(s):

Social Norms ◽

Prisoner's Dilemma ◽

Prisoner’S Dilemma ◽

Framing Effects ◽

Moral Norms ◽

Prisoner’S Dilemma Game ◽

Costly Punishment ◽

Moral Framing ◽

Prisoner's Dilemma Game

AbstractTo determine the role of moral norms in cooperation and punishment, we examined the effects of a moral-framing manipulation in a Prisoner’s Dilemma game with a costly punishment option. In each round of the game, participants decided whether to cooperate or to defect. The Prisoner’s Dilemma game was identical for all participants with the exception that the behavioral options were paired with moral labels (“I cooperate” and “I cheat”) in the moral-framing condition and with neutral labels (“A” and “B”) in the neutral-framing condition. After each round of the Prisoner’s Dilemma game, participants had the opportunity to invest some of their money to punish their partners. In two experiments, moral framing increased moral and hypocritical punishment: participants were more likely to punish partners for defection when moral labels were used than when neutral labels were used. When the participants’ cooperation was enforced by their partners’ moral punishment, moral framing did not only increase moral and hypocritical punishment but also cooperation. The results suggest that moral framing activates a cooperative norm that specifically increases moral and hypocritical punishment. Furthermore, the experience of moral punishment by the partners may increase the importance of social norms for cooperation, which may explain why moral framing effects on cooperation were found only when participants were subject to moral punishment.

Download Full-text

Oxidation of Terpenoids to Achieve High-Value Flavor and Fragrances—Questioning Microalgae Oxidative Capabilities in the Biotransformation of the Sesquiterpene Valencene and of Selected Natural Apocarotenoids

Chemistry ◽

10.3390/chemistry3030059 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 821-830

Author(s):

Davide De Simeis ◽

Stefano Serra ◽

Alessandro Di Fonzo ◽

Francesco Secundo

Keyword(s):

Experimental Data ◽

Natural Products ◽

Aqueous Medium ◽

Photochemical Reaction ◽

Substrate Oxidation ◽

Market Size ◽

Chlorella Sp ◽

General Opinion ◽

Natural Way

Natural flavor and fragrance market size is expected to grow steadily due to the rising consumer demand of natural ingredients. This market request is guided by the general opinion that the production of natural compounds leads to a reduction of pollution, with inherent advantages for the environment and people’s health. The biotransformation reactions have gained high relevance in the production of natural products. In this context, few pieces of research have described the role of microalgae in the oxidation of terpenoids. In this present study, we questioned the role of microalgal based oxidation in the synthesis of high-value flavors and fragrances. This study investigated the role of three different microalgae strains, Chlorella sp. (211.8b and 211.8p) and Chlorococcum sp. (JB3), in the oxidation of different terpenoid substrates: α-ionone, β-ionone, theaspirane and valencene. Unfortunately, the experimental data showed that the microalgal strains used are not responsible for the substrate oxidation. In fact, our experiments demonstrate that the transformation of the four starting compounds is a photochemical reaction that involves the oxygen as oxidant. Even though these findings cast a shadow on the use of these microorganisms for an industrial purpose, they open a new possible strategy to easily obtain nootkatone in a natural way by just using an aqueous medium, oxygen and light.

Download Full-text

Elucidating the Complex Interactions between Stress and Epileptogenic Pathways

Cardiovascular Psychiatry and Neurology ◽

10.1155/2011/461263 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Aaron R. Friedman ◽

Luisa P. Cacheaux ◽

Sebastian Ivens ◽

Daniela Kaufer

Keyword(s):

Experimental Data ◽

Blood Brain Barrier ◽

Inflammatory Cytokine ◽

Stress Hormones ◽

Brain Barrier ◽

Barrier Dysfunction ◽

Complex Interactions ◽

Narrow Focus ◽

Analytical Tools

Clinical and experimental data suggest that stress contributes to the pathology of epilepsy. We review mechanisms by which stress, primarily via stress hormones, may exacerbate epilepsy, focusing on the intersection between stress-induced pathways and the progression of pathological events that occur before, during, and after the onset of epileptogenesis. In addition to this temporal nuance, we discuss other complexities in stress-epilepsy interactions, including the role of blood-brain barrier dysfunction, neuron-glia interactions, and inflammatory/cytokine pathways that may be protective or damaging depending on context. We advocate the use of global analytical tools, such as microarray, in support of a shift away from a narrow focus on seizures and towards profiling the complex, early process of epileptogenesis, in which multiple pathways may interact to dictate the ultimate onset of chronic, recurring seizures.

Download Full-text

Starting System for Darrieus Water Turbine of Tidal Stream Electricity Generation

Volume 6: Ocean Space Utilization; Ocean Renewable Energy ◽

10.1115/omae2016-55143 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Seiji Shimizu ◽

Masayuki Fujii ◽

Tetsuya Sumida ◽

Kenji Sasa ◽

Yasuhiro Kimura ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Experimental Data ◽

Cross Section ◽

Electricity Generation ◽

Lift Coefficient ◽

Vertical Axis ◽

Cylindrical Shape ◽

Water Turbine ◽

Tidal Stream ◽

Tidal Stream Turbine ◽

Original Experimental Data

Darrieus type vertical axis water turbine in a cylindrical shape which consists of some straight blades is simple, efficient and easy to install a generator upward. However, it has difficulty in starting revolution. As a method to cope with such a problem, a starting revolution assist mechanism was fabricated and set on a prototype of the turbine. Assist experiment was carried out. It resulted helping well the starting revolution. The improved prototype of tidal stream turbine can generate 1.4 W under a water flow of 1 m/s where impossible to self-start. Besides that, Darrieus water turbine’s generating torque property was investigated by the famous original experimental data of lift coefficient Cl and drag coefficient Cd for straight blades of NACA63 3-018 cross section. It was found that setting two or four blades in a turbine would help to improve the difficulty of starting revolution.

Download Full-text