scholarly journals Cholesterolaemic Effects of the Saturated Fatty Acids of Palm Oil

1994 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pramod Khosla ◽  
K. C. Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Cholesterol Metabolism ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Cholesterol ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Minimal Impact

Dietary saturated fats are implicated as a major risk factor in hypercholesterolaemia and cardiovascular disease. Palm oil is a major source of the world's supply of oils and fats, but because of its relatively high content of saturated fatty acids (principally palmitic acid), its consumption has come under intense scrutiny over the last decade owing to potential health implications. Based on studies carried out more than thirty years ago, the hypothesis was developed that lauric, myristic, and palmitic acid were the three principal cholesterol-raising saturated fatty acids. Since palmitic acid is the most abundant fatty acid in the diet, the cholesterol-raising effect of all saturated fatty acids was accordingly assigned to it. However, recent studies from both humans and experimental animals suggest that not all saturated fatty acids are cholesterol-raising. When all dietary fatty acids are equalized, with the exception of the two being tested, palmitic acid appears to have no impact on the plasma cholesterol in normocholesterolaemic subjects when dietary cholesterol intake is below a certain critical level (400 mg per day). Only when cholesterol consumption exceeds this level, or when hypercholesterolaemic subjects are studied, does palmitic acid appear to increase the plasma cholesterol. These differential effects of palmitic acid on plasma cholesterol are thought to reflect differences in LDL-receptor status. Collectively these data imply that, for most of the world's population, palm oil would be an inexpensive and readily metabolized source of dietary energy with minimal impact on cholesterol metabolism.

scholarly journals Metabolic fate of oleic acid, palmitic acid and stearic acid in cultured hamster hepatocytes

1996 ◽  
Vol 316 (3) ◽  
pp. 847-852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer S. BRUCE ◽  
Andrew M. SALTER
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Stearic Acid ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Metabolic Fate ◽  
Cellular Phospholipid

Unlike other saturated fatty acids, dietary stearic acid does not appear to raise plasma cholesterol. The reason for this remains to be established, although it appears that it must be related to inherent differences in the metabolism of the fatty acid. In the present study, we have looked at the metabolism of palmitic acid and stearic acid, in comparison with oleic acid, by cultured hamster hepatocytes. Stearic acid was taken up more slowly and was poorly incorporated into both cellular and secreted triacylglycerol. Despite this, stearic acid stimulated the synthesis and secretion of triacylglycerol to the same extent as the other fatty acids. Incorporation into cellular phospholipid was lower for oleic acid than for palmitic acid and stearic acid. Desaturation of stearic acid, to monounsaturated fatty acid, was found to be greater than that of palmitic acid. Oleic acid produced from stearic acid was incorporated into both triacylglycerol and phospholipid, representing 13% and 6% respectively of the total after a 4 h incubation. Significant proportions of all of the fatty acids were oxidized, primarily to form ketone bodies, but by 8 h more oleic acid had been oxidized compared with palmitic acid and stearic acid.

scholarly journals Replacement of dietary saturated fat with monounsaturated fat: effect on atherogenesis in cholesterol-fed rabbits clamped at the same plasma cholesterol level

1995 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 509-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars B. Nielsen ◽  
Per Leth-Espensen ◽  
Børge G. Nordestgaard ◽  
Eline Forged ◽  
Knud Kjeldsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Olive Oil ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Cholesterol ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Cholesterol Concentration ◽  
Monounsaturated Fat ◽  
Aortic Cholesterol

The aim was to compare the effect on atherogenesis of dietary monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids in cholesterol-clamped rabbits. To obtain an average plasma cholesterol concentration of 20 mmol/l in each rabbit during the 13-week cholesterol-feeding period, dietary cholesterol was adjusted weekly. The amount of fat fed daily was 10 g per rabbit in Expts A (n 23), C (n 36), and D (n 58) and 5 g per rabbit in Expt B (n 24). The source of monounsaturated fatty acids was olive oil in all four experiments. The source of saturated fatty acids was butter in Expt A, lard in Expt B, coconut oil in Expt C, and butter or lard in Expt D. Generally, olive oil-fed groups received more cholesterol and tended to have more cholesterol in VLDL and less in LDL compared with groups receiving saturated fat. Analysis of variance of the combined results of all four experiments showed that, in comparison with saturated fat, olive oil lowered aortic cholesterol by 13 (−9–30, 95% confidence interval) % in the aortic arch, and by 10 (−10–26) % in the thoracic aorta, which was not significant. In the comparison with olive oil, no differences in effects on aortic cholesterol content were detected between butter, lard and coconut oil. These findings do not support the view that replacement of dietary saturated fat with olive oil has a major impact on the development of atherosclerosis in addition to that accounted for by changes in plasma cholesterol levels.

Dietary flaxseed inhibits atherosclerosis in the LDL receptor-deficient mouse in part through antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory actions

2007 ◽  
Vol 293 (4) ◽  
pp. H2394-H2402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chantal M. C. Dupasquier ◽  
Elena Dibrov ◽  
Annette L. Kneesh ◽  
Paul K. M. Cheung ◽  
Kaitlin G. Y. Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Cholesterol ◽  
Ldl Receptor ◽  
Plaque Formation ◽  
Nuclear Antigen ◽  
Aortic Tissue ◽  
Deficient Mouse ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Dietary flaxseed has been shown to have potent antiatherogenic effects in rabbits. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the antiatherogenic capacity of flaxseed in an animal model that more closely represents the human atherosclerotic condition, the LDL receptor-deficient mouse (LDLrKO), and to identify the cellular mechanisms for these effects. LDLrKO mice were administered a regular diet (RG), a 10% flaxseed-supplemented diet (FX), or an atherogenic diet containing 2% cholesterol alone (CH) or supplemented with 10% flaxseed (CF), 5% flaxseed (CF5), 1% flaxseed (CF1), or 5% coconut oil (CS) for 24 wk. LDLrKO mice fed a cholesterol-supplemented diet exhibited a rise in plasma cholesterol without a change in triglycerides and an increase in atherosclerotic plaque formation. The CS mice exhibited elevated levels of plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, and saturated fatty acids and an increase in plaque development. Supplementation of the cholesterol-enriched diet with 10% (wt/wt) ground flaxseed lowered plasma cholesterol and saturated fatty acids, increased plasma ALA, and inhibited plaque formation in the aorta and aortic sinus compared with mice fed a diet supplemented with only dietary cholesterol. The expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and the inflammatory markers IL-6, mac-3, and VCAM-1 was increased in aortic tissue from CH and CS mice. This expression was significantly reduced or normalized when flaxseed was included in the diet. Our results demonstrate that dietary flaxseed can inhibit atherosclerosis in the LDLrKO mouse through a reduction of circulating cholesterol levels and, at a cellular level, via antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory actions.

Abstract MP068: Dietary Fatty Acids and Coronary Heart Disease in Mortality in the Alpha Omega Cohort

Circulation ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 135 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Famke J Mölenberg ◽  
Janette de Goede ◽  
Anne J Wanders ◽  
Peter L Zock ◽  
Daan Kromhout ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Cholesterol ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Alpha Omega

Background: Replacement of saturated fatty acids (SFA) with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is associated with a lower risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in the general population. Whether this is also the case for CHD patients is not yet clear. In this observational study of Dutch CHD patients, we examined the risk of CHD mortality for the exchange of SFA with total unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), PUFA and cis -monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). Methods: We included 4146 post-myocardial infarction patients aged 60-80 (78% male; Alpha Omega Cohort) in whom diet was assessed at baseline (2002-2006) by a validated 203-item food-frequency questionnaire. Cause-specific mortality was monitored until January 2013. Iso-caloric replacement of SFA with (subgroups of) UFA in relation to CHD mortality was studied in quintiles and continuously per 5 energy percent (en%), using Cox regression models. Hazard ratios (HR, 95%-CI) were obtained after adjustment for age, sex, BMI, smoking, education, physical activity, cardiovascular drugs (anticoagulants, antihypertensives, statins), diabetes, and dietary factors, i.e. total energy, protein (en%), carbohydrates (en%), trans fatty acids (en%), dietary fiber (g/d) and dietary cholesterol (mg/d). The model for PUFA also included MUFA as a covariate, and vice versa . Results: During a median follow-up of 7.3 years, there were 888 deaths including 249 CHD deaths. SFA replacement was inversely associated with CHD mortality when comparing extreme quintiles of intake, which was statistically significant for total UFA (HR: 0.44; 95% CI: 0.21-0.92; P = 0.03) and non-significant for PUFA (0.58, 0.31-1.09) and MUFA (0.81, 0.45-1.49). When expressed per 5 en% (Figure), replacing SFA with either UFA, PUFA or MUFA was associated with a more than 30% lower risk of CHD mortality. Findings were similar when confined to statin users. Conclusion: In well-treated CHD patients, replacement of SFA by UFA is associated with a lower CHD mortality risk.

Characteristics of Crude Palm Oil Produced in Hainan

2013 ◽  
Vol 448-453 ◽  
pp. 1079-1084 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pu Gong ◽  
Gan Ran Deng ◽  
Jian Hua Cao ◽  
Guo Jie Li ◽  
Zhi Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Total Lipids ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Total Fatty Acids

Crude palm oil (CPO) was extracted from fresh fruit bunches of RYL7 oil palm cultivated in Hainan by using a self-made single stage screw press. The physicochemical characteristics and Fatty acid composition of the CPO was investigated. The experimental results included melting point (33.10 °C), density (0.91 g/cm3 at 20 °C), acid value (8.35 mg KOH/g), iodine value (62.72 mg iodine/g), saponifiable value (198.02 mg KOH/g), moisture and volatile matter (0.16% of total lipids), insoluble impurities (0.04% of total lipids), unsaponifiable matter (0.40% of total lipids). Oleic acid (40.90% of total fatty acids), palmitic acid (37.88% of total fatty acids), linoleic (14.29% of total fatty acids), followed by stearic acid (5.11% of total fatty acids) were found to be the predominant fatty acids in the oil. The unsaturated oleic acid was the most predominant fatty acid in CPO of Hainan while saturated palmitic acid was the most principal fatty acid in palm oil from Malaysia. The contents of linolenic, unsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids in this CPO were 4.09%, 5.09%, 4.09% higher than that of Malaysia, respectively. In addition, the percentages of palmitic acid and saturated fatty acids of this oil were 5.62%, 6.01% lower than that of Malaysia, respectively.

scholarly journals PENGARUH SUHU, RASIO BAHAN BAKU TERHADAP PELARUT DAN KECEPATAN PENGADUKAN PADA PROSES FRAKSINASI TRIPALMITIN DARI FRAKSI PADAT MINYAK SAWIT

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
Fiqih Azis Pangestu ◽  
Tri Yuni Hendrawati ◽  
Wiwik Handayani
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Solvent ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Liquid Fraction ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Solvent Ratio ◽  
Palmitic Acid Content ◽  
Fractionation Method

ABSTRAKMinyak sawit merupakan minyak yang paling banyak diproduksi di Indonesia. Minyak sawit mempunyai dua jenis produk yaitu fraksi padat (Stearin) dan fraksi cair (Olein). Asam lemak pada minyak sawit dibedakan menjadi dua golongan yaitu asam lemak jenuh dan asam lemak tak jenuh. Penelitian ini  bertujuan untuk memisahkan Tripalmitin dari fraksi padat minyak sawit melalui metode fraksinasi dengan pelarut organik. Variabel dalam penelitian ini menggunakan variasi rasio bahan baku / pelarut organik 1:10 (w/v) dan 1:12 (w/v) dengan suhu 2oC, 10oC, 20oC, 30oC, 40oC dan kecepatan pengadukan 300 rpm dan 500 rpm. Setelah itu sampel dianalisa dengan GC-MS untuk mengetahui kandungan asam palmitatnya dan didapatkan kandungan asam palmitat paling tinggi jika dimasukkan dalam rumus regresi sebagai berikut y = -0,0333x2 + 1,4518x + 67,617 dengan R² = 0,8431 dengan kandungan asam palmitat 84,91%. Kata kunci: Asam Palmitat, Fraksinasi, Pelarut Organik, Stearin ABSTRACTPalm oil is the most oil in Indonesia. Palm oil contains two types of products: solid fraction (Stearin) and liquid fraction (Olein). Fatty acids in palm oil are divided into two groups, namely saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids. This study aims to separate Tripalmitin from the hardness fraction of palm oil by fractionation method with organic solvent. The variables in this study used variation of organic / organic solvent ratio 1:10 (w / v) and 1:12 (w / v) with temperature 2oC, 10oC, 20oC, 30oC, 40oC and stirring speed 300 rpm and 500 rpm. After that the sample was analyzed with GC-MS to determine the content of palmitic acid and get the highest palmitic acid content if in the regression formula as follows y = -0.0333x2 + 1.4518x + 67,617 with R² = 0.8431 with the content of palmitic acid 84 , 91%. Keywords: Fractination, Organic Solvent, Palmitic Acid, Stearin

Differential Effects of Dietary Fatty Acids on Body Composition and Adiposity

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadi Emamat ◽  
Zahra Yari ◽  
Hossein Farhadnejad ◽  
Parvin Mirmiran
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Total Body Weight ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Fats ◽  
Total Body

Recent evidence has highlighted that fat accumulation, particularly abdominal fat distribution, is strongly associated with metabolic disturbance. It is also well-recognized that the metabolic responses to variations in macronutrients intake can affect body composition. Previous studies suggest that the quality of dietary fats can be considered as the main determinant of body-fat deposition, fat distribution, and body composition without altering the total body weight; however, the effects of dietary fats on body composition have controversial results. There is substantial evidence to suggest that saturated fatty acids are more obesogen than unsaturated fatty acids, and with the exception of some isomers like conjugate linoleic acid, most dietary trans fatty acids are adiposity enhancers, but there is no consensus on it yet. On the other hand, there is little evidence to indicate that higher intake of the n-3 and the n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids can be beneficial in attenuating adiposity, and the effect of monounsaturated fatty acids on body composition is contradictory. Accordingly, the content of this review summarizes the current body of knowledge on the potential effects of the different types of dietary fatty acids on body composition and adiposity. It also refers to the putative mechanisms underlying this association and reflects on the controversy of this topic.

scholarly journals Palmitic acid promotes resistin-induced insulin resistance and inflammation in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamza Amine ◽  
Yacir Benomar ◽  
Mohammed Taouis
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Lipid Rafts ◽  
Acid Treatment ◽  
Protective Action ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Human Neuroblastoma ◽  
Peripheral Tissues

AbstractSaturated fatty acids such as palmitic acid promote inflammation and insulin resistance in peripheral tissues, contrasting with the protective action of polyunsaturated fatty acids such docosahexaenoic acid. Palmitic acid effects have been in part attributed to its potential action through Toll-like receptor 4. Beside, resistin, an adipokine, also promotes inflammation and insulin resistance via TLR4. In the brain, palmitic acid and resistin trigger neuroinflammation and insulin resistance, but their link at the neuronal level is unknown. Using human SH-SY5Yneuroblastoma cell line we show that palmitic acid treatment impaired insulin-dependent Akt and Erk phosphorylation whereas DHA preserved insulin action. Palmitic acid up-regulated TLR4 as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines IL6 and TNFα contrasting with DHA effect. Similarly to palmitic acid, resistin treatment induced the up-regulation of IL6 and TNFα as well as NFκB activation. Importantly, palmitic acid potentiated the resistin-dependent NFkB activation whereas DHA abolished it. The recruitment of TLR4 to membrane lipid rafts was increased by palmitic acid treatment; this is concomitant with the augmentation of resistin-induced TLR4/MYD88/TIRAP complex formation mandatory for TLR4 signaling. In conclusion, palmitic acid increased TLR4 expression promoting resistin signaling through TLR4 up-regulation and its recruitment to membrane lipid rafts.

Relationships between Serum Saturated Fatty Acids and Serum Total Cholesterol and HDL-Cholesterol in Humans

1994 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 240-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teruo Nagaya ◽  
Ken-Ichi Nakaya ◽  
Akemi Takahashi ◽  
Izumi Yoshida ◽  
Yoshinari Okamoto
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Cholesterol Metabolism ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Significant Relation ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Fa Composition

To investigate the effects of serum saturated fatty acids (FAs) on human cholesterol metabolism, total-cholesterol (T-C), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), T-C/HDL-C ratio, and FA composition [myristic acid (MA, 14:0), palmitic acid (PA, 16:0) and stearic acid (SA, 18:0)] were determined in serum from 115 men and 120 women (20–70 years old). MA, PA and SA were expressed as percentages of serum total FAs. Using multivariate analysis to account for the confounding effects of age, body mass index, drinking, and smoking it was found that SA was negatively correlated with T-C and T-C/HDL-C ratio in both men and women. In men MA was negatively correlated with HDL-C, and in women SA was positively correlated with HDL-C. Although PA was the major component of serum saturated FAs, PA had no significant relation to any cholesterol indices in either sex. These results suggest that serum MA may aggravate and serum SA may improve cholesterol metabolism, thereby influencing the risk for ischaemic heart disease.

Abstract MP014: Very Long Chain Saturated Fatty Acids and Diabetes Risk: Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies in the FORCE Consortium

Circulation ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 135 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Fretts ◽  
Fumiaki Imamura ◽  
Chaoyu Yu ◽  
Alexis C Frazier-Wood ◽  
Maria Lankinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Arachidic Acid ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Diabetes Risk ◽  
Incident Diabetes ◽  
Long Chain

Background: Circulating saturated fatty acids are biomarkers of diet and metabolism that may influence the pathogenesis of diabetes. Unlike palmitic acid (16:0), which has been extensively studied, little is known of the relationship of very long-chain saturated fatty acids (VLSFAs), with 20 carbons or more, to diabetes risk. Objective: To investigate the associations of circulating levels of VLSFA with incident diabetes. Methods: A meta-analysis was conducted within a consortium of prospective (cohort or nested case-control) studies having circulating measures of one or more VLSFAs, including arachidic acid (20:0), behenic acid (22:0) and lignoceric acid (24:0). Standardized analysis was conducted in each study using pre-specified models, exposures, outcomes, and covariates. Study-specific estimates were pooled using fixed effects meta-analysis. Results: Current findings were based on 9 participating studies, including 46,549 total participants and 13,750 incident diabetes. In multivariable-adjusted analyses, higher levels of all 3 VLSFAs were associated with lower risk of incident diabetes. Pooled RRs (95% CI) per interquintile range were 0.80 (0.71-0.90) for 20:0; 0.83 (0.76-0.91) for 22:0; and 0.70 (0.63-0.79) for 24:0, after adjustment for demographics, lifestyle factors and clinical conditions. Additional adjustments for circulating palmitic acid and triglyceride levels moved the RRs toward the null (illustrated for 24:0, in model 3 of the Figure ). Conclusions: Based on meta-analysis of results from several studies around the world, biomarker levels of VLSFA are associated with lower risk of incident diabetes, potentially mediated by effects on circulating triglycerides and 16:0.

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