The Significance of Impulsive Error in Children With ADHD

A deficit of inhibition ability is a neuropsychological problem in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We investigated whether in children who made impulsive error (IE), less error-related negativity (ERN) would correlate with poorer executive attention functions (EAFs). Ninety children (49 with ADHD and 41 without ADHD) were investigated by a 4-minute simple reaction time task and simultaneous electroencephalogram. When they made IE, the ERN in response-locked event-related potential (ERP) was defined as error awareness. The average area under curve of ERN in the control group with IEs was used as the proper criterion for regrouping the children with ADHD into 2 groups: ADHD children with enough ERN (ADHD-enough ERN) and those with less ERN (ADHD-less ERN). EAFs from Comprehensive Nonverbal Attention Test were used as objective indices, and behavioral questionnaires were used as subjective indices and statistically analyzed within ADHD groups. Forty-eight percent of the children made IEs. ADHD(n = 31, 63%) was significantly more than in the control group (n = 12, 29%; P < .001). The ADHD group had significantly less ERN than did the control group while making IE, especially at frontal and central electrodes ( P < .01). Both ADHD-less ERN and ADHD-enough ERN groups had poorer subjective EAFs on questionnaires. Only the ADHD-less ERN group had significant poorer objective EAFs on the Comprehensive Nonverbal Attention Test than did the ADHD without IE. We conclude that investigating the IE and ERN of IE in children with ADHD might help to differentiate subtypes of ADHD with different neuropsychological abilities, and the possibility that ADHD-less ERN children might be confirmed a meaningful subgroup that needs close follow-up, treatments different from standard, or both.

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The Association between Prosocial Behaviour and Peer Relationships with Comorbid Externalizing Disorders and Quality of Life in Treatment-Naïve Children and Adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Brain Sciences ◽

10.3390/brainsci11040475 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 475

Author(s):

Szabina Velő ◽

Ágnes Keresztény ◽

Gyöngyvér Ferenczi-Dallos ◽

Luca Pump ◽

Katalin Móra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Peer Relationships ◽

Externalizing Disorders ◽

Control Group ◽

Adhd Group ◽

Prosocial Behaviour ◽

Children With Adhd ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Treatment Naïve

Several recent studies confirmed that Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has a negative influence on peer relationship and quality of life in children. The aim of the current study is to investigate the association between prosocial behaviour, peer relationships and quality of life in treatment naïve ADHD samples. The samples included 79 children with ADHD (64 boys and 15 girls, mean age = 10.24 years, SD = 2.51) and 54 healthy control children (30 boys and 23 girls, mean age = 9.66 years, SD = 1.73). Measurements included: The “Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview Kid; Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire” and the “Inventar zur Erfassung der Lebensqualität bei Kindern und Jugendlichen”. The ADHD group showed significantly lower levels of prosocial behaviour and more problems with peer relationships than the control group. Prosocial behaviour has a weak positive correlation with the rating of the child’s quality of life by the parents, both in the ADHD group and in the control group. The rating of quality of life and peer relationship problems by the parents also showed a significant negative moderate association in both groups. The rating of quality of life by the child showed a significant negative weak relationship with peer relationships in the ADHD group, but no significant relationship was found in the control group. Children with ADHD and comorbid externalizing disorders showed more problems in peer relationships than ADHD without comorbid externalizing disorders. Based on these results, we conclude that therapy for ADHD focused on improvement of prosocial behaviour and peer relationships as well as comorbid externalizing disorders could have a favourable effect on the quality of life of these children.

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Head motion in children with ADHD during resting-state brain imaging

10.7287/peerj.preprints.218v1 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Xiang-zhen Kong

Keyword(s):

Resting State ◽

Head Motion ◽

Control Group ◽

Adhd Group ◽

Typically Developing ◽

Children With Adhd ◽

Neural Imaging ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Healthy Control ◽

Motion Parameters

Resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) has become an important method for analyzing the neural mechanisms underlying mental disorders. But studies targeting head motion during an rs-fMRI examination are rare. Since head motion may pollute the data in the neural imaging studies and further mislead the understanding of the causes of some disorders, systematic investigations on this topic were badly needed. To this end, in this study, children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and demographically-matched typically developing control (TDC) participants underwent an rs-fMRI examination. We obtained a summary motion index and six mean single head motion parameters (three translational and three rotational) for each participant. With the summary index, we found that motion was significantly increased in the ADHD group and the results showed that the increase was mainly contributed by the motion around and along the superior-to-inferior direction. Moreover, the classification analysis showed that these head motion parameters during scanning could accurately distinguish children with ADHD from the healthy control group. These results suggest that accounting for head motion during scanning may be helpful for ADHD diagnosis and treatment with neuroimaging.

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Distinctive Linguistic Styles in Children with ADHD

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.105.2.365-371 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 105 (2) ◽

pp. 365-371 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Kyungil Kim ◽

Chang Hwan Lee

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Processes ◽

Language Use ◽

Control Group ◽

Adhd Group ◽

Word Count ◽

Children With Adhd ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Language Analysis ◽

Dependent Variables ◽

Linguistic Inquiry

To assess whether the writing styles of children diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) combined type differ significantly from those of children in a nonclinical control group, writing samples from 17 children with ADHD combined type and 18 children in a nonclinical control group were compared using the language analysis program Korean Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count. These writing samples, produced in response to instructions, served as dependent variables. Analysis showed that children with ADHD used fewer linguistic variables (e.g., sentences, phrases, and morphemes) than the control group. In addition, the ADHD group used fewer words reflecting cognitive processes and fewer pronouns than members of the control group. Also, the ADHD group showed a different pattern in the use of words referring to friends. This study provides preliminary descriptive data on language use among children diagnosed with a main subtype of ADHD.

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Serum Galectin-3 Levels in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Psychiatry Investigation ◽

10.30773/pi.2019.0247 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 256-261

Author(s):

Ümit Is¸ ık ◽

Faruk Kılıç ◽

Arif Demirdas¸ ◽

Evrim Aktepe ◽

Pınar Aydog˘ an Avs¸ ar

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Analysis Of Covariance ◽

Control Group ◽

Depression Symptoms ◽

Adhd Group ◽

Children With Adhd ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Oppositional Defiant ◽

Galectin 3

Objective Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with underlying pathogenesis and etiological factors not fully understood. We assumed that galectin-3, which is also linked with inflammatory responses, may play an important role in the ethiopathogenesis of ADHD. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether serum galectin-3 levels are related to ADHD in childhood.Methods The current study consisted of 35 treatment-naive children with ADHD and 35 control subjects. The severities of ADHD and conduct disorder symptoms were assessed via parent- and teacher-rated questionnaires. The severity of anxiety and depression symptoms of the children were determined by the self-report scale. Venous blood samples were collected and serum galectin-3 levels were measured.Results The ADHD group had significantly higher serum Galectin-3 levels than the control group. To control confounding factors, including age, sex, and BMI percentile, one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) test was also performed. Analyses revealed a significantly higher serum log- Galectin-3 levels in children with ADHD compared to controls. No association was found between the mean serum galectin-3 levels and sociodemographic characteristics and clinical test scores, except the oppositional defiant behavior scores.Conclusion Our research supports the hypothesis that serum levels of galectin-3 might be related to ADHD.

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Dental Age Difference in Children with ADHD

Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry ◽

10.17796/1053-4628-42.3.7 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 42 (3) ◽

pp. 208-211

Author(s):

Puneet Wadhwa ◽

Qingzhao Yu ◽

Han Zhu ◽

Janice A. Townsend

Keyword(s):

Retrospective Chart Review ◽

Control Group ◽

Age Difference ◽

Adhd Group ◽

Dental Age ◽

Children With Adhd ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Difference ◽

The Impact

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine if changes in dental development are associated with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) or ADHD medications. Study Design: This retrospective chart review evaluated the dental age of 128 patients between 6 and 16 years of age using the Demirjian method from the following two groups a) children with ADHD b) unaffected children. The ADHD group was further stratified into four groups according to the medication type. The impact of ADHD on dental age difference (the difference between dental age and chronologic age) was analyzed using T-test and the association between medication type and dental age difference was analyzed through one way ANOVA. Results: The mean difference between estimated dental age and chronologic age (dental age difference) for all subjects was 0.80 years. There was no significant dental age difference in subjects with ADHD and the control group (0.78±1.28vs. 0.84 ±1.09 years respectively; P=0.75) and there was no significant difference in dental age difference and type of medication (P=0.84). Conclusion: No significant difference was found between children with ADHD and unaffected children with respect to dental age difference. No significant differences were found in dental age difference in the four medication groups.

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Impact of Vitamin D Supplementation on Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children

Annals of Pharmacotherapy ◽

10.1177/1060028018759471 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 52 (7) ◽

pp. 623-631 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Hatem Hamed Elshorbagy ◽

Naglaa Fathy Barseem ◽

Waleed Elsayed Abdelghani ◽

Hany Abdelaziz Ibrahim Suliman ◽

Ashraf Hamed Al-shokary ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Cognitive Function ◽

Vitamin D Deficiency ◽

Serum Vitamin ◽

Vitamin D Supplementation ◽

Control Group ◽

Children With Adhd ◽

Serum Vitamin D ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder

Background: The role of nutrients and dietary factors in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) remains unclear. Objectives: The primary objective was to evaluate the serum vitamin D level in children with a diagnosis of ADHD. The secondary objective was to detect the effect of vitamin D supplementation on cognitive function in those with vitamin D deficiency. Methods: A total of 50 children with ADHD and 40 healthy controls were included in the study. We measured the serum level of vitamin D. Patients with vitamin D deficiency were subdivided into 2 groups: one with vitamin D supplementation and the other without vitamin D supplementation. Further assessment and follow-up of children with ADHD was done. The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Conners’ Parent Rating Scale, and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children were performed at baseline and follow-up in all cohorts with an ADHD diagnosis. Results: The diagnosis of vitamin D deficiency was significantly greater in children with ADHD compared with the control group ( P < 0.05). Children with ADHD had significantly ( P = 0.0009) lower values of serum vitamin D (17.23 ± 8.98) than the control group(31.47 ± 14.42). The group receiving vitamin D supplementation demonstrated improvement in cognitive function in the conceptual level, inattention, opposition, hyperactivity, and impulsivity domains. Conclusion: Vitamin D supplementation in children with ADHD may improve cognitive function.

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Event-Based Prospective Memory Deficit in Children with ADHD: Underlying Cognitive Factors and Association with Symptoms

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18115849 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (11) ◽

pp. 5849

Author(s):

Floriana Costanzo ◽

Elisa Fucà ◽

Deny Menghini ◽

Antonella Rita Circelli ◽

Giovanni Augusto Carlesimo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prospective Memory ◽

Positive Influence ◽

Attentional Focus ◽

Adhd Group ◽

Typically Developing ◽

Children With Adhd ◽

The Road ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Event Based

Event-based prospective memory (PM) was investigated in children with Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), using a novel experimental procedure to evaluate the role of working memory (WM) load, attentional focus, and reward sensitivity. The study included 24 children with ADHD and 23 typically-developing controls. The experimental paradigm comprised one baseline condition (BC), only including an ongoing task, and four PM conditions, varying for targets: 1 Target (1T), 4 Targets (4T), Unfocal (UN), and Reward (RE). Children with ADHD were slower than controls on all PM tasks and less accurate on both ongoing and PM tasks on the 4T and UN conditions. Within the ADHD group, the accuracy in the RE condition did not differ from BC. A significant relationship between ADHD-related symptoms and reduced accuracy/higher speed in PM conditions (PM and ongoing trials), but not in BC, was detected. Our data provide insight on the adverse role of WM load and attentional focus and the positive influence of reward in the PM performance of children with ADHD. Moreover, the relation between PM and ADHD symptoms paves the road for PM as a promising neuropsychological marker for ADHD diagnosis and intervention.

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Effects of multi-domain cognitive training on working memory retrieval in older adults: behavioral and ERP evidence from a Chinese community study

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-79784-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Xiangfei Hong ◽

You Chen ◽

Jijun Wang ◽

Yuan Shen ◽

Qingwei Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Working Memory ◽

Training Program ◽

Cognitive Training ◽

Local Community ◽

Training Group ◽

Event Related Potential ◽

Control Group ◽

Baseline Session

AbstractWorking memory (WM) is a fundamental cognitive function that typically declines with age. Previous studies have shown that targeted WM training has the potential to improve WM performance in older adults. In the present study, we investigated whether a multi-domain cognitive training program that was not designed to specifically target WM could improve the behavioral performance and affect the neural activity during WM retrieval in healthy older adults. We assigned healthy older participants (70–78 years old) from a local community into a training group who completed a 3-month multi-domain cognitive training and a control group who only attended health education lectures during the same period. Behavioral and electroencephalography (EEG) data were recorded from participants while performing an untrained delayed match or non-match to category task and a control task at a pre-training baseline session and a post-training follow-up session. Behaviorally, we found that participants in the training group showed a trend toward greater WM performance gains than participants in the control group. Event-related potential (ERP) results suggest that the task-related modulation of P3 during WM retrieval was significantly enhanced at the follow-up session compared with the baseline session, and importantly, this enhancement of P3 modulation was only significant in the training group. Furthermore, no training-related effects were observed for the P2 or N2 component during WM retrieval. These results suggest that the multi-domain cognitive training program that was not designed to specifically target WM is a promising approach to improve WM performance in older adults, and that training-related gains in performance are likely mediated by an enhanced modulation of P3 which might reflect the process of WM updating.

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Mainstream and Remedial School Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Boys: More Alike than Different

South African Journal of Psychology ◽

10.1177/008124630503500105 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

pp. 73-88

Author(s):

J. B. Savitz ◽

P. Jansen

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Control Group ◽

Adhd Group ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Executive Deficits ◽

Mainstream School ◽

The Difference ◽

Neuropsychological Tasks

The literature on the neuropsychology of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is plagued by inconsistent findings, which are usually attributed to a variety of extraneous variables. One of the most inadequately explored of these variables is the difference between ADHD children attending remedial and mainstream schools. This study aimed to investigate whether the performance of remedial and mainstream school ADHD boys differs on relevant neuropsychological tasks. The sample consisted of three groups of 8- to 12-year-old boys. Two of these groups consisted of children with ADHD: one from remedial schools and one from mainstream schools. The third group was made up of participants without ADHD, who attended mainstream schools. The performance of the remedial school learners on the Stroop, Lurian and cancellation tasks was investigated and compared to a mainstream school ADHD sample. The performance of the ADHD group as a whole was compared with that of a control group. No significant difference in performance was found between the two ADHD groups, except for the length of time taken to read words in the control condition of the Stroop. The control group out-performed the ADHD samples on the Stroop, Lurian and cancellation tasks. The findings suggest that mainstream and remedial ADHD boys do not differ in the severity of their executive deficits, but that boys with ADHD attending remedial schools may be more likely to have another learning disorder than their counterparts at mainstream schools.

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Association between Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in childhood and schizophrenia later in adulthood

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/j.eurpsy.2013.06.004 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 29 (4) ◽

pp. 259-263 ◽

Cited By ~ 54

Author(s):

S. Dalsgaard ◽

P.B. Mortensen ◽

M. Frydenberg ◽

C.M. Maibing ◽

M. Nordentoft ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cox Regression ◽

Normal Population ◽

Children With Adhd ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Follow Up Study ◽

Background Population ◽

Hazard Ratios ◽

Central Register ◽

Risk Ratios

AbstractPurpose:To estimate the risk of schizophrenia in adulthood among children and adolescents with ADHD compared to the background population.Subjects/materials and methods:Two hundred and eight youths with ADHD (183 boys; 25 girls) were followed prospectively. Diagnoses of schizophrenia were obtained from The Danish Psychiatric Central Register. The relative risk (RR) of schizophrenia for cases with ADHD, compared to the normal population, was calculated as risk ratios. Hazard ratios (HR's) by Cox regression were calculated in the predictor analyses.Results:Mean age for ADHD cases at follow-up was 31.1 years. Schizophrenia diagnoses were given to 3.8% of these cases. Compared to the general population, RR of schizophrenia in cases with ADHD was 4.3 (95% CI 1.9–8.57).Discussion and conclusion:This prospective follow-up study found children with ADHD to be at higher risk of later schizophrenia than controls. If replicated, these results warrant increased focus on the possible emergence symptoms of schizophrenia or schizophreniform psychosis during clinical follow-up of patients with ADHD.

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