Systematics Evaluations of Morphological Traits, Chemical Composition, and Antimicrobial Properties of Selected Varieties of Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton

Elettaria cardamomum is cultivated in the Southern part of India showed great extinct of differences in their morphotypes and chemical compositions. In the present study, we have selected three varieties of Elettaria cardamomum “Valley Green, Palakuzhi, and ICRI”, to analyze the morphological perturbations, chemical compositions, and antimicrobial activities. The differences in the morphological character of cardamom varieties (Valley Green, Palakuzhi, and ICRI) were carried out on the basis of panicles, capsules shape, plant height, tiller, and seeds per capsule. The GC-MS analysis of the essential oils resulted in the identification of 27, 29, 30 compounds representing over 97.4%, 95.2%, and 98.8% of the Valley Green (VG), Palakuzhi (PAL), and ICRI fruit oils respectively. Monoterpene, α-terpinyl acetate varied from 35.4 to 47.5%, a major constituent while 1,8-cineole (22.8% to 27.4%) observed the second major compounds revealed in oils of these cultivars. Further, the antimicrobial activities of each essential oils were performed against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger. The maximum inhibition percentage against the microbes was observed in Valley Green essential oil as compared to oils of other varieties.

Download Full-text

Comparison of Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Nigella sativa Seed Essential Oils Obtained by Different Extraction Methods

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-71.12.2475 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 71 (12) ◽

pp. 2475-2480 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

L. KOKOSKA ◽

J. HAVLIK ◽

I. VALTEROVA ◽

H. SOVOVA ◽

M. SAJFRTOVA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gas Chromatography ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Steam Distillation ◽

Nigella Sativa ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Major Constituent ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Broth Microdilution Method

Nigella sativa L. seed essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation (HD), dry steam distillation (SD), steam distillation of crude oils obtained by solvent extraction (SE-SD), and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE-SD) were tested for their antibacterial activities, using the broth microdilution method and subsequently analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The results showed that the essential oils tested differed markedly in their chemical compositions and antimicrobial activities. The oils obtained by HD and SD were dominated by p-cymene, whereas the major constituent identified in both volatile fractions obtained by SD of extracted oils was thymoquinone (ranging between 0.36 and 0.38 g/ml, whereas in oils obtained by HD and SD, it constituted only 0.03 and 0.05 g/ml, respectively). Both oils distilled directly from seeds showed lower antimicrobial activity (MICs ≥ 256 and 32 μg/ml for HD and SD, respectively) than those obtained by SE-SD and SFE-SD (MICs ≥ 4 μg/ml). All oil samples were significantly more active against gram-positive than against gram-negative bacteria. Thymoquinone exhibited potent growth-inhibiting activity against gram-positive bacteria, with MICs ranging from 8 to 64 μg/ml.

Download Full-text

Combining Essential Oils of Piper betle and Myristica fragrans for Enhanced Antimicrobial Properties

Borneo Journal of Resource Science and Technology ◽

10.33736/bjrst.254.2013 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 35-42

Author(s):

Siong Fong Sim ◽

Fazia Mohd Sinang ◽

Diana Kertini ◽

Felecia Collick ◽

Mellisa Edwand Dankan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Synergistic Effect ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Aspergillus Flavus ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Piper Betle ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Volatile Oils ◽

Improved Performance

This paper reports the chemical compositions and antimicrobial activity of essential oils extracted fromMyristica fragrans and Piper betle in individual and combined fractions. Enhanced antimicrobial activity isanticipated when the volatile oils are combined as compounds present in different extracts could complementeach other resulting in synergistic effect offering a broader spectrum of microbial resistance. The GC-MSanalysis indicates that chemical compositions of M. fragrans and P. betle vary with M. fragrans containingmore early-eluting compounds. The combined extract is characterised by compounds present in both extracts,some appear to co-elute in the mixture. The antimicrobial activity of the single and combined extracts againstStaphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Aspergillus flavus were evaluated. P. betle demonstrates strongerantimicrobial activity than M. fragrans; the combined extract exhibit improved performance especially on A.flavus.

Download Full-text

Essential Oils and Supercritical CO2 Extracts of Arctic Angelica (Angelica archangelica L.), Marsh Labrador Tea (Rhododendron tomentosum) and Common Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare)—Chemical Compositions and Antimicrobial Activities

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26237121 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (23) ◽

pp. 7121

Author(s):

Risto I. Korpinen ◽

Anna-Liisa Välimaa ◽

Jaana Liimatainen ◽

Susan Kunnas

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Extraction Methods ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Tanacetum Vulgare ◽

Ledum Palustre ◽

Angelica Archangelica ◽

Labrador Tea ◽

Rhododendron Tomentosum

Traditionally, arctic Finnish Angelica (Angelica archangelica L.), marsh Labrador tea (Rhododendron tomentosum, syn. Ledum palustre) and common tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) have been used as medicinal herbs in folklore medicine. However, these underutilised plants are a source of, e.g., oil-based compounds, which could benefit many modern applications implemented by the green chemistry extraction methods, as well. We extracted Angelica, marsh Labrador tea and common tansy by non-toxic and recyclable extraction methods, i.e., hydrodistillation and supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) extraction; characterised the essential oils (EOs) and scCO2 extracts by combination of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and in addition, analysed the antimicrobial properties. As expected for Angelica root and common tansy inflorescence, the scCO2 extraction method produced less amount of volatile compounds compared to hydrodistillation. On the other hand, more coumarins, alkanes, fatty alcohols and fatty acids were obtained. Additionally, sesquiterpenoids palustrol and ledol were predominant compounds in both marsh Labrador tea EO and scCO2 extract. According to our results, however, all the EOs and scCO2 extracts showed broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities against the selected microbes, but the effects were extract-specific. The strongest and broadest antimicrobial activities were performed by marsh Labrador tea scCO2 extract, which showed extremely strong effect on Staphylococcusaureus subsp. aureus and strong effect on Candida albicans.

Download Full-text

Composition and Antimicrobial Properties of Sardinian Juniperus Essential Oils against Foodborne Pathogens and Spoilage Microorganisms

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-66.7.1288 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 66 (7) ◽

pp. 1288-1291 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

SOFIA COSENTINO ◽

ANDREA BARRA ◽

BARBARA PISANO ◽

MADDALENA CABIZZA ◽

FILIPPO MARIA PIRISI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Foodborne Pathogens ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Aflatoxin Contamination ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Microdilution Method ◽

Ms Analysis ◽

Broth Microdilution Method

In this work, the chemical compositions and antimicrobial properties of Juniperus essential oils and of their main components were determined. Five berry essential oils obtained from different species of Juniperus growing wild in Sardinia were analyzed. The components of the essential oils were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The antimicrobial activities of the oils and their components against food spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms were determined by a broth microdilution method. The GC-MS analysis showed a certain variability in the concentrations of the main constituents of the oils. α-Pinene was largely predominant in the oils of the species J. phoenicea subsp. turbinata and J. oxycedrus. α-Pinene and myrcene constituted the bulk (67.56%) of the essential oil of J. communis. Significant quantitative differences were observed for myrcene, δ-3-carene, and d-germacrene. The results of the antimicrobial assay show that the oils of J. communis and J. oxycedrus failed to inhibit any of the microorganisms at the highest concentrations tested (MLC ≥ 900 μg/ml), while the oils extracted from J. turbinata specimens were active against fungi, particularly against a strain of Aspergillus flavus (an aflatoxin B1 producer). Of the single compounds tested, δ-3-carene was found to possess the broadest spectrum of activity and appeared to contribute significantly to the antifungal activity observed for J. turbinata oils. This activity may be helpful in the prevention of aflatoxin contamination for many foods.

Download Full-text

Antifungal Activity and Composition of Essential Oils ofConyza canadensisHerbs and Roots

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1100/2012/489646 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Katalin Veres ◽

Boglárka Csupor-Löffler ◽

Andrea Lázár ◽

Judit Hohmann

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Major Constituent ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Strong Activity ◽

Fungal Strains ◽

Aerial Parts ◽

Agar Disc ◽

Main Component

Essential oils from herbs and roots ofConyza canadensis(horseweed), collected in Hungary, were obtained by hydrodistillation. The chemical compositions of the oils were analysed by combination of GC and GC/MS. The major constituent of the oil obtained from the aerial parts of horseweed was limonene (78%), while the main component of root oil was 2Z,8Z-matricaria ester. The antimicrobial activities of the oils were tested on Gram-positive (Enterococcus faecalis,Staphylococcus aureus, andStreptococcus pyogenes), Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria, reference fungal strains, and fungal strains isolated from patients (Candida,Cryptococcus,Trichophyton,Rhodotorula, andAspergillus) by agar disc diffusion and broth dilution methods. None of the oils showed any activity against the tested bacterial strains, but exhibited moderate-to-strong activity against all fungi with the only exception ofA. fumigatus. The highest zone of inhibition was observed in case ofCryptococcus neoformansandTrichophyton interdigitalis

Download Full-text

Antimicrobial Activities in Pistacia atlantica—Aphids Make a Difference!

Proceedings ◽

10.3390/proceedings2020066009 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 66 (1) ◽

pp. 9

Author(s):

Yoram Gerchman

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Organic Solvents ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Disk Diffusion ◽

Pistacia Atlantica ◽

Disk Diffusion Assay ◽

Bacteria And Fungi ◽

Diffusion Assay

Plants have been explored and used as sources for antimicrobial extract and compounds for many years, but galls—specialized structures forms on such by diversity of organisms—have been explored much less. Aphid galls host many insects in closed, humid and sugar rich environments for long periods. We have tested the antimicrobial properties of Slavum wertheimae aphid galls on Pistacia atlantica. Secondary metabolites were extracted from leaves and galls with organic solvents, and essential oils with Clevenger, and tested by disk diffusion assay and volatile effect on bacteria and fungi, respectively. The results demonstrated that gall extracts/essential oils had much stronger activity against the diversity of bacteria and fungi. The large diversity of galls suggest they could be explored as source for novel compounds.

Download Full-text

Antimicrobial activities of laboratory produced essential oil solutions against five selected fungal strains

Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke ◽

10.2298/zmspn1324171i ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 171-183 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Emilija Ivanova ◽

Natalija Atanasova-Pancevska ◽

Dzoko Kungulovski

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Microtiter Plate ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Food Preservation ◽

Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations ◽

Fungal Strains ◽

Treat Ment ◽

Penicillium Spp

It is well known that essential oils possess significant antimicrobial activity. This study was conducted to estimate the antimicrobial activity of various types of Biokill, a laboratory produced solution composed of several essential oils (Biokill dissolved in 96% ethanol; Biokill 96% further dissolved in DMSO; Biokill dissolved in 70% ethanol and Biokill 70% further dissolved in DMSO). The antimicrobial activity was evaluated against five selected fungal strains, Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 9763, Aspergillus niger I.N. 1110, Aspergillus sojae CCF and Penicillium spp. FNS FCC 266. A variation of the microtiter plate-based antimicrobial assay was used in order to assess the antimicrobial activity of the solutions. By applying this assay minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the Biokill solutions were determined for each strain of the selected test microorganisms. The results demonstrated that all variations of Biokill showed antimicrobial activity at concentrations lower than 2.5?g/mL. Biokill 70% further dissolved in DMSO showed the best antimicrobial properties against all the selected strains with MICs less than 1.25?g/mL. These results indicated that Biokill could find application in the pharmaceutical industry, in food preservation and conservation, in the prevention and treat?ment of plants infected by certain phytopathogens, etc.

Download Full-text

Essential Oils from Indigenous Iranian Plants: A Natural Weapon vs. Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms10010109 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 109

Author(s):

Mohammadreza Pajohi Alamoti ◽

Behnaz Bazargani-Gilani ◽

Razzagh Mahmoudi ◽

Anna Reale ◽

Babak Pakbin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Zataria Multiflora ◽

Cuminum Cyminum ◽

Plant Essential Oils ◽

E Coli ◽

Mentha Longifolia

Aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial properties of herbal plant essential oils (EOs) from selected Iranian plant species such as Ferulago angulata, Zataria multiflora, Cuminum cyminum, and Mentha longifolia against antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains. For this purpose, the Escherichia coli strains, isolated from raw cow’s milk and local dairy products (yogurt, cream, whey, cheese, and confectionery products) collected from different areas of Hamedan province, Iran, were investigated for their resistance to antibiotics (i.e., streptomycin, tetracycline, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, and cefixime). Thus, the E. coli strains were tested for their susceptibility to the above-mentioned essential oils. Regarding antibiotics, the E. coli strains were highly sensitive to ciprofloxacin. In relation to essential oils, the most effective antibacterial activity was observed with Zataria multiflora; also, the bacteria were semi-sensitive to Cuminum cyminum and Mentha longifolia essential oils. All strains were resistant to Ferulago angulata essential oil. According to the results, the essential oil of Zataria multiflora can be considered as a practical and alternative antibacterial strategy to inhibit the growth of multidrug-resistant E. coli of dairy origin.

Download Full-text

Critical Concentration of Lecithin Enhances the Antimicrobial Activity of Eugenol against Escherichia coli

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.03467-16 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 83 (8) ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Haoshu Zhang ◽

Edward G. Dudley ◽

P. Michael Davidson ◽

Federico Harte

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Food Systems ◽

Critical Concentration ◽

Physical Stability ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Content Type ◽

Antimicrobial Effects ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Stability

ABSTRACT Lecithin is a natural emulsifier used in a wide range of food and nonfood applications to improve physical stability, with no known bioactive effects. In this study, the effect of lecithin on the antimicrobial performance of a constant eugenol concentration was tested against three Escherichia coli strains (C600, 0.1229, and O157:H7 strain ATCC 700728). This is the first study, to our knowledge, focusing on lecithin at concentrations below those commonly used in foods to improve the stability of oil in water emulsions (≤10 mg/100 ml). For all three cultures, significant synergistic antimicrobial effects were observed when E. coli cultures were exposed to a constant eugenol concentration (ranging from 0.043 to 0.050% [wt/wt]) together with critical lecithin concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 1 mg/100 ml. Increasing the concentration of lecithin above 1 mg/100 ml (up to 10 mg/100 ml lecithin) diminished the antibacterial effect to values similar to those with eugenol-only treatments. The formation of aggregates (<100 nm) at the critical lecithin concentration was observed using cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), together with a reduction in light absorbance at 284 nm. At critically low concentrations of lecithin, the formation of nanoscale aggregates is responsible for improving eugenol antimicrobial effects. IMPORTANCE Essential oils (EOs) are effective natural antimicrobials. However, their hydrophobicity and strong aromatic character limit the use of essential oils in food systems. Emulsifiers (e.g., lecithin) increase the stability of EOs in water-based systems but fail to consistently improve antimicrobial effects. We demonstrate that lecithin, within a narrow critical concentration window, can enhance the antimicrobial properties of eugenol. This study highlights the potential bioactivity of lecithin when utilized to effectively control foodborne pathogens.

Download Full-text