Funding Democracy: Public Media and Democratic Health in 33 Countries

2021 ◽  
pp. 194016122110602
Author(s):  
Timothy Neff ◽  
Victor Pickard
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Models ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Economic Data ◽  
Funding Model ◽  
Public Media ◽  
National Economic ◽  
Regulatory Data ◽  
Large Audience ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Media Systems

This study examines whether and how public media systems contribute to the health of democracies in 33 countries in Europe, Africa, Asia, North America, the Middle East, Latin America, and South America. We gather national economic data and public media funding levels, audience shares, and regulatory data, primarily for 2018 and 2019 but in some cases earlier, due to lack of available data. We then assess correlations with strength of democracy indices and extend Hallin and Mancini's typology of North American and European media systems through hierarchical cluster analysis of these 33 countries. We find five models of public media systems around the world, ranging from “state-administered” systems with low levels of independence (Botswana and Tunisia) to systems aligning with Hallin and Mancini's “Democratic Corporatist” model, with strong and secure (multiyear) funding, large audience shares, and strong regulatory protection for their independence. In between, we identify three mixed models: a “Liberal-Pluralist” model, a “Direct Funding” model, and a “Commercial–Public” model. Correlations and cluster analyses show that high levels of secure funding for public media systems and strong structural protections for the political and economic independence of those systems are consistently and positively correlated with healthy democracies.

scholarly journals Differences and overlaps between Phd studies in diagnostic microbiology in industrial and academic settings

2019 ◽  
Vol 209 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-223
Author(s):  
Alex van Belkum ◽  
Andreu Coello Pelegrin ◽  
Rucha Datar ◽  
Manisha Goyal ◽  
Mattia Palmieri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Models ◽  
Open Innovation ◽  
Academic Needs ◽  
Scientific Rigor ◽  
Funding Model ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Industrial Setting ◽  
Academic Settings ◽  
Fundamental Research ◽  
Diagnostic Microbiology

AbstractIndustrial and academic needs for innovation and fundamental research are essential and not widely different. Depending on the industrial setting, research and development (R&D) activities may be more focused on the developmental aspects given the need to ultimately sell useful products. However, one of the biggest differences between academic and industrial R&D will usually be the funding model applied and the priority setting between innovative research and product development. Generalizing, companies usually opt for development using customer- and consumer-derived funds whereas university research is driven by open innovation, mostly funded by taxpayer’s money. Obviously, both approaches require scientific rigor and quality, dedication and perseverance and obtaining a PhD degree can be achieved in both settings. The formal differences between the two settings need to be realized and students should make an educated choice prior to the start of PhD-level research activities. Intrinsic differences in scientific approaches between the two categories of employers are not often discussed in great detail. We will here document our experience in this field and provide insights into the need for purely fundamental research, industrial R&D and current mixed models at the level of European funding of research. The field of diagnostics in clinical bacteriology and infectious diseases will serve as a source of reference.

scholarly journals Persepsi Masyarakat Terhadap Pelayanan Pembayaran Pajak Kendaraan Bermotor

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 186-193
Author(s):  
Ardiyansah ◽  
Munawaroh
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Community Satisfaction ◽  
Regional Autonomy ◽  
Interpretation Criteria ◽  
National Economic ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The City ◽  
People’S Perceptions

The amount of service discrimination, lack of service certainty and low levels of community satisfaction are important issues that need to be addressed in the delivery of public services after the enactment of the Regional Autonomy policy. Payment of motor vehicle tax that is imaged as a convoluted service, has a very complicated procedure and there is no certainty about the time and openness of the required service costs. As a result of this all makes economic growth and investment in the regions become hampered which also affects national economic growth. This article aims to provide an overview of people's perceptions of motor vehicle tax services in the city of Cilegon. This study uses a quantitative approach with a sample size of 96 respondents who are taxpayers in the city of Cilegon. Based on the calculation of the average interpretation analysis, the results obtained 3.12 included in the interpretation criteria are quite good. But there are some improvements including the language used in serving the community, the completeness of the means of supporting payment services and the use of information technology to support motor vehicle tax services. Keywords: Public perception, Motorized Vehicle Tax, and Samsat Cilegon City.

Social phobia subtypes in the general population revealed by cluster analysis

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1335-1344 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. FURMARK ◽  
M. TILLFORS ◽  
H. STATTIN ◽  
L. EKSELIUS ◽  
M. FREDRIKSON
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
General Population ◽  
Social Phobia ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Interaction Anxiety ◽  
Social Interaction Anxiety Scale ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Interaction Anxiety

Background. Epidemiological data on subtypes of social phobia are scarce and their defining features are debated. Hence, the present study explored the prevalence and descriptive characteristics of empirically derived social phobia subgroups in the general population.Methods. To reveal subtypes, data on social distress, functional impairment, number of social fears and criteria fulfilled for avoidant personality disorder were extracted from a previously published epidemiological study of 188 social phobics and entered into an hierarchical cluster analysis. Criterion validity was evaluated by comparing clusters on the Social Phobia Scale (SPS) and the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS). Finally, profile analyses were performed in which clusters were compared on a set of sociodemographic and descriptive characteristics.Results. Three clusters emerged, consisting of phobics scoring either high (generalized subtype), intermediate (non-generalized subtype) or low (discrete subtype) on all variables. Point prevalence rates were 2·0%, 5·9% and 7·7% respectively. All subtypes were distinguished on both SPS and SIAS. Generalized or severe social phobia tended to be over-represented among individuals with low levels of educational attainment and social support. Overall, public-speaking was the most common fear.Conclusions. Although categorical distinctions may be used, the present data suggest that social phobia subtypes in the general population mainly differ dimensionally along a mild–moderate–severe continuum, and that the number of cases declines with increasing severity.

National Economic Statistics

1951 ◽  
Vol 10 (02) ◽  
pp. 86-118
Author(s):  
H. C. Cottrell
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Economic Data ◽  
Economic Statistics ◽  
National Economic ◽  
Economic State ◽  
Selection Of

Actuaries are closely interested in the economic state of the nation, both as ‘scientific financiers’ and as citizens of a democracy, but this interest involves them in a dilemma: although it is possible to obtain only a hazy picture of the whole, even by devoting all of one's time to the study of economic affairs, yet for the majority this subject can be only a sideline. Each actuary must therefore make his own decisions, first as to how much time he can spare, and second as to which aspects of the nation's economy he might most profitably study. These two decisions will depend on the particular actuary's interests and employment, and on the state of the nation's economy at the time.This paper discusses one selection of economic data, comprehensive enough to give a reliable impression of the nation's economy, yet short enough to permit frequent examination.

Economic Shocks and Democratic Vulnerabilities in Latin America and the Caribbean

2010 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abby Córdova ◽  
Mitchell A. Seligson
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Economic Data ◽  
Historical Evidence ◽  
Country Level ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Individual

AbstractHistorical evidence suggests that bad economic times often mean bad times for democracy, but prior research has given us little guidance on how this process may work. What economic conditions are most threatening, and how might they weaken consolidating democracies? This article uses the AmericasBarometer conducted by the Latin American Public Opinion Project (LAPOP) to answer these questions by focusing on core attitudes for the consolidation of democracy. We use survey data at the level of the individual and economic data at the country level to help detect democratic vulnerabilities in Latin America and the Caribbean. The study finds that conditions of low levels of economic development, low economic growth, and high levels of income inequality increase those vulnerabilities substantially, but the effects are not uniform across individuals. Some groups, especially the young and the poor, are particularly vulnerable to some antidemocratic appeals.

scholarly journals Efficiency Analysis of the Progress of Orange Farms in Tuyen Quang Province, Vietnam towards Sustainable Development

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 3170
Author(s):  
Thu Trang Tran Nguyen ◽  
Hai Ha Le ◽  
Thi Minh Hop Ho ◽  
Thomas Dogot ◽  
Philippe Burny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Economic Management ◽  
Extensive Experience ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Study Results ◽  
National Economic ◽  
Crucial Information ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Growing Economy

Nowadays, Vietnam is known as a developing country with a fast-growing economy. Agriculture is the main traditional sector which plays an important role in Vietnamese economic growth and development. Improving the efficiency of agricultural production towards sustainable development is one of the country’s national economic development goals. This study aims to measure the efficiency of the orange farms which have created jobs and improved living standards for people in Tuyen Quang province, Vietnam. A comprehensive literature review, key informant interviews, and a structured questionnaire were applied in this research for data collection. The data envelopment analysis (DEA) model was applied to evaluate the technical, allocative, cost, and scale efficiencies. The main results of this analysis show that the orange farms have high scores for technical and scale efficiencies. On the other hand, the research reveals low levels of cost and allocative efficiencies. This is in line with the fact that though the farms’ owners have extensive experience in orange cultivation and receive periodic technical training, they still have low levels of education and a lack of economic management expertise. The study results also propose optimal input allocation for the orange farmers. The research could provide crucial information to farms’ owners, the local government, and agricultural planners for formulating effective strategies to improve agricultural sustainability.

scholarly journals Essential metals and phenolic acids in commercial herbs and spices. Multivariate analysis of correlations among them

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Arceusz ◽  
Marek Wesolowski
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Phenolic Acids ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Essential Metals ◽  
Lemon Balm ◽  
Sodium Magnesium ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Herbs And Spices

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to show relationships among the levels of essential metals (zinc, iron, sodium, magnesium, calcium and potassium) and phenolic acids (caffeic, chlorogenic, ferulic, gallic, rosmarinic and syringic) in commercial herbs (lemon balm, thyme, rosemary, mint, sage and angelica) and spices (caraway, lovage, hyssop and oregano). In the herbs higher quantities of metals and phenolic compounds were found than in spices. All plants contained high levels of calcium, potassium and rosmarinic acid, but low levels of zinc and gallic acid. By using principal component and hierarchical cluster analyses several clusters were identified grouping samples originating from a plant of a particular botanical species. Multivariate analysis has also shown that the contents of phenolic acids had a stronger impact on the scattering of herbs and spices than the metals levels. Furthermore, statistically significant correlations were found between calcium and ferulic, gallic, rosmarinic and syringic acids as well as between zinc and sodium and caffeic acid. This suggests co-operate between these biologically active constituents in metabolic processes occurring in plants.

scholarly journals Low Childhood Nature Exposure is Associated with Worse Mental Health in Adulthood

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 1809 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myriam Preuß ◽  
Mark Nieuwenhuijsen ◽  
Sandra Marquez ◽  
Marta Cirach ◽  
Payam Dadvand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mixed Models ◽  
Well Being ◽  
European Cities ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Outdoor Environments ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mental Well Being

Exposure to natural outdoor environments (NOE) is associated with health benefits; however, evidence on the impact of NOE exposure during childhood on mental health (MH) and vitality in adulthood is scarce. This study was based on questionnaire data collected from 3585 participants, aged 18–75, in the PHENOTYPE project (2013) in four European cities. Mixed models were used to investigate associations between childhood NOE exposure and (i) MH; (ii) vitality (perceived level of energy and fatigue); and (iii) potential mediation by perceived amount, use, satisfaction, importance of NOE, and residential surrounding greenness, using pooled and city-level data. Adults with low levels of childhood NOE exposure had, when compared to adults with high levels of childhood NOE exposure, significantly worse mental health (coef. −4.13; 95% CI −5.52, −2.74). Childhood NOE exposure was not associated with vitality. Low levels of childhood NOE exposure were associated with lower importance of NOE (OR 0.81; 95% CI 0.66, 0.98) in adulthood. The association with perceived amount of NOE differed between cities. We found no evidence for mediation. Childhood NOE exposure might be associated with mental well-being in adulthood. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings and to identify mechanisms underlying long-term benefits of childhood NOE exposure.

scholarly journals Sustainability Viewed from Farmers’ Perspectives in a Resource-Constrained Environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (20) ◽  
pp. 8671
Author(s):  
Mariem Baccar ◽  
Ahmed Bouaziz ◽  
Patrick Dugué ◽  
Mohamed Gafsi ◽  
Pierre-Yves Le Gal
Keyword(s):  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Production Model ◽  
Economic Sustainability ◽  
Agricultural Activities ◽  
Economic Opportunities ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Multiple Component ◽  
Low Levels

The way farmers perceive the concept of sustainability as applied to their own farms must be better understood in order to help them evolve towards more sustainable production systems. Based on extensive discussions with 36 farmers on the Saïs plain (Morocco), this article explores farmers’ perceptions of sustainability and the strategies they are implementing for their farms to endure. Although these farmers are not formally aware of the concept of sustainability, they have several perceptions expressed through seven sustainability-related themes. The most frequently mentioned is the profitability of their agricultural activities (31% of responses). Three groups of perception were identified through a multiple component analysis (MCA) and an ascending hierarchical cluster (AHC) analysis: A combination of economic profitability and maintenance of the farm’s natural resources (Environment); a combination of economic profitability and a capacity to seize opportunities (Profitability); and setting up a modern agricultural model (Modernism). Additionally, farmers implement three types of strategies to endure also identified through MCA and AHC analysis: (1) Income security and farm survival with low-intensity practices involving farmers with low levels of investment (Security); (2) adaptation and valorization of the flexibility of the farm, bringing together farmers who intensify their practices according to economic opportunities (Adaptation); and (3) quest for productivity and income maximization for farmers with high levels of capital (Entrepreneurship). A certain coherence emerges between these two ways of grouping farms: Environment and Security linked to threats related to the degradation of soil fertility or water scarcity; Profitability and Adaptation in relation to land and economic opportunities; and Modernism and Entrepreneurship, which links economic sustainability, a modern production model, and capital accumulation.

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