scholarly journals Sustainability Viewed from Farmers’ Perspectives in a Resource-Constrained Environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (20) ◽  
pp. 8671
Author(s):  
Mariem Baccar ◽  
Ahmed Bouaziz ◽  
Patrick Dugué ◽  
Mohamed Gafsi ◽  
Pierre-Yves Le Gal

The way farmers perceive the concept of sustainability as applied to their own farms must be better understood in order to help them evolve towards more sustainable production systems. Based on extensive discussions with 36 farmers on the Saïs plain (Morocco), this article explores farmers’ perceptions of sustainability and the strategies they are implementing for their farms to endure. Although these farmers are not formally aware of the concept of sustainability, they have several perceptions expressed through seven sustainability-related themes. The most frequently mentioned is the profitability of their agricultural activities (31% of responses). Three groups of perception were identified through a multiple component analysis (MCA) and an ascending hierarchical cluster (AHC) analysis: A combination of economic profitability and maintenance of the farm’s natural resources (Environment); a combination of economic profitability and a capacity to seize opportunities (Profitability); and setting up a modern agricultural model (Modernism). Additionally, farmers implement three types of strategies to endure also identified through MCA and AHC analysis: (1) Income security and farm survival with low-intensity practices involving farmers with low levels of investment (Security); (2) adaptation and valorization of the flexibility of the farm, bringing together farmers who intensify their practices according to economic opportunities (Adaptation); and (3) quest for productivity and income maximization for farmers with high levels of capital (Entrepreneurship). A certain coherence emerges between these two ways of grouping farms: Environment and Security linked to threats related to the degradation of soil fertility or water scarcity; Profitability and Adaptation in relation to land and economic opportunities; and Modernism and Entrepreneurship, which links economic sustainability, a modern production model, and capital accumulation.

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Felipe Elizalde ◽  
Christian Hepp ◽  
Camila Reyes ◽  
Marilyn Tapia ◽  
Raúl Lira ◽  
...  

Western Patagonia lamb production systems are based on extensive rangeland. The harsh climate limits the adoption of more intensive systems. Therefore, producers must focus on developing differentiated products. The aim of this study was to evaluate growth patterns, carcasses and nutritive value of meat from 45 lambs. Lambs were divided into three groups: 15 lambs were slaughtered at weaning (W), with the remaining 30 weaned lambs being allocated to grazing either alfalfa (AG) or permanent pasture (PPG). AG lambs were significantly heavier and had higher condition scores than PPG lambs. Further, AG lambs showed higher carcass weight and larger tissue depth and commercial cuts. Moreover, W lambs had lower shear force and more tender meat than either AG or PPG lambs. The three systems showed a low shear force and acceptable sensory traits. Low levels of cholesterol, with low levels of saturated fat, classified these cuts of meat as extra lean. W lambs had higher omega-3 fatty acid content than AG or PPG lambs. Overall, results showed that meat from the three lamb production systems showed health claimable levels of omega-3 fatty acids and were low in fat and thereby, can be classified as lean meat.


2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 87S-103S
Author(s):  
Fatima Hachem ◽  
Davy Vanham ◽  
Luis A. Moreno

The rapid changes that societies have gone through in the last few decades have led to the increase in the prevalence of malnutrition in all its forms and to the degradation of natural resources and the environment. The change in the dietary habits and production systems are responsible for much of this change. Some territorial diets have been shown as potentially capable of reversing these trends by positively contributing to the health of people and the environment such as the Mediterranean Diet and the New Nordic Diet. In this paper, we review the contribution of these 2 diets to health and nutrition and to environmental, sociocultural, and economic sustainability proposing pertinent indicators. Learning from a culturally established diet and a constructed one, tradeoff could be reached to ensure better health and sustainability outcomes. Strong factors for achieving this goal lie in building on the sociocultural appropriation of diets, having the proper tools and indicators, investing in cross-sector collaboration and policy coherence, and having the necessary political support to push the agenda of sustainability forward.


Author(s):  
Juho Lehmusto ◽  
Anton V. Ievlev ◽  
Ercan Cakmak ◽  
James R. Keiser ◽  
Bruce A. Pint

AbstractSeveral modern power production systems utilize supercritical CO2 (sCO2), which can contain O2 and H2O as impurities. These impurities may degrade the compatibility of structural alloys through accelerated oxidation. However, it remains unclear which of these impurities plays a bigger role in high-temperature reactions taking place in sCO2. In this study, various model and commercial Fe‐ and Ni‐based alloys were exposed in 300 bar sCO2 at 750 °C to low levels (50 ppm) of O2 and H2O for 1,000 h. 18O-enriched water was used to enable the identification of the oxygen source in the post-exposure characterization of the samples. However, oxygen from the water did not accumulate in the scale, which consisted of Cr2O3 in the cases where a protective oxide formed. A 2wt.% Ti addition to a Ni-22%Cr model alloy resulted in the formation of thicker oxides in sCO2, while a 1wt.% Al addition reduced the scale thickness. A synergistic effect of both Al and Ti additions resulted in an even thicker oxide than what was formed solely by Ti, similar to observations for Ni-based alloy 282.


Author(s):  
Francisco de Asís Ruiz ◽  
Daniel Grande ◽  
José Nahed ◽  
José María Castel ◽  
Yolanda Mena

Abstract In the Mediterranean Basin, sheep meat production systems are based on grazing, and help to conserve biodiversity, mitigate the greenhouse gases emissions and maintain the population in rural areas. However, the lack of differentiation of pastoral systems, as opposed to the intensive model, puts its continuity at risk. In this sense, organic farming can be an alternative to sustain extensive sheep-cereal production systems in marginal Mediterranean drylands. The aim of this research was to evaluate the conversion possibilities of pastoral meat sheep production systems to the organic production model in the Mediterranean Basin, working with the autochthonous Segureña breed sheep. 46 farms were studied, classified into four clusters by mean of multivariate analysis. In order to determine the degree to which farms approached the organic model, 60 variables, grouped into nine indicators were analyzed to obtain an Organic Conversion Index (OCI). The Nutritional management indicator has a high value of approaching the organic model, as well as Animal welfare and Food safety. Marketing and business management, Breeds and reproduction, Weed and pest control and Sustainable pasture management indicators also reach a good approximation level. Only the Breeds and reproduction indicator presented values with significant differences between clusters. The average value of the OCI for the 46 farms ranges from 63 to 70%, and therefore it can be concluded that extensive meat sheep herds in the region are close to this production model. Among the recommendations that can be made to improve the conversion possibilities to the organic model are: (i) to increase own fodder production or find a way to obtain it easily and economically; (ii) to complete the plant−soil−animal cycle, (iii) to seek greater marketing autonomy and (iv) to achieve closer contact with the final consumer. At the same time, government policy both in Spain and other parts of Europe should persevere to find more ways to support the progress of this type of production, in an effort to address limitations and overcome the lack of alternative markets.


2020 ◽  
Vol 145 ◽  
pp. 14914-14929
Author(s):  
Pocoun Damè Kombienou ◽  
Ismaël Imorou Toko ◽  
Gustave Dieudonné Dagbenonbakin ◽  
Guy Apollinaire Mensah ◽  
Brice Augustin Sinsin

L’étude aborde la dynamique de l’utilisation des terres à travers l’évolution des emblavures et de la production des principales cultures, puis l’impact des activités agricoles sur l’environnement et les conditions de vie des populations. Objectif : L’objectif global de l’étude était d’évaluer les impacts socio-environnementaux des activités agricoles dans les Communes de Natitingou, Boukombé, Tanguiéta et Toucountouna en zone de montagnes au nord-ouest de l’Atacora au Bénin. Méthodologie et résultats : Les méthodes utilisées étaient les enquêtes exploratoires, les diagnostics participatifs, les sondages d’opinion et les analyses statistiques tels que la variance suivant le test de Tukey et le test de corrélation. Au total, 400 agriculteurs sont sélectionnés au hasard et interrogés dans huit villages des quatre communes à l'aide d'un questionnaire structuré pour obtenir des données relatives aux nombres de cultures produites sur une même parcelle, aux différentes pratiques agricoles, à l'utilisation des engrais minéraux, à l’adoption des techniques endogènes et exogènes de gestion et de conservation de la fertilité des sols dans le milieu. Les résultats ont montré que les systèmes de productions agricoles étaient encore de type extensif et itinérant sur brûlis. Les cultures étaient mises en place en pure et en associations entre avril et décembre avec une prééminence des céréales qui ont occupé environ 52 % des superficies emblavées. Les productions étaient plus en fonction des superficies que de l’intensification agricole. Les causes de dégradation des sols, la production, ont été collectées lors des entretiens collectifs et individuels. Les impacts de la production agricole se traduisaient surtout entre autres, par la disparition du couvert végétal, la baisse de la fertilité des sols et la pollution de certains cours d’eau aux bords desquels se réalisaient des activités à dominance agricole. Conclusion et application des résultats : Certaines activités telles que l’utilisation des engrais chimiques et les feux de végétation ont résolu d’une manière ponctuelle certains problèmes comme l’amélioration des rendements agricoles et l’augmentation des revenus, mais elles n’ont pas duré dans le temps. Au fil des années, ces activités ont eu un impact négatif sur le milieu et les conditions de vie des populations. L’intensification agricole basée sur la vulgarisation et l’adoption des technologies plus productives et respectueuses de l’environnement, efficientes, facilement applicables par les producteurs, demeure l’une des stratégies pour garantir une utilisation durable des ressources naturelles. Mots clés: Bénin, Atacora, activités agricoles, impacts socio-environnementaux et dégradation des sols ABSTRACT The study approaches the dynamics of the land use through the evolution of cultivated area and the production of the principal crops, then the impacts of the agricultural activities on the environment and the living conditions of the population. Objective: The total objective of the study was to evaluate the socio-environmental impacts of the agricultural activities in the Communes of Natitingou, Boukombe, Tanguieta and Toucountouna in mountainous area in the North-Western of Atacora in Benin. Methodology and Results: The methods used were the exploratory investigations, the participative diagnoses, the opinion polls and statistical analyses such as the variance according to the test of Tukey and the test of correlation. On the whole, 400 farmers were selected randomly and questioned in eight villages of the four communes using a structured questionnaire to obtain relative data with the numbers of cultures produced on the same piece, with various husbandries, with the use of mineral manures, the adoption of the endogenous and exogenous technical of management and conservation of the fertility of the grounds in the medium. The results showed that agricultural production systems were still extensive and itinerant on slash-and-burn. Crops were established in pure and association between April and December with a pre-eminence of cereals, which accounted for about 52% of the area. Productions were more based on acreage than agricultural intensification. The causes of soil degradation, production, were collected during collective and individual interviews. The impacts of agricultural production were mainly reflected in the disappearance of vegetation cover, the decline in soil fertility and the pollution of certain rivers along which agricultural-dominated activities were carried out. Conclusion and application of results: Some activities such as the use of chemical fertilizers and wildfires have solved problems such as improving agricultural yields and increasing incomes on an ad hoc basis, but they didn’t last. Over the years, these activities have negatively affected the environment and living conditions of the population. The agricultural intensification based on the popularization and the adoption of more productive and environment friendly technologies, easily applicable by the producers, remains one of the strategies to guarantee a durable use of the natural resources. Keywords: Benin, Atacora, agricultural activities, socio-environmental impacts and impoverishment of the soil


2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elis Regina de Oliveira ◽  
Victor Rezende Moreira Couto

Abstract: The present study evaluates the economic viability of four different models of beef cattle production in the rio Vermelho hydrographic basin. The study focuses on the traditional extensive ranching system, which was compared to three intensive systems, one based on low levels of concentrated supplementation, a second with low levels of concentrated supplementation and confinement for fattening and an intensive grazing system, with supplementation during the dry and rainy seasons. The investments were estimated for the different levels of technical specifications of each system. The net present values and internal return rate were used for the assessment of the economic viability of the project, considering the minimum rate of attractiveness, equivalent to the inflation-adjusted savings interest rate (6.17%). The continuity of the sector was evaluated based on the gross and net margins, and profitability rates, where the system is already installed. All four systems had gross and net margins and profitability consistent with their economic sustainability over both the short and long terms. However, only two systems (reduced consumption of concentrated supplements and the intensive grazing system) were economically viable as start-ups.


Resources ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khalid Butti Al Shamsi ◽  
Paolo Guarnaccia ◽  
Salvatore Cosentino ◽  
Cherubino Leonardi ◽  
Paolo Caruso ◽  
...  

Climate change, recurrent economic and financial crises and food security issues are forcing society to look at the increasingly widespread use of “sustainable” production practices. These are often translated into innovations for businesses that are not always easily achievable other than through specific investments. This work sets out to assess the sustainability performance of organic farms, which represent a sustainable production model in terms of values, standards, practices and knowledge on the ground. The research was carried out in two geographical contexts (the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Sicily, Italy) which have certain environmental and socio-economic issues in common, particularly in productive sectors representative of organic agriculture. This was done with the help of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Sustainability Assessment of Food and Agriculture Systems (SAFA, in the rest of the text) framework and social network analysis to study the sustainability performance of organic farms within non-structured local production systems in the form of formal enterprise networks that, on the contrary, operate with a recognized and common aim. The results demonstrate both their attainment of excellence and the existence of criticalities, thus, identifying routes to possible improvement.


2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (03) ◽  
pp. 217-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kursat Demiryurek ◽  
Vedat Ceyhan

AbstractUnderstanding the economics of organic agriculture is crucial to support of organic production by policy-makers and to facilitate producers converting their lands to organic production. The aim of this research was to compare organic and conventional hazelnut producers, in terms of their socio-economic characteristics, production systems and economic performance. The main data were gathered with surveys of 64 randomly selected conventional hazelnut producers and all the organic hazelnut producers (39) living in villages of the Terme district of Samsun, Turkey in 2005. Results revealed that, compared to conventional hazelnut producers, organic hazelnut producers were more educated, had larger hazelnut areas and spent more time on agricultural activities. The current research also used cluster analysis to define relatively similar farmers from both production systems and to compare variables. Organic producers needed more labor, especially hired workers, and used more lime, organic fertilizer and insect traps, while conventional producers used more synthetic inputs. Organic producers had lower costs of production and had higher income. It is recommended that the organic producers be supported financially, and assisted by research and extension services to produce and use their own inputs, rather than purchasing from outside. They should also be encouraged to establish associations to increase their marketing efficiency.


1999 ◽  
Vol 67 (8) ◽  
pp. 4092-4098 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haider A. Giha ◽  
Trine Staalsoe ◽  
Daniel Dodoo ◽  
Ibrahim M. Elhassan ◽  
Cally Roper ◽  
...  

ABSTRACT PfEMP1 is an antigenically variable molecule which mediates the adhesion of parasitized erythrocytes to a variety of cell types and which is believed to constitute an important target for naturally acquired protective immune responses in malaria. For 9 years we have monitored individuals living in an area of low-intensity, seasonal, and unstable malaria transmission in eastern Sudan, and we have used this database to study the acquisition, specificity, and duration of the antibody response to variant parasitized erythrocyte surface antigens. Both the levels and the spectrum of reactivity of these antibodies varied considerably among individuals, ranging from low levels of antibodies recognizing only few parasitized erythrocyte surface antigens to high levels of broad-specificity antibodies. In general, episodes of clinical malaria were associated with increases in the levels of parasitized erythrocyte surface-specific antibodies that subsided within months of the attack. This response was often, but not always, specific for the antigenic variants expressed by the parasite isolate causing disease. Our study provides evidence thatPalciparum falciparum malaria is associated with a short-lived, variant-specific antibody response to PfEMP1-like antigens exposed on the surface of parasitized erythrocytes. Furthermore, our data suggest that the antigenic repertoires of variant antigens expressed by different parasite isolates show considerable overlapping, at least under Sahelian conditions of low-intensity, seasonal, and unstable malaria transmission. Finally, we demonstrate the existence of persistent differences among individuals in the capacity to mount antibody responses to variant surface antigens.


Author(s):  
İlkay Yavaş ◽  
Aydın Ünay ◽  
Shafaqat Ali ◽  
Zohaib Abbas

Ultraviolet-B (UV-B: 280 to 320 nm) radiations have appeared to be detrimental to plants, due to their damaging effects on proteins, lipids, membranes and DNA. UV-B radiations are a significant regulator of plants’ secondary metabolites. High intensity of ultraviolet radiations may interfere with growth and productivity of crops. But low levels of UV-B radiations give rise to changes in the plants’ secondary metabolites such as phenolic compounds, carotenoids and glucoseinolates. Therefore, low intensity of UV-B radiations may be used to generate plants, enriched with secondary metabolites, having improved reproductive ability, early ripening and tolerance against fungi, bacteria and herbivores.


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