Study on the Patency of the Contralateral Iliac Vein After Stenting Across the Iliocaval Confluence With an Experimental In Vivo Model

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (8) ◽  
pp. 644-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xicheng Zhang ◽  
Wennuo Huang ◽  
Huiming Yu ◽  
Yong Chen ◽  
Jiaxin Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Doppler Ultrasonography ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Iliac Vein ◽  
In Vivo Model ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Stenosis Rate ◽  
Stent Strut

Objective: Stenting is the preferred treatment for iliac vein lesions. For the treatment of occlusions in the junction of the iliac vein and the inferior vena cava (IVC), the stent needs to be positioned in the IVC to cover the lesion. However, the pathological changes in the contralateral iliac vein due to stent coverage on its ostium remain unclear. We observed the patency of the contralateral iliac vein via animal experiments. Methods: The stents were placed in the left iliac vein and extended into the IVC in 8 beagle dogs. Doppler ultrasonography, angiography, and histopathological examination were used to assess the patency and histopathological changes in the contralateral iliac vein. Results: Angiography showed patency of the contralateral iliac vein and no sign of thrombosis or stenosis. Twelve months after stenting, Doppler ultrasonography showed a stenotic change in the ostium of the contralateral iliac vein. The histopathological examination showed that the stent strut at the ostium of the contralateral iliac vein was mostly covered by the intima, and the cross-sectional stenosis rate was greater than 60%. Conclusions: The coverage of the iliac vein stent on the ostium of the contralateral iliac vein does not cause complete occlusion of the contralateral vein but can cause significant stenosis at the ostium of the contralateral iliac vein, which is considered to be a potential risk factor for thrombosis.

scholarly journals Development and Validation of Endovascular Chemotherapy Filter Device for Removing High-Dose Doxorubicin: Preclinical Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anand S. Patel ◽  
Maythem Saeed ◽  
Erin J. Yee ◽  
Jeffrey Yang ◽  
Gregory J. Lam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Model ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Ion Exchange Resin ◽  
In Vivo Model ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Single Pass ◽  
Porcine Serum

To develop a novel endovascular chemotherapy filter (CF) able to remove excess drug from the blood during intra-arterial chemotherapy delivery (IAC), thus preventing systemic toxicities and thereby enabling higher dose IAC. A flow circuit containing 2.5 mL of ion-exchange resin was constructed. Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing 50 mg doxorubicin (Dox) was placed in the flow model with the hypothesis that doxorubicin would bind rapidly to resin. To simulate IAC, 50 mg of doxorubicin was infused over 10 min into the flow model containing resin. Similar testing was repeated with porcine serum. Doxorubicin concentrations were measured over 60 min and compared to controls (without resin). Single-pass experiments were also performed. Based on these experiments, an 18F CF was constructed with resin in its tip. In a pilot porcine study, the device was deployed under fluoroscopy. A control hepatic doxorubicin IAC model (no CF placed) was developed in another animal. A second CF device was created with a resin membrane and tested in the infrarenal inferior vena cava (IVC) of a swine. In the PBS model, resin bound 76% of doxorubicin in 10 min, and 92% in 30 min (P < 0.001). During IAC simulation, 64% of doxorubicin bound in 10 min and 96% in 60 min (P < 0.001). On average, 51% of doxorubicin concentration was reduced during each pass in single pass studies. In porcine serum, 52% of doxorubicin bound in 10 min, and 80% in 30 min (P < 0.05). CF device placement and administration of IAC were successful in three animals. No clot was present on the resin within the CF following the in vivo study. The infrarenal IVC swine study demonstrated promising results with up to 85% reduction in peak concentration by the CF device. An endovascular CF device was developed and shown feasible in vitro. An in vivo model was established with promising results supporting high-capacity rapid doxorubicin filtration from the blood that can be further evaluated in future studies.

scholarly journals CoReHA 2.0: A Software Package forIn VivoMREIT Experiments

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiwan Jeon ◽  
Chang-Ock Lee
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Impedance ◽  
Imaging Modality ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Impedance Tomography ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Computational Tools ◽  
Electrically Conducting ◽  
Simulation Validation ◽  
Conductivity Image

Magnetic resonance electrical impedance tomography (MREIT) is a new medical imaging modality visualizing static conductivity images of electrically conducting subjects. Recently, MREIT has rapidly progressed in its theory, algorithm, and experiment technique and now reached to the stage ofin vivoanimal experiments. In this paper, we present a software, named CoReHA 2.0 standing for the second version of conductivity reconstructor using harmonic algorithms, to facilitatein vivoMREIT reconstruction of conductivity image. This software offers various computational tools including preprocessing of MREIT data, identification of 2D geometry of the imaging domain and electrode positions, and reconstruction of cross-sectional scaled conductivity images from MREIT data. In particular, in the new version, we added several tools including ramp-preserving denoising, harmonic inpainting, and local harmonicBzalgorithm to deal with data fromin vivoexperiments. The presented software will be useful to researchers in the field of MREIT for simulation, validation, and further technical development.

scholarly journals L-carnitine ameliorates the muscle wasting of cancer cachexia through the AKT/FOXO3a/MaFbx axis

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Changpeng Wu ◽  
Mingxing Zhu ◽  
Zongliang Lu ◽  
Yaowen Zhang ◽  
Long Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Expression ◽  
Cancer Cachexia ◽  
Cell Model ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
C2c12 Cells ◽  
In Vivo Model ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tnf Α

Abstract Background Recent studies suggest potential benefits of applying L-carnitine in the treatment of cancer cachexia, but the precise mechanisms underlying these benefits remain unknown. This study was conducted to determine the mechanism by which L-carnitine reduces cancer cachexia. Methods C2C12 cells were differentiated into myotubes by growing them in DMEM for 24 h (hrs) and then changing the media to DMEM supplemented with 2% horse serum. Differentiated myotubes were treated for 2 h with TNF-α to establish a muscle atrophy cell model. After treated with L-carnitine, protein expression of MuRF1, MaFbx, FOXO3, p-FOXO3a, Akt, p-Akt, p70S6K and p-p70S6K was determined by Western blotting. Then siRNA-Akt was used to determine that L-carnitine ameliorated cancer cachexia via the Akt/FOXO3/MaFbx. In vivo, the cancer cachexia model was established by subcutaneously transplanting CT26 cells into the left flanks of the BALB/c nude mice. After treated with L-carnitine, serum levels of IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α, and the skeletal muscle content of MuRF1, MaFbx, FOXO3, p-FOXO3a, Akt, p-Akt, p70S6K and p-p70S6K were measured. Results L-carnitine increased the gastrocnemius muscle (GM) weight in the CT26-bearing cachexia mouse model and the cross-sectional fiber area of the GM and myotube diameters of C2C12 cells treated with TNF-α. Additionally, L-carnitine reduced the protein expression of MuRF1, MaFbx and FOXO3a, and increased the p-FOXO3a level in vivo and in vitro. Inhibition of Akt, upstream of FOXO3a, reversed the effects of L-carnitine on the FOXO3a/MaFbx pathway and myotube diameters, without affecting FOXO3a/MuRF-1. In addition to regulating the ubiquitination of muscle proteins, L-carnitine also increased the levels of p-p70S6K and p70S6K, which are involved in protein synthesis. Akt inhibition did not reverse the effects of L-carnitine on p70S6K and p-p70S6K. Hence, L-carnitine ameliorated cancer cachexia via the Akt/FOXO3/MaFbx and p70S6K pathways. Moreover, L-carnitine reduced the serum levels of IL-1 and IL-6, factors known to induce cancer cachexia. However, there were minimal effects on TNF-α, another inducer of cachexia, in the in vivo model. Conclusion These results revealed a novel mechanism by which L-carnitine protects muscle cells and reduces inflammation related to cancer cachexia.

Inflammatory and Procoagulant Mediator Interactions in an Experimental Baboon Model of Venous Thrombosis

1993 ◽  
Vol 69 (02) ◽  
pp. 164-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas W Wakefield ◽  
Lazar J Greenfield ◽  
Mark W Rolfe ◽  
Alphonse DeLucia ◽  
Robert M Strieter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Venous Thrombosis ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Venous Catheter ◽  
In Vivo Model ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Chemotactic Protein ◽  
White Blood Cell Counts ◽  
Differential White Blood Cell

SummaryTheoretic and in vitro evidence suggests that thrombosis and inflammation are interrelated. The purpose of the present study was to define the relationship between inflammation and deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in an in vivo model. Initiation of DVT was accomplished by administration of antibody to protein C (HPC4, 2 mg/kg) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF, 150 μg/kg); stasis; and subtle venous catheter injury. Thrombosis was assessed by thrombin-antithrombin assay (TAT), 125I-fibrinogen scanning (scan) over both the proximal and distal iliac veins, and ascending venography. Cytokines TNF, interleukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were measured along with differential white blood cell counts, platelet counts, fibrinogen (FIB), and erythrocyte sedimentation rates (ESR). Baboon pairs were sacrificed on day 3 (T + 3d), T + 6d, and T + 9d and veins removed. All animals developed inferior vena cava and left iliofemoral DVT by venography; no right DVT was found. TAT was elevated by T + 1hr and peaked at T + 3hrs. Left iliofemoral DVT was found at T + 1hr by scan and reached a 20% uptake difference between the affected left and nonaffected right side at T + 3hrs. TNF peaked at T + 1hr; MCP-1 peaked at T + 6hrs; IL-8 and IL-6 peaked on T + 2d; all cytokines declined to baseline. TNF and TAT elevations were found to correlate with all cytokines; elevations in IL-8 were correlated with elevations in MCP-1 and IL-6 (p <0.05). Correlation between cytokines and scan revealed a significant (p <0.05) relationship only between elevations in IL-6 and distal iliac fibrin accumulation; no significant correlation was found between IL-8 and MCP-1 and scan. Increased mature polymorphonuclear leukocytes were found by T + 2d; immature forms were prominent at T + 3hrs, T + 6hrs, and T + 2d. Increased monocytes were noted by T + 4d; increased lymphocytes and platelets by T + 8d. ESR and FIB were elevated by T + 3d. Histopathologic study revealed venous inflammation at T + 3d, with beginning thrombus organization by T + 6d. MCP-1 localized to areas of thrombus and phlebitis. The development of DVT in this model involves inflammatory as well as coagulant activity. We conclude that this model allows studies on the role of inflammatory mediators in the development and natural history of DVT.

scholarly journals Study on mechanical properties of new iliac vein stent in different stenotic vessels

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 168781402096639
Author(s):  
Risu Na ◽  
Haiquan Feng ◽  
Youjun Mao ◽  
Yonggang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Elastic Strain ◽  
Equivalent Stress ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Iliac Vein ◽  
Release Process ◽  
Stenosis Rate ◽  
New Type ◽  
Vein Stenosis

In order to study the mechanical properties of new iliac vein stents in different stenotic vessels, the release process of four stents in iliac vein with different stenosis rates (normal, 30%, 50%, 70%) was simulated by finite element method, the influence of stenosis rate on the mechanical properties of stents was analyzed, and the safety of stents was verified by animal experiments. The results showed that the high stress-strain regions of the four stents were all located in the stenosis area. With the increase of the stenosis rate, the equivalent stress and elastic strain of the stents tended to increase. After fatigue calculation, the safety factor of the fatigue strength of the stent is more than 1, which meets the requirement of 10 years fatigue life. To establish an animal model of iliac vein stenosis, the endothelial cells were covered on the surface of the stent 90 days after stent implantation, the intima was proliferated obviously, and the mechanical properties and biocompatibility of the stent were stable. The new type of stent for iliac vein stenosis could be used as the main experimental instrument in later animal experiments.

scholarly journals In vivo comparison of braided (Accero) and laser-cut intracranial stents (Acclino, Credo): evaluation of vessel responses at subacute and mid-term follow-up in a rabbit model

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mühl-Benninghaus Ruben ◽  
Tomori Toshiki ◽  
Krajewski Stefanie ◽  
Dietrich Philipp ◽  
Simgen Andreas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Rabbit Model ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
In Vivo Model ◽  
Antiplatelet Medication ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate in vivo two stent technologies, with particular emphasis on thrombogenicity and inflammatory vessel remodeling processes. The micro-stents tested in this study were developed for intracranial aneurysm treatment. In our study twelve, New Zealand white rabbits were divided into two groups: 18 laser-cut stents (LCS) and 18 braided stents (BS) were impanated without admiration of antiplatelet medication. Three stents were implanted into each animal in the common carotid artery, subclavian artery, and abdominal aorta. Digital subtraction angiography was performed before and after stent implantation and at follow-up for the visualization of occurring In-stent thromboembolism or stenosis. The Stents were explanted for histopathological examination at two different timepoints, after 3 and 28 days. Angiographically neither in-stent thrombosis nor stenosis for both groups was seen. There was a progressive increase in the vessel diameter, which was more pronounced for BS than for LCS. We detected a higher number of thrombi adherent to the foreign material on day 3 for BS. On day 3, the neointima was absent, whereas the complete formation observed was on day 28. There was no significant difference between both groups regarding the thickness of the neointima. The in vivo model of our study enabled the evaluation of blood and vessel reactions for two different stent technologies. Differences in vessel dimension and tissue around the stents were observed on day 28. Histological analysis on day 3 enabled the assessment of thrombotic reactions, representing an important complementary result in long-term studies.

scholarly journals From the idea to implementation of the in vivo experiment. Organizing and planning a new protocol

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 250
Author(s):  
A. E. PAPALOIS (Α.Ε. ΠΑΠΑΛΟΗΣ)
Keyword(s):  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Actual Performance ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Key Steps

A brief overview is presented of the key steps involved in designing a research animal experiment, with reference to resources that specifically address each topic of discussion in more detail. After an idea for a research project is conceived, a thorough review of the literature and consultation with experts in that field are pursued to refine the problem statement and to assimilate background information that is necessary for the experimental design phase. Other practical considerations include defining the necessary control groups, randomly assigning animals to control/treatment groups, determining the number of animals needed per group, evaluating the logistics of the actual performance of the animal experiments and identifying the most appropriate statistical analyses and potential collaborators experienced in the area of study. Also important concerns are anaesthesia, trial dosages of molecules-elements, definition of surgical procedures, sham experiments as control group and cost per experiment. Other factors are probable or expected timeframe for completion of experiments, sufficient financing, pathology and final histopathological examination, specific indicators or values necessary for the evaluation of the results and the origin of the research protocol (doctoral thesis, master or research interests). All of these factors are critical to designing an experiment that will generate scientifically valid and reproducible data, which should be considered the ultimate goal of any scientific investigation.

scholarly journals P1704 An unusual mass in the right heart

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Wojtkowska ◽  
W Brzozowski ◽  
M Prasal ◽  
S Lukasik ◽  
E Czekajska-Chehab ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Inferior Vena ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Iliac Vein ◽  
Intravenous Leiomyomatosis ◽  
Right Heart ◽  
Benign Tumours ◽  
The Right

Abstract A 39 year old patient after removal of the uterus, the left oviduct and the right appendages due to Tu (massive fibroids). The histopathological examination revealed: leiomyomatosis intravascularis masiva (multifocal, intravenous smooth muscle cell hyperplasia without necrosis, cellular atypia and mitotic activity. Vascular invasion within the uterus, parametrium, mesovarium, perinodule tissues). The patient was admitted to the Gynaecology Clinic on the 9th postoperative day due to pain in the right lumbar region. The angio-CT of the thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities revealed a tumour/thrombus in the right internal iliac vein, common iliac vein and inferior vena cava (VCI). Then, the patient underwent transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) revealing an additional mass in the VCI entering the right atrium (RA), periodically passing through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle (RV). The mass was of irregular shape, free-floating and did not obstruct the right ventricle inflow. Due to a suspicion of thrombus, an attempt at pharmacological treatment was initiated: initially LMWH at a therapeutic dose, followed by UFH iv. (controlled by APTT). Follow-up echocardiography: the image has not changed, the mass is still in the same location. The patient then underwent a surgical treatment: the pathological mass with a length of 35 cm was removed from VCI and RA with extracorporeal circulation. The histopathological examination confirmed: numerous foci of intravenous leiomyomatosis in the form of smooth muscle hyperplasia penetrating into the light of numerous vessels, mainly venous. Discussion Uterine fibroids are the most common benign tumours of the reproductive tract in premenopausal women, they are also the most common cause of hysterectomy. They are formed as a result of benign proliferation of myometrial smooth muscle cells. A special, though very rare, form is intravenous leiomyomatosis (IVL) - caused by abnormal growth of benign tumours, arising from smooth muscle, into venous vessels. Although histopathologically they are benign tumours, due to the possible invasion of large vessels they can be highly "aggressive" and extend into the heart chambers and pulmonary arteries (intracardiac leiomyomatosis - ICLM). Possible symptoms of ICLM: dyspnoea (30-37%), peripheral oedema (20-28%), chest pain (12-30%), palpitation (10-17%), fainting (11%). Approximately 13% of patients have no symptoms at all. In the differential diagnosis of masses in the right heart cavities, the following should be taken into account : thrombus, myxoma, metastases of malignant neoplasms, in particular renal cancer, as well as: liver cancer, adrenal cancer, lymphoma, leiomyosarcoma. Conclusion IVL should be taken into account as a differential diagnosis in case of a free-floating mass in the right heart chambers, originating from the inferior vena cava, among premenopausal women with a history of hysterectomy. Abstract P1704 Figure. mass in the right atrium

scholarly journals Multi-Modal PET and MR Imaging in the Hen’s Egg Test-Chorioallantoic Membrane (HET-CAM) Model for Initial In Vivo Testing of Target-Specific Radioligands

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1248
Author(s):  
Gordon Winter ◽  
Andrea B. F. Koch ◽  
Jessica Löffler ◽  
Mika Lindén ◽  
Christoph Solbach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Chorioallantoic Membrane ◽  
Xenograft Model ◽  
In Vivo Model ◽  
Pet Tracer ◽  
Hen’S Egg ◽  
Novel Target ◽  
Cam Model ◽  
Proof Of Principle

The validation of novel target-specific radioligands requires animal experiments mostly using mice with xenografts. A pre-selection based on a simpler in vivo model would allow to reduce the number of animal experiments, in accordance with the 3Rs principles (reduction, replacement, refinement). In this respect, the chick embryo or hen’s egg test–chorioallantoic membrane (HET-CAM) model is of special interest, as it is not considered an animal until day 17. Thus, we evaluated the feasibility of quantitative analysis of target-specific radiotracer accumulation in xenografts using the HET-CAM model and combined positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). For proof-of-principle we used established prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-positive and PSMA-negative prostate cancer xenografts and the clinically widely used PSMA-specific PET-tracer [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11. Tracer accumulation was quantified by PET and tumor volumes measured with MRI (n = 42). Moreover, gamma-counter analysis of radiotracer accumulation was done ex-vivo. A three- to five-fold higher ligand accumulation in the PSMA-positive tumors compared to the PSMA-negative tumors was demonstrated. This proof-of-principle study shows the general feasibility of the HET-CAM xenograft model for target-specific imaging with PET and MRI. The ultimate value for characterization of novel target-specific radioligands now has to be validated in comparison to mouse xenograft experiments.

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