scholarly journals Place, power and leadership: Insights from mayoral governance and leadership innovation in Bristol, UK

Leadership ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 174271502110281
Author(s):  
Robin Hambleton ◽  
David Sweeting ◽  
Thom Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Design ◽  
Local Governance ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Leadership Studies ◽  
Urban Leadership ◽  
Civic Leadership ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Individual

This article aims to enhance understanding of the role of place in urban leadership by examining the way leadership changed significantly following the introduction of mayoral governance into a UK city. In 2012, 10 cities in England held referendums to decide whether to introduce a directly elected mayor model of leadership. Bristol was the only city to vote in favour of this radical change, and the Bristol Civic Leadership Project, set up before the first mayor was elected in November 2012, was designed to discover what differences the directly elected mayor model might make to the leadership and governance of a city. This article addresses two important questions: (1) Does the institutional design of local governance in a place influence leadership effectiveness? (2) How, if at all, do the leadership styles of the individual elected as mayor affect the quality of place-based governance? The article identifies three main reasons why place is important in public policy – expression of identity, strengthening democracy and enhancing governmental effectiveness – and considers how the leadership innovations in Bristol engage with these three dimensions of place. As well as presenting evidence documenting how bold civic leadership has transformed the governance of a particular British city, the article contributes to leadership studies by exploring the relationships between place, power and leadership.

scholarly journals Extreme Colonizers and Rapid Profiteers: The Challenging World of Microorganisms That Attack Paper and Parchment

2021 ◽  
pp. 79-113
Author(s):  
Flavia Pinzari ◽  
Beata Gutarowska
Keyword(s):  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Massive Sequencing ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Life On Earth ◽  
Multicellular Organisms ◽  
Survival Mechanisms

AbstractMicroorganisms form the backbone of life on Earth. Over billions of years, they have colonized and shaped every possible niche on the planet. Microbes have modelled both the land and the sea, and have created favourable conditions for multicellular organisms to thrive in. Our understanding of how microbial diversity is distributed across natural environments and how microbes affect ecosystems is constantly evolving as public databases are set up and new techniques based on massive sequencing are developed. The microbiome found in a particular anthropogenic environment is generally much less complex than those found in natural ones: there is less competition and the main actors are often linked to survival mechanisms regulated by a few limiting factors. Despite this simplicity, it is very difficult to link cause and effect when seeking to identify the role of individual organisms. In the case of biodeterioration of paper and parchment, even when analysing the individual components of a simple phenomenon, it is not always easy to understand the mechanisms at play. Works of art are unique objects and the elements that determine the arrival and establishment of one or more microorganisms and the direction that the biodeterioration process takes are always different. In some cases, however, there are common denominators and predictable mechanisms. The variables that come into play are examined below.

Predictive Genetic Testing,Uncertainty, and Informed Consent

2009 ◽  
pp. 474-495
Author(s):  
Eduardo A. Rueda
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Testing ◽  
Informed Consent ◽  
Informed Consent Process ◽  
Predictive Genetic Testing ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Consent Process ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Individual

This chapter focuses on showing legitimate ways for coping with uncertainties within the informed consent process of predictive genetic testing. It begins by indicating how uncertainty should be theoretically understood. Then, it describes three dimensions of uncertainty with regard to both the role of genes in pathogenesis and the benefit to patients of undergoing predictive genetic testing. Subsequently, the ways by which institutions tame these uncertainties are explained. Since viewing genes as exceptional informational entities plays an important role in taming uncertainties, it explains why this conception should be abandoned. Then, it discusses how institutional taming of uncertainty becomes a source of paternalism. What is stressed is that in order to avoid paternalism and ensure transparency within the informed consent process, open-to-uncertainty mechanisms should be implemented before the public and the individual. How patients should deal with potential implications of testing for their relatives is also considered.

scholarly journals Place-based Leadership in a Global Era

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Hambleton
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Local Governance ◽  
Local Democracy ◽  
Engaged Scholarship ◽  
Leadership Model ◽  
Global Era ◽  
International Comparative ◽  
Civic Leadership

This article examines the major challenges now facing local governments across the world and advocates the development of a new focus on place-based leadership for local government scholarship and practice. The challenges facing local authorities are many, but they can be summarised in two words: globalisation and urbanisation. In response to these we have witnessed, in many countries, a shift from ‘local government’ to ‘local governance’. This shift is discussed, and it is suggested that new models of partnership working could, if handled in the wrong way, undermine local democracy. To combat this danger it is essential to give civic leadership far more attention – in the worlds of both academe and practice. A new way of conceptualising place-based leadership – one that identifies three ‘realms of civic leadership’ – is put forward. This model emphasises the role of civic leadership in shaping emotions and supporting public service innovation. To illustrate the argument an example of highly respected place-based leadership is presented. Freiburg, Germany is recognised as a very successful eco-city and the leadership model is used to help explain why. The article concludes with some reflections and pointers for research and policy. It is suggested that new forms of ‘engaged scholarship’ – approaches that bring together academics and practitioners to co-produce new knowledge about place-based leadership in an international, comparative perspective – should be encouraged.

scholarly journals National security systemand issues of intellectual property

2021 ◽  
pp. 39-47
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Zaikivskyi ◽  
Oleksandr Onistrat
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
National Security ◽  
Local Governance ◽  
Security System ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
National Interests ◽  
The Individual ◽  
National Security State

Keywords: national security system of Ukraine, subjects of the national securitysystem, threats to national security, intellectual property The system of national security of Ukraine is defined as the interactionof the individual, society, public authorities and local governance in the processof ensuring national security, taking into account the relationships between them andtheir environment. It is an open, dynamic, social system, the main purpose of which isto integrate efforts of the individuals, society and the state for the realization of nationalinterests, ensuring the integrity of the social organism and the ability of thestate to defend these interests.It is noted that the issue of intellectual property is an integral part of the nationalsecurity system of Ukraine, as they are present in all objects of the national securitysystem of Ukraine, and their non-compliance or violations pose a threat to these objects,including national interests in the defense sphere of Ukraine.Theoretical aspects of the national security system of Ukraine, components (elements)of this system and their relationship, the main tasks and functions of strategicsubjects of the national security system are considered. The influence of intellectualproperty on the system of threats to national security and defense capabilities ofUkraine is studied. The need to define the system of intellectual property protectionas a component of national security and defense of Ukraine and to take into accountintellectual property issues in the development of national security state policy, aswell as the importance of further research on the role of intellectual property in nationalsecurity and defense of Ukraine are defined.The structural scheme of the national security system of Ukraine is proposed. Itincludes the objects of national security; subjects of national security; threats to nationalsecurity.Insufficient attention is paid to the study of the role of intellectual property in thefield of national security, as well to the identification of threats to state security inthis area. Therefore, there is a growing need for theoretical research that would conceptuallydefine and substantiate the role of intellectual property in the field of nationalsecurity and defense.

scholarly journals Applying artificial precipitations to mitigate the melting of the Muz Taw Glacier, Sawir Mountains

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feiteng Wang ◽  
Xiaoying Yue ◽  
Lin Wang ◽  
Huilin Li ◽  
Zhencai Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Surface Albedo ◽  
Weather Station ◽  
Air Mass ◽  
Individual Experiment ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Solid Form

Abstract. The Glaciers in the Sawir Mountains, Altai area, are characterized by higher latitudes and lower elevations. Influenced by the westerly circulation and the polar air mass, the precipitation is abundant and evenly distributed over the year in this area. However, a continuing and accelerating mass loss of glaciers has been in presence since 1959. To study the role of precipitation in mitigating the glacier’s melting, we carried out two artificial-precipitation experiments on the Muz Taw Glacier of the Sawir Mountains on 19 and 22 August 2018, respectively. We measured the albedo and MB at different sites along the glacier before and after the individual experiment. According to the records of the automatic weather station (AWS) set up at the equilibrium line (EL, 3400 m), the amount of precipitation was 6.2 mm and 12.4 mm water equivalent in solid form by the two experiments, respectively. Due to the artificial solid precipitations, the glacier’s surface albedo significantly increased in the mid-upper area, and the amounts of the mass loss decreased by 17 %. We also propose a possible mechanism describing the role of precipitation in mitigating the melting of the glacier.

scholarly journals Koncepcja tożsamości konstytucyjnej: wymiar indywidualny, relatywny oraz zbiorowy

2017 ◽  
Vol 107 ◽  
pp. 335-357
Author(s):  
Anna Śledzińska-Simon
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Self Perception ◽  
Constitutional Order ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Self ◽  
Constitutional Identity

THE CONCEPT OF CONSTITUTIONAL IDENTITY: INDIVIDUAL, RELATIVE AND COLLECTIVE DIMENSIONThis article begins with the supposition that constitutional identity is an attractive legal notion that has been used to legitimize the power of courts in cases that usually arose as a result of the conflict of norms stemming from various legal orders. Whenever judges use constitutional identity rhetoric to justify their decisions, they assume to know the contents of constitutional identity. Ultimately, they do not play the role of the “guardians of the Constitution”, but the “guardians of identity”, and aim to gain, maintain or extend their powers, in particular their authority of the “last word” in the judicial dialogue. The article argues that each constitutional order requires identification of the constitutional subject for its legitimization. It claims, however, that identity of a constitutional subject may develop simultaneously in three dimensions as an individual, relational and collective selves, which remain in constant interaction. While the individual self denotes a particularistic self-perception, the relational and collective selves indicate that identity can mean not only difference, but also sameness or close proximity.

scholarly journals Governing the Outer Islands: Decentralisation in Kiribati and Tuvalu

2009 ◽  
pp. 120-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phil Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Local Governance ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Domestic Policy ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Outer Island ◽  
Specific Project ◽  
Country Specific

For over a decade the governments of Kiribati and Tuvalu have adopted decentralisation policies to strengthen the role of local-level authorities in development. This can be seen as a response to both domestic policy drivers and global trends. However, while Kiribati and Tuvalu share a common past and many of the same development issues, the decentralisation process has taken distinct paths in the two countries. This paper takes stock of the Kiribati and Tuvalu experience, drawing on research, country-specific project evaluations and practitioner perspectives. It focuses on local governance at the outer island level and examines three dimensions of the decentralisation process: policy drivers; central-local relations; and integration of traditional and modern institutions of governance.

scholarly journals Informative saturation of ego documents as a historical source

2020 ◽  
pp. 9-12
Author(s):  
П.С. Бондаренко
Keyword(s):  
Radical Change ◽  
Historical Source ◽  
Source Studies ◽  
Specific Source ◽  
New Type ◽  
Inner World ◽  
Detention Camps ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Main Protagonist

The paper attempts to determine the place and role of ego - documents in historical source studies. Specific source material (memoirs of Akmolin detainees' detention camps for the wives of traitors to the Motherland) describes the features of this type of documents in historical, psychological, linguistic aspects. It is proposed to determine the following by the results of intelligence: first, ego - documents are described as part of a group of sources known in the scientific classification as sources of personal origin; second, the use of ego documents, according to the author, will enhance anthropocentric approaches to the study of particular topics and problems, especially those associated with periods of radical change in society, which have had mostly tragic consequences for individuals and families. These are the events of the 1930s, the Great Terror; thirdly, the reference to ego exclusively - the documents artificially narrows the original base of the study, and therefore offers a comprehensive approach to its definition in order to create an objective and multi-vector picture of our past. For the researcher, the emergence of a new type of documentary base raises several questions: first, whether the term "ego - document" is not simply a modern synonym for an already established type of documents that we classify as documents of personal origin; secondly, what is the peculiarity of this type of documents, and, finally, thirdly, what information load the said documents carry. We will try to answer these questions in this paper, because that is exactly how we have defined its purpose. In domestic historiography, interest in "ego - documents" has become particularly noticeable with the intensification of oral history research, which aims at "knowing and understanding the individual experience of man as the main protagonist of history", even if the term is rarely used by researchers. It is these peculiarities that determine the significance of these documents for the researcher, because they make it possible to grasp the whole tragedy of the situation at that time, to understand the inner world of ordinary people, to define the true and not demonstrably propaganda features of the "Soviet man".

A marker induction mechanism for the establishment of ordered neural mappings: its application to the retinotectal problem

1979 ◽  
Vol 287 (1021) ◽  
pp. 203-243 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Correct Orientation ◽  
Abnormal Distribution ◽  
Induction Mechanism ◽  
Synaptic Interactions ◽  
Orientation Mechanism ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Acting In Concert ◽  
Inductive Mechanism

This paper examines the idea that ordered patterns of nerve connections are set up by means of markers carried by the individual cells. The case of the ordered retinotectal projection in amphibia and fishes is discussed in great detail. It is suggested that retinotectal mappings are the result of two mechanisms acting in concert. One mechanism induces a set of retinal markers into the tectum. By this means, an initially haphazard pattern of synapses is transformed into a continuous or piece-wise continuous projection. The other mechanism places the individual pieces of the map in the correct orientation. The machinery necessary for this inductive scheme has been expressed in terms of a set of differential equations, which have been solved numerically for a number of cases. Straightforward assumptions are made as to how markers are distributed in the retina; how they are induced into the tectum; and how the induced markers bring about alterations in the pattern of synaptic contacts. A detailed physiological interpretation of the model is given. The inductive mechanism has been formulated at the level of the individual synaptic interactions. Therefore, it is possible to specify, in a given situation, not only the nature of the end state of the mapping but also how the mapping develops over time. The role of the modes of growth of retina and tectum in shaping the developing projection becomes clear. Since, on this model, the tectum is initially devoid of markers, there is an important difference between the development and the regeneration of ordered mappings. In the development of duplicate maps from various types of compound-eyes, it is suggested that the tectum, rather than the retina, contains an abnormal distribution of markers. An important parameter in these experiments, and also in the regeneration experiments where part-duplication has been found, is the range of interaction amongst the retinal cells. It is suggested that the results of many of the regeneration experiments (including apparently contradictory ones) are manifestations of a conflict between the two alternative ways of specifying the orientation of the map: through the information carried by the markers previously induced into the tectum and through the orientation mechanism itself.

School Success and School Engagement of Immigrant Children and Adolescents

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frosso Motti-Stefanidi ◽  
Ann S. Masten
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Academic Success ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
School Engagement ◽  
School Success ◽  
Immigrant Children ◽  
Integrative Model ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
The Individual

Academic achievement in immigrant children and adolescents is an indicator of current and future adaptive success. Since the future of immigrant youths is inextricably linked to that of the receiving society, the success of their trajectory through school becomes a high stakes issue both for the individual and society. The present article focuses on school success in immigrant children and adolescents, and the role of school engagement in accounting for individual and group differences in academic achievement from the perspective of a multilevel integrative model of immigrant youths’ adaptation ( Motti-Stefanidi, Berry, Chryssochoou, Sam, & Phinney, 2012 ). Drawing on this conceptual framework, school success is examined in developmental and acculturative context, taking into account multiple levels of analysis. Findings suggest that for both immigrant and nonimmigrant youths the relationship between school engagement and school success is bidirectional, each influencing over time the other. Evidence regarding potential moderating and mediating roles of school engagement for the academic success of immigrant youths also is evaluated.

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