MiR-145 regulates osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells through targeting FoxO1

In this study, we aimed to investigate the expression of miR-145 before and after hASCs osteogenic differentiation. We also intended to explore the influence of the target relationship between miR-145 and FoxO1 on osteogenic differentiation. Dual-luciferase reporter gene assay and real-time PCR were used to confirm the target relationship between miR-145 and FoxO1. Furthermore, the modulatory effects of miR-145 and FoxO1 on hASCs osteoinductive differentiation were measured by real-time PCR , Western blot, ALP staining, ARS staining, and cell immunofluorescence assay. After osteogenic differentiation, miR-145 was gradually down-regulated, while FoxO1 was up-regulated in hASCs. MiR-145 could directly target FoxO1 3′UTR. FoxO1 was negatively regulated by miR-145. After osteoinductive differentiation, BSP, Ocn, and OPN expression was lowered with the overexpression of miR-145 or the knockdown of FoxO1. Furthermore, ALP and ARS staining assay results showed weakened ALP activity and extracellular matrix calcification. When overexpressing miR-145 and FoxO1 simultaneously, no obvious change in ALP activity and extracellular matrix calcification was seen. MiR-145 could suppress hASCs osteoinductive differentiation by suppressing FoxO1 directly. Impact statement Researching on ASCs was a promising strategy to study osteogenic differentiation. The regulatory role of miR-145 on hASCs osteogenic differentiation remained partially explored. Our study revealed a novel mechanism of the osteogenic differentiation process and suggested that miR-145 and its target gene FoxO1 may be potential targets for the therapy of human osteogenic-related disorders.

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The Differential Expression of miRNAs and a Preliminary Study on the Mechanism of miR-194-3p in Keloids

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2019/8214923 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Zhishan Xu ◽

Bingyu Guo ◽

Peng Chang ◽

Qiang Hui ◽

Wei Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Western Blot ◽

Real Time ◽

Differential Expression ◽

Real Time Pcr ◽

Luciferase Reporter ◽

Luciferase Reporter Gene ◽

Cultured Fibroblasts ◽

Gene Assay ◽

And Migration ◽

Related Proteins

The aim of this study was to detect abnormally expressed microRNA (miRNA) in keloids and to study their functions. The differential expression of miRNAs in keloids and normal tissue was detected by gene microarray. MiRNA expression was verified by real-time PCR. A luciferase reporter gene assay, western blot, and real-time PCR were used to detect the effect of miR-194-3p on RUNX2. An MTT assay and a transwell assay were used to detect the effect of miR-194-3p in both primary cultured fibroblasts and HKF cells. Related proteins were analysed by western blot and real-time PCR. The expression of miR-194-3p was lower in keloids, and MiR-194-3p was shown to target RUNX2 directly. MiR-194-3p inhibited the proliferation and migration of fibroblasts through the inhibition of CDK4 and MMP2. MiR-194-3p and RUNX2 may become new targets for the prevention and treatment of keloids.

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Effect of αCGRP on Osteogenic Differentiation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Through Smad/Runx2 Signaling Pathway

Journal of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering ◽

10.1166/jbt.2020.2334 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 868-873

Author(s):

Shengxiang Huang ◽

Haibo Mei ◽

Rongguo He ◽

Kun Liu ◽

Jin Tang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Bone Marrow ◽

Cell Proliferation ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Osteogenic Differentiation ◽

Real Time ◽

Real Time Pcr ◽

Caspase 3 ◽

Alp Activity ◽

Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells

The α-calcitonin gene-related peptide (α-CGRP) regulates bone metabolism and has potential applications in enhancing bone remodeling in vivo. However, α-CGRP's role in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) osteogenic differentiation remain unclear. Rat BMSCs were separated into control group, α-CGRP group and α-CGRP siRNA group, in which BMSCs were transfected with α-CGRP plasmid and α-CGRP siRNA respectively followed by analysis of α-CGRP level by real time PCR and ELISA, cell proliferation by MTT assay, Caspase 3 activity, ALP activity, formation of calcified nodules by alizarin red staining, Smad1 and Smad7 level by Western blot and Runx2 by real time PCR. αCGRP transfection into BMSCs significantly up-regulated CGRP, which could promote cell proliferation, inhibit Caspase 3 activity, promote ALP activity, increase calcified nodules formation and upregulate Smad1, Smad7 and Runx2 compared to control (P < 0.05); transfection of αCGRP siRNA significantly down-regulated CGRP in BMSCs, inhibited cell proliferation, promoted Caspase 3 activity, inhibited ALP activity, inhibited calcified nodules formation and downregulate Smad1, Smad7 and Runx2 (P < 0.05). αCGRP overexpression promotes the Smad/Runx2 signaling, which in turn promotes BMSCs proliferation and osteogenesis. Decreased αCGRP level inhibits Smad/Runx2 signaling, promotes BMSCs apoptosis, inhibits proliferation and osteogenic differentiation.

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Effect of SOX9 on Osteogenic Differentiation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Through WNTβ/Catenin Pathway

Journal of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering ◽

10.1166/jbt.2019.2140 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 1429-1434

Author(s):

Qing Yang ◽

Cheng Li ◽

Manli Yan ◽

Chunhua Fang

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Bone Marrow ◽

Cell Proliferation ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Protein Expression ◽

Osteogenic Differentiation ◽

Real Time ◽

Real Time Pcr ◽

Alp Activity ◽

Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) can be differentiated into different types of cells. SOX9 involves in the development and progression of various diseases. Our study aims to assess SOX9's effect on osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs and its related regulatory mechanisms. Rat BMSCs were isolated and randomly divided into control group, SOX9 group and SOX9 siRNA group, which was transfected with pcDNA-SOX9 plasmid or SOX9 siRNA respectively followed by analysis of SOX9 expression by Real time PCR, cell proliferation by MTT assay, Caspase3 and ALP activity, GSK-3β expression and Wntβ/Catenin Signaling pathway protein expression by Western blot, and expression of osteogenic genes Runx2 and BMP-2 by Real time PCR. Transfection of pcDNA-SOX9 plasmid into BMSCs significantly inhibited cell proliferation, promoted Caspase3 activity, decreased ALP activity and downregulated Runx2 and BMP-2, increased GSK-3β expression and decreased Wntβ/Catenin expression protein expression (P< 0.05). SOX9 siRNA transfection significantly promoted cell proliferation, inhibited Caspase3 activity, increased ALP activity and upregulated Runx2 and BMP-2, downregulated GSK-3β and increased Wntβ/Catenin expression. SOX9 regulates BMSCs proliferation and osteogenic differentiation through Wntβ/Catenin signaling pathway.

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MicroRNA-409-3p promotes osteoblastic differentiation via activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by targeting SCAI

Bioscience Reports ◽

10.1042/bsr20201902 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Nan Chen ◽

Hao Yang ◽

Lijun Song ◽

Hua Li ◽

Yi Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bone Marrow ◽

Osteogenic Differentiation ◽

Signaling Pathway ◽

Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽

Osteoblastic Differentiation ◽

Luciferase Reporter ◽

Luciferase Reporter Gene ◽

Complementary Sequence ◽

Alizarin Red ◽

Gene Assay

Osteogenic differentiation is an important process of new bone formation, miR-409-3p has been reported to be upregulated in osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). To investigate the regulatory effect of miR-409-3p on osteogenic differentiation of MSCs and its molecular mechanism, the expression of miR-409-3p in osteoblast (HCO) and bone marrow-derived MSCs (MSC-A, MSC-B, MSC-U) were detected by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The binding of miR-409-3p to SCAI in MSC-B was investigated by dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. MSC-B were selected to transfect with miR-409-3p analog/complementary sequence (cs), miR-409-3p analog + SCAI and miR-409-3p cs + small interfering (si)-SCAI, as well as control, respectively. The alkaline phosphatase activity, alizarin red staining, and the expression of osteogenic markers in MSC-B during osteoblastic differentiation were tested by RT-qPCR and Western blotting, respectively. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway was inhibited by dickkopf-related protein 1 to get the roles of miR-409-3p during the osteoblastic differentiation of MSC-B when transfected with miR-409-3p analog. The expression of miR-409-3p in HCO was higher than that in these three MSCs, showing an increasing time-dependent trend on the 0 and 21th day of osteoblastic differentiation. MiR-409-3p directly regulated SCAI by targeting SCAI 3′UTR. Further, miR-409-3p suppressed SCAI expression, but SCAI upregulation suppressed the osteoblastic differentiation, as well as reduced the relative mRNA/protein expression of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway-related genes. Importantly, disruption of Wnt signaling also blocked miR-409-3p induced osteoblastic differentiation of MSCs. Therefore, miR-409-3p promotes osteoblastic differentiation through the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway by downregulating SCAI expression.

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Effect of Mir-1301 on the Proliferation and Osteogenic Differentiation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Hormone Osteonecrosis via Regulating SRY Related High Mobility Group Box 11 (SOX-11)

Journal of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering ◽

10.1166/jbt.2020.2515 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 1858-1864

Author(s):

Bingshen Jia ◽

Guoxin Qu ◽

Peng Yu ◽

Tuo Jiao ◽

ZiZhenbiao Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Proliferation ◽

Osteogenic Differentiation ◽

Real Time ◽

Real Time Pcr ◽

High Mobility ◽

Hormone Treatment ◽

Widespread Application ◽

Runx2 Expression ◽

Promote Cell Proliferation ◽

Alp Activity

The widespread application of hormones leads to steroidal osteonecrosis and BMSCs have important roles in treating steroidal osteonecrosis. Mir-1301 involves in several diseases. However, Mir-1301’s effect on BMSCs proliferation and osteogenic differentiation in hormonal osteonecrosis has not been elucidated. Rat BMSCs were isolated and assigned into control groups; Dex group (1μM dexamethasone was added); Mir-1301 group and si-Mir-1301 group followed by analysis of miR-1301 and SOX11 level by Real time PCR, cell proliferation by MTT assay, Caspase3 activity kit, OPN and Runx2 expression by Real time PCR, and ALP activity. Under hormone treatment, Mir-1301 expression in BMSCs cells was significantly increased, proliferation was inhibited, Caspase3 activity was increased, SOX11, OPN and Runx2 expression was decreased and ALP activity was reduced (P <0.05). The above changes were more significant after transfection of Mir-1301 mimics (P <0.05). The addition of Mir-1301 inhibitor to Dex-treated BMSCs could down-regulate Mir-1301, significantly increase the expression of SOX11, OPN and Runx2, promote cell proliferation, decrease Caspase3 activity and increase ALP activity (P <0.05). The target gene of Mir-1301 is SOX11. Mir-1301 expression in BMSCs cells is increased during steroid-induced osteonecrosis. Down-regulating Mir-1301 during steroid-induced osteonecrosis can inhibit BMSCs apoptosis and promote proliferation and osteogenesis via targeting SOX11.

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Circular RNA CircCOL5A1 Sponges the MiR-7-5p/Epac1 Axis to Promote the Progression of Keloids Through Regulating PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology ◽

10.3389/fcell.2021.626027 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Wenchang Lv ◽

Shengxuan Liu ◽

Qi Zhang ◽

Weijie Hu ◽

Yiping Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Extracellular Matrix ◽

Signaling Pathway ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Akt Signaling ◽

Luciferase Reporter ◽

Akt Signaling Pathway ◽

Luciferase Reporter Gene ◽

Migration Flow ◽

Gene Assay

Keloids, as a result of abnormal wound healing in susceptible individuals, are characterized by the hyper-proliferation of fibroblasts and exaggerated deposition of extracellular matrix. Current surgical and therapeutic modalities provide limited satisfactory results. Growing evidence has highlighted the roles of circRNAs in acting as miRNA sponges. However, up to date, the regulatory mechanism of circRNAs in the pathological process of keloids has rarely been reported. In this study, cell proliferation, cell migration, flow cytometry, western blotting, fluorescence in situ hybridization, dual-luciferase activity, and immunohistochemistry assays were applied to explore the roles and mechanisms of the circCOL5A1/miR-7-5p/Epac1 axis in the keloid. The therapeutic potential of circCOL5A1 was investigated by establishing keloid implantation models. The RT-qPCR result revealed that circCOL5A1 expression was obviously higher in keloid tissues and keloid fibroblasts. Subsequent cellular experiments demonstrated that circCOL5A1 knockdown repressed the proliferation, migration, extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, whereas promoted cell apoptosis, through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Furthermore, RNA-fluorescence in situ hybridization (RNA-FISH) illustrated that both circCOL5A1 and miR-7-5p were located in the cytoplasm. The luciferase reporter gene assay confirmed that exact binding sites were present between circCOL5A1 and miR-7-5p, as well as between miR-7-5p and Epac1. Collectively, the present study revealed that circCOL5A1 functioned as competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) by adsorbing miR-7-5p to release Epac1, which contributed to pathological hyperplasia of keloids through activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Our data indicated that circCOL5A1 might serve as a novel promising therapeutic target and represent a new avenue to understand underlying pathogenesis for keloids.

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Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β) Regulates Osteogenic Differentiation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Promoting Wnt Signaling Pathway in Atrophic Nonunion

Journal of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering ◽

10.1166/jbt.2020.2236 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 265-270

Author(s):

Minqing Zhan ◽

Mingming Wang ◽

Juan Zhang ◽

Xiaorui Jiang

Keyword(s):

Cell Proliferation ◽

Wnt Signaling ◽

Osteogenic Differentiation ◽

Real Time ◽

Signaling Pathway ◽

Real Time Pcr ◽

Wnt Signaling Pathway ◽

The Body ◽

Alp Activity ◽

Atrophic Nonunion

During atrophic nonunion, Wnt signaling pathway is inhibited, resulting in inhibition of BMSC osteogenic differentiation. TGF-β regulates growth and development of the body. However, TGF-β’s effect on osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs in atrophic nonunion has not been reported. The bone tissue and serum of patients with atrophic nonunion and normal healing fractures were collected, and TGF-β mRNA and serum secretion were analyzed by Real time PCR and ELISA. Rat BMSCs were cultured and randomly divided into control group, TGF-β group and TGF-β siRNA group which was transfected with pcDNA-TGF-β plasmid or TGF-β siRNA respectively followed by analysis of cell proliferation by MTT assay, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, Caspase3 activity, expression of RUNX2 and OPN and PPARγ2 mRNA by Real time PCR, and WNT5A and FZD3 expression by Western blot. TGF-β mRNA level and secretion in patients with atrophic nonunion was significantly reduced compared with patients with normal healing fractures (P < 0.05). Transfection of TGF-β siRNA down-regulated TGF-β expression in BMSCs, significantly inhibited cell proliferation, increased Caspase3 activity, decreased ALP activity, RUNX2 and OPN expression, increased PPARγ2 expression and deceased WNT5A and FZD3 expression (P < 0.05). However, transfection of pcDNA-TGF-β plasmid up-regulated TGF-β expression in BMSCs and reversed the above changes (P < 0.05). TGF-β is reduced in atrophic nonunion patients. Targeting TGF-β promotes BMSCs proliferation and osteogenic differentiation by regulating Wnt signaling pathway.

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MiR-27a-3p promotes the osteogenic differentiation by activating CRY2/ERK1/2 axis

Molecular Medicine ◽

10.1186/s10020-021-00303-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Li-Rong Ren ◽

Ru-Bin Yao ◽

Shi-Yong Wang ◽

Xiang-Dong Gong ◽

Ji-Tao Xu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Osteogenic Differentiation ◽

Osteoblast Differentiation ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Luciferase Reporter ◽

Induction Medium ◽

Luciferase Reporter Gene ◽

Alizarin Red ◽

Protein Levels ◽

Phosphorylation Level ◽

Gene Assay

Abstract Background Osteoporosis seriously disturbs the life of people. Meanwhile, inhibition or weakening of osteogenic differentiation is one of the important factors in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. It was reported that miR-27a-3p reduced the symptoms of osteoporosis. However, the mechanism by which miR-27a-3p in osteogenic differentiation remains largely unknown. Methods To induce the osteogenic differentiation in MC3T3-E1 cells, cells were treated with osteogenic induction medium (OIM). RT-qPCR was used to evaluate the mRNA expression of miR-27a-3p and CRY2 in cells. The protein levels of CRY2, Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), osteopontin (OPN), osteocalcin (OCN) and the phosphorylation level of extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK) 1/2 in MC3T3-E1 cells were evaluated by western blotting. Meanwhile, calcium nodules and ALP activity were tested by alizarin red staining and ALP kit, respectively. Luciferase reporter gene assay was used to analyze the correlation between CRY2 and miR-27a-3p. Results The expression of miR-27a-3p and the phosphorylation level of ERK1/2 were increased by OIM in MC3T3-E1 cells, while CRY2 expression was decreased. In addition, OIM-induced increase of calcified nodules, ALP content and osteogenesis-related protein expression was significantly reversed by downregulation of miR-27a-3p and overexpression of CRY2. In addition, miR-27a-3p directly targeted CRY2 and negatively regulated CRY2. Meanwhile, the inhibitory effect of miR-27a-3p inhibitor on osteogenic differentiation was reversed by knockdown of CRY2 or using honokiol (ERK1/2 signal activator). Furthermore, miR-27a-3p significantly inhibited the apoptosis of MC3T3-E1 cells treated by OIM. Taken together, miR-27a-3p/CRY2/ERK axis plays an important role in osteoblast differentiation. Conclusions MiR-27a-3p promoted osteoblast differentiation via mediation of CRY2/ERK1/2 axis. Thereby, miR-27a-3p might serve as a new target for the treatment of osteoporosis.

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The involvement of HDAC3-mediated inhibition of microRNA cluster 17-92 in hyperoxia-mediated impairment of lung development in neonatal rats

10.1101/2020.03.01.971663 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Di Wang ◽

Hui Hong ◽

Xiao-Xia Li ◽

Jing Li ◽

Zhi-Qun Zhang

Keyword(s):

Promoter Region ◽

Immunofluorescence Assay ◽

Lung Fibroblasts ◽

Luciferase Reporter ◽

Luciferase Reporter Gene ◽

Alveolar Volume ◽

Histone Deacetylase 3 ◽

Gene Assay ◽

Medical Advances

AbstractBackgroundThe incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a chronic lung disease of newborns, has been paradoxically rising despite medical advances. Histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) has been reported to be a crucial regulator in alveologenesis. Hence, this study aims to investigate the mechanism of HDAC3 in the pulmonary angiogenesis and alveolarization of BPD.MethodsA hyperoxia-induced mouse model of BPD was constructed. The mean liner intercept (MLI) and alveolar volume were measured to evaluate the alveolarization in BPD mice. Immunofluorescence assay was performed to detect the microvessel density (MVD) of lung tissues. Next, the expression of HDAC3 and its enrichment in the promoter region of microRNA (miR)-17-92 cluster, as well as the enrichment of p65 in the placental growth factor (Pgf) promoter region were detected by Western blot analysis and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. The effect of HDAC3 and p65 on the activity of miR-17-92 promoter and Pgf promoter were examined by dual-luciferase reporter gene assay, respectively. Finally, the role of HDAC3 in angiogenesis and alveolarization through miR-17 regulated EZH1-p65-Pgf axis was validated in BPD mouse models.ResultsHDAC3 was involved in the regulation of alveolarization and angiogenesis in BPD. Results demonstrated that the expression of the miR-17-92 cluster in BPD was regulated by HDAC3. miR-17 was related to the regulatory role of HDAC3 in regulating EZH1 expression and in lung fibroblasts of BPD. Besides, results showed that EZH1 could promote Pgf expression by recruiting p65 to regulate BPD. HDAC3 regulated the expression of EZH1 through miR-17 to promote the recruitment of p65 in the Pgf promoter region, thus enhancing the transcription and expression of Pgf. HDAC3 was demonstrated to regulate Pgf through the miR-17-EZH1-p65 axis to mediate angiogenesis and alveolarization of BPD mice.ConclusionAltogether, the present study revealed that HDAC3 could regulate the EZH1-p65-Pgf axis through miR-17 in the miR-17-92 cluster in the pulmonary angiogenesis and alveolarization of BPD mice.

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Novel gene targets for miRNA146a and miRNA155 in anterior uveitis

British Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-312885 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 103 (2) ◽

pp. 279-285 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Micheal O'Rourke ◽

Michelle Trenkmann ◽

Mary Connolly ◽

Ursula Fearon ◽

Conor C Murphy

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Anterior Uveitis ◽

Real Time Pcr ◽

Target Genes ◽

Mononuclear Cells ◽

Luciferase Reporter ◽

Luciferase Reporter Gene ◽

Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽

Healthy Control ◽

Novel Targets

Background/AimsAnterior uveitis (AU) is the most common form of intraocular inflammation. MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small, non-coding RNAs functioning as post-transcriptional repressors of gene expression. Knowledge of miRNAs can implicate specific genes and pathogenic signalling pathways in disease. This study examines miRNA expression, function and target genes in AU pathogenesis.MethodsAU and healthy control (HC) peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were initially screened for expression of five miRNAs by real-time PCR. Regulation of the aberrantly expressed miRNAs by TLR1/2, TLR3, TLR4, IL1β and TNFα was quantified by real-time PCR and paired cytokine outputs measured by ELISA. Functional effects of miRNA overexpression using transfected THP1 cells examined IL6, IL8, IL10 and IL1β cytokine outputs by ELISA. Target genes were identified using TargetScan online computational algorithm and relevant targets verified by cloning of the 3′UTR and luciferase reporter gene assays.ResultsIncreased expression of miRNA146a (p<0.01), miRNA155 (p<0.05) and miRNA125a5p (p<0.01) was demonstrated in AU PBMC compared with HC. miRNA155 was increased following TLR1/2 (p<0.05) and TLR4 (p<0.05) stimulation and miRNA146a increased in response to IL1β (p<0.05). In a proinflammatory environment, miRNA155 overexpression in THP1 cells yielded increased cytokine output whereas miRNA146a overexpression showed decreased cytokine output. CD80, PRKCE and VASN were confirmed as novel targets for miRNA146a and SMAD2, TYRP1 and FBXO22 for miRNA155.ConclusionThis study identifies overexpression of proinflammatory miRNA155, regulatory miRNA146a and miRNA125a-5p in AU. CD80, PRKCE and VASN are novel miRNA146a targets and SMAD2, TYRP1 and FBXO22 are novel targets for miRNA155.

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