Treating Full Depth Cartilage Defects with Intraosseous Infiltration of Plasma Rich in Growth Factors: An Experimental Study in Rabbits

Objective Intraarticular (IA) administration of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been proposed as a new strategy to halt osteoarthritis (OA) progression. In patients with severe OA, its potential is limited because it is unable to reach the subchondral bone, so a new strategy is needed, and intraosseous (IO) infiltration has been suggested. The purpose is to assess the impact of IA together with IO infiltration of plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) in serum hyaluronic acid (HA) and type II collagen cleavage neoepitope (C2C) levels. Design A total of 32 rabbits were included in the study and randomly divided into 2 groups: control and treatment. A 4-mm chondral defect was created in the medial femoral condyle and IA followed by IO infiltration were performed. Serum C2C and HA levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests before infiltration and 28, 56, and 84 days post-infiltration. Results Significant lower C2C serum levels were obtained in treatment group (IA + IO infiltration of PRGF) at 84 days post-infiltration than in control group (IA infiltration of PRGF + IO infiltration of saline solution), while no significant differences between groups were reported at any other study times. Regarding HA, at 56 days post-infiltration, greater significant levels were seen in the treatment group. However, at 84 days post-infiltration, no significant differences were obtained, although lower levels were reported in the treatment group. Conclusions Despite inconclusive, the results suggest that the combination of IA and IO infiltration with PRGF may enhance cartilage and subchondral bone regeneration, but further studies are needed.

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Evaluation of plasma PDGF and VEGF levels after systemic administration of activated autologous platelet-rich plasma

Biomedicine ◽

10.51248/.v41i2.1047 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 41 (2) ◽

pp. 409-412

Author(s):

Karina Karina ◽

Krista Ekaputri ◽

Johannes Albert Biben ◽

Imam Rosadi ◽

Iis Rosliana ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Factor ◽

Treatment Group ◽

Platelet Rich Plasma ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Venous Blood ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Control Group ◽

Prior History ◽

Autologous Platelet Rich Plasma ◽

Autologous Platelet

Introduction and Aim: Activated autologous platelet-rich plasma (aaPRP) is becoming a popular therapy to accelerate healing in the field of plastic surgery. Platelets, which are abundant in aaPRP, can release many growth factors including platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). This study aims to examine the plasma levels of PDGF and VEGF in healthy subjects after intravenous administration of aaPRP. Materials and Methods: Nine healthy patients with no prior history of metabolic disease were divided into two groups (control and experiment group). The treatment group which consists of six patients received intravenous aaPRP treatment. The preparation of aaPRP starts with the collection of 24 mL of whole blood in sodium citrate tubes followed a two-step centrifugation procedure and subsequent chemical activation. aaPRP was then administered intravenously to patients. Meanwhile, the control group received no intervention. Venous blood samples were taken before and one week after the treatment and the plasma PDGF and VEGF levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: The treatment group showed statistically significant increase in VEGF after 7 days compared to before aaPRP administration. However, the change in PDGF levels of the treatment group was unnotable. Conclusion: The present findings indicate that intravenous administrations of activated aaPRP may increase plasma VEGF level up to 1 week after aaPRP administration.

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THE IMPACT OF COBALAMIN DEFICIENCY ON HEART FUNCTION; A STUDY ON ABNORMALITIES IN ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY PATTERNS

International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics ◽

10.22159/ijap.2019.v11s6.33533 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 33-36

Author(s):

DEWI IRAWATI SOERIA SANTOSO ◽

ADITYA K MURTHI ◽

SOPHIE YOLANDA ◽

PATWA AMANI ◽

IMELDA ROSALYN SIANIPAR

Keyword(s):

Energy Metabolism ◽

Treatment Group ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Cobalamin Deficiency ◽

Gastric Ulcers ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Control Group ◽

Standard Diet ◽

Methyl Donors ◽

The Impact

Objective: Cobalamin deficiency may cause a lack of dietary methyl donors, which alter the heart metabolism. Cobalamin deficiency is common in patients with malnutrition, gastric ulcers, diabetes mellitus, and alcoholism. Most studies on cobalamin deficiency are focused on its relationship with oxidative stress and atherogenesis. Therefore, this study aims to find the correlation between cardiomyocyte’s energy metabolism in cobalamin deficiency and the risk of heart abnormalities through analysis of electrocardiography (ECG) patterns. Methods: Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (aged 24-28 w) were divided into 2 groups: the control group and cobalamin-deficient group. The control group was given standard diet while the treatment group received a modified diet, type AIN-93M (deficient in cobalamin), for a period of 16 w. ECG was performed in both groups on the last day of the 16-week period. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test was also performed to evaluate plasma Hcy and B12 levels in each group at the end of the treatment period. Results: At the end of the 16-week period, higher Hcy level and lower plasma B12 level were observed in the treatment group when compared to the control group. ECG patterns showed sinus rhythms in both groups, with a higher QRS amplitude and duration in the treatment group. Two of the seven rats in the treatment group developed cardiac arrhythmia. Conclusions: Cobalamin deficiency impairs the heart’s energy metabolism with left ventricular enlargement and arrhythmia.

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Effect of inflammatory marker activity after intra-articular injection of autologous platelet-rich plasma in dogs with osteoarthritis

Medycyna Weterynaryjna ◽

10.21521/mw.6285 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 75 (08) ◽

pp. 6285-2019

Author(s):

MUSTAFA ARICAN ◽

ATILLA ŞIMŞEK ◽

KURTULUŞ PARLAK ◽

KAMIL ATLI ◽

GONCA SÖNMEZ

Keyword(s):

Treatment Group ◽

Synovial Fluid ◽

Platelet Rich Plasma ◽

Inflammatory Marker ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Control Group ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Autologous Platelet Rich Plasma ◽

Pg E2 ◽

Autologous Platelet

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common cause of lameness, pain, and dysfunction in dogs. To determine the levels of interleukin (IL) (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and prostaglandin E2 (PG-E2) in the synovial fluid after intra-articular injection of an autologous platelet-rich plasma concentrate to treat dogs with osteoarthritis. Twenty dogs with osteoarthritis (OA) were used as a materials. Fourteen dogs were used as a platelet-rich plasma (PRP) treatment group and 6 dogs were used as a control (0.9 % NaCl). PRP was obtained by the double centrifuge method. Affected joints were examined by radiography and ultrasonography. Lameness and pain severity were evaluated by attending clinicians. Samples were collected under sterile conditions at pre-treatment, days 1, 3, 5, 7, 15, and weeks 4, 8, and 12. The marker levels were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. No adverse effects of the injection of platelet concentrate or saline solution were observed. No significant differences were found in the Hudson Visual Analog Scale and Canine Brief Pain Inventory scores between weeks 0, 4, and 12 in the control dogs. No significant changes were observed in IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and PG-E2 levels (P>0.05) in synovial fluid from the PRP treatment group compared to synovial fluid from the control group, although fluctuations in parameter levels were observed in both groups. Despite some variable results in inflammatory parameters, clinical improvement was recorded in the PRP-treated group. PRP injection could be an effective and safe method for treatment of dogs with osteoarthritis.

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A Newspaper’s Effect on the Strength of Automatic Associations in Memory

Journal of Media Psychology Theories Methods and Applications ◽

10.1027/1864-1105/a000057 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Florian Arendt

Keyword(s):

Treatment Group ◽

Term Effect ◽

Control Group ◽

Implicit Measure ◽

Short Term ◽

Short Term Treatment ◽

Short Term Effect ◽

Automatic Associations ◽

Foreign Nationality ◽

The Impact

A test was done to see if reading a newspaper which consistently overrepresents foreigners as criminals strengthens the automatic association between foreign country and criminal in memory (i.e., implicit cultivation). Further, an investigation was done to find out if reading articles from the same newspaper produces a short-term effect on the same measure and if (1) emotionalization of the newspaper texts, (2) emotional reactions of the reader (indicated by arousal), and (3) attributed text credibility moderate the short-term treatment effect. Eighty-five participants were assigned to one of three experimental conditions. Participants in the control group received short factual crime texts, where the nationality of the offender was not mentioned. Participants in the factual treatment group received the same texts, but the foreign nationality was mentioned. Participants in the emotionalized treatment group received emotionalized articles (i.e., texts which are high in vividness and frequency) covering the same crimes, with the foreign nationality mentioned. Supporting empirical evidence for implicit cultivation and a short-term effect was found. However, only emotionalized articles produced a short-term effect on the strength of the automatic association, indicating that newspaper texts must have a minimum of stimulus intensity to overcome an effect threshold. There were no moderating effects of arousal or credibility pertaining to the impact on the implicit measure. However, credibility moderated the short-term effect on a first-order judgment (i.e., estimated frequency of foreigners of all criminals). This indicates that a newspaper’s effect on the strength of automatic associations is relatively independent from processes of propositional reasoning.

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Regression of cardiac amyloid deposits with novel therapeutics: reaching new frontiers in cardiac ATTR amyloidosis

European Heart Journal ◽

10.1093/ehjci/ehaa946.2117 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽

Author(s):

L Chacko ◽

A Martinez-Naharro ◽

T Kotecha ◽

R Martone ◽

D Hutt ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Treatment Group ◽

Cardiac Amyloidosis ◽

T1 Mapping ◽

Group Versus ◽

Control Group ◽

Cardiac Amyloid ◽

Attr Amyloidosis ◽

Amyloid Load ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background Cardiac involvement is the main driver of outcome in ATTR amyloidosis. Advances in therapeutics hold potential in transforming the course of the disease but the impact on cardiac amyloid load is unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of patisiran, a new double stranded RNA based gene silencing therapy and a stabilizer, diflunisal, on cardiac amyloid load as measured by CMR and T1 mapping, in patients with ATTR amyloidosis. Methods and results Thirty-two patients with hereditary cardiac amyloidosis were studied. Sixteen patients received treatment with patisiran, and sixteen control subjects did not receive any disease modifying treatment. Patients were assessed with echocardiogram, CMR, NT-proBNP and six-minute walk time measurements at baseline and at 1 year (Mean interval 11.45±3.08 months in treatment group, mean interval 12.82±5.06 months in the control group). CMR analysis comprised LV volumes, T1 mapping to measure the extracellular volume (ECV) occupied by amyloid, T2 mapping and late gadolinium enhancement imaging. At 1-year follow-up, there was a substantial reduction in cardiac amyloid burden, in keeping with cardiac amyloid regression in 45% of patients on treatment. Overall the treatment group showed a reduction in ECV at 1 year follow up compared to an increase in ECV at 1 year in the control group (−1.37%, 95% CI: −3.43 to 0.68% versus 5.02%, 95% CI: 2.86% to 7.18% respectively, p<0.001). The treatment group also showed an improvement in change in 6MWT at 1 year follow up compared to 6MWT at 1 year in the control group (−8.12 meters, 95% CI: −50.8 to 34.6 meters in the treatment group versus −132.27 meters, 95% CI: −216 to −48.6 meters in the control group, p=0.002). The treatment group showed a reduction in BNP at 1 year follow up compared to an increase in the control group (−567.87, 95% CI: −1288.90 to 153.15 in the treatment group versus 2004, 95% CI: 12.82 to 3995.45 in the control group, p<0.001). There was no significant difference from baseline and 1-year data between the control and treatment groups for the difference in echocardiographic parameters, native T1, T2. There was a significant reduction in the percentage of injected dose by 99Tc-DPD scintigraphy in treated patients at 1 year compared to baseline. Conclusions These findings provide the first compelling evidence of substantial cardiac amyloid regression in ATTR amyloidosis, as well as the potential for CMR to be used to track response in treated patients with ATTR cardiac amyloidosis. Combination therapy with transthyretin knock down and stabilizing agents may well be synergistic given enhanced stoichiometry of stabilizers in the face of much reduced plasma transthyretin concentration. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None

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Impact and cost-effectiveness evaluation of a community-based rehabilitation intervention on quality of life among Chinese adults with hearing loss: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Trials ◽

10.1186/s13063-021-05228-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Xin Ye ◽

Dawei Zhu ◽

Siyuan Chen ◽

Xuefeng Shi ◽

Rui Gong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Hearing Loss ◽

Cost Effectiveness ◽

Treatment Group ◽

Hearing Aids ◽

Control Group ◽

Chinese Adults ◽

Community Based ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background Hearing loss is quite prevalent and can be related to people’s quality of life. To our knowledge, there are limited studies assessing the efficacy of hearing interventions on quality of life in adults. Therefore, we aim to conduct a randomized controlled trial (RCT) to determine the impact and cost-effectiveness of community-based hearing rehabilitation on quality of life among Chinese adults with hearing loss. Methods/design In this two-arm feasibility study, participants aged 16 and above with some degree of hearing loss (n = 464) will be recruited from Linyi City, Shandong Province. They are randomly assigned to the treatment group or the control group. Those in the treatment group are prescribed with hearing aids, while those in the control group receive no intervention. Reinstruction in use of devices is provided for the treatment group during booster visits held 12 months post-randomization or unscheduled interim visits when necessary. Data are collected at baseline and the follow-up 20 months later. The primary outcome is changes in quality of life over a 20-month study period. Secondary outcomes include sub-dimensions in quality of life, physical functioning, chronic diseases, cognitive function, depression, social support, hospitalizations, falls, and healthcare costs. Finally, we will evaluate whether hearing aids intervention is cost-effective to apply in a large scale. Discussion The trial is designed to evaluate the impact and cost-effectiveness of a community-based rehabilitation intervention on quality of life among Chinese adults with hearing loss. We hope that it would help improve the well-being for Chinese adults and provide references in policy and practice for China and other countries. Trial registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR1900024739. Registered on 26 July 2019.

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Standardising intraoperative irrigation with 0.05% chlorhexidine gluconate in caesarean delivery to reduce surgical site infections: A single institution experience

Journal of Perioperative Practice ◽

10.1177/1750458919850727 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 30 (1-2) ◽

pp. 24-33

Author(s):

Theresa Mangold ◽

Erin Kinzel Hamilton ◽

Helen Boehm Johnson ◽

Rene Perez

Keyword(s):

Treatment Group ◽

Surgical Site Infection ◽

Infection Rate ◽

Caesarean Delivery ◽

Chlorhexidine Gluconate ◽

Control Group ◽

Antibiotic Administration ◽

Site Infection ◽

Infection Rates ◽

The Impact

Background Surgical site infection is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality following caesarean delivery. Objective To determine whether standardising intraoperative irrigation with 0.05% chlorhexidine gluconate during caesarean delivery could decrease infection rates. Methods This was a process improvement project involving 742 women, 343 of whom received low-pressured 0.05% chlorhexidine gluconate irrigation during caesarean delivery over a one-year period. Infection rates were compared with a standard-of-care control group (399 women) undergoing caesarean delivery the preceding year. Results The treatment group infection rate met the study goal by achieving a lower infection rate than the control group, though this was not statistically significant. A significant interaction effect between irrigation with 0.05% chlorhexidine gluconate and antibiotic administration time existed, such that infection occurrence in the treatment group was not dependent on antibiotic timing, as opposed to the control group infection occurrence, which was dependent on antibiotic timing. Conclusion Intraoperative irrigation with 0.05% chlorhexidine gluconate during caesarean delivery did not statistically significantly reduce the rate of infections. It did render the impact of antibiotic administration timing irrelevant in prevention of surgical site infection. This suggests a role for 0.05% chlorhexidine gluconate irrigation in mitigating infection risk whether antibiotic prophylaxis timing is suboptimal or ideal.

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Platelet-Rich Plasma Powder: A New Preparation Method for the Standardization of Growth Factor Concentrations

The American Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/0363546516674475 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 45 (4) ◽

pp. 954-960 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Matthias Kieb ◽

Frank Sander ◽

Cornelia Prinz ◽

Stefanie Adam ◽

Anett Mau-Möller ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Factors ◽

Growth Factor ◽

Clinical Application ◽

Whole Blood ◽

Sports Medicine ◽

Transforming Growth Factor ◽

Platelet Rich Plasma ◽

Transforming Growth Factor Β1 ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Tgf Β1

Background: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is widely used in sports medicine. Available PRP preparations differ in white blood cell, platelet, and growth factor concentrations, making standardized research and clinical application challenging. Purpose: To characterize a newly standardized procedure for pooled PRP that provides defined growth factor concentrations. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A standardized growth factor preparation (lyophilized PRP powder) was prepared using 12 pooled platelet concentrates (PCs) derived from different donors via apheresis. Blood samples and commercially available PRP (SmartPrep-2) served as controls (n = 5). Baseline blood counts were analyzed. Additionally, single PCs (n = 5) were produced by standard platelet apheresis. The concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), platelet-derived growth factor AB (PDGF-AB), transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), interleukin (IL)–1α, IL-1β, and IL-1 receptor agonist (IL-1RA) were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and statistical analyses were performed using descriptive statistics, mean differences, 95% CIs, and P values (analysis of variance). Results: All growth factor preparation methods showed elevated concentrations of the growth factors VEGF, bFGF, PDGF-AB, and TGF-β1 compared with those of whole blood. Large interindividual differences were found in VEGF and bFGF concentrations. Respective values (mean ± SD in pg/mL) for whole blood, SmartPrep-2, PC, and PRP powder were as follows: VEGF (574 ± 147, 528 ± 233, 1087 ± 535, and 1722), bFGF (198 ± 164, 410 ± 259, 151 ± 99, and 542), PDGF-AB (2394 ± 451, 17,846 ± 3087, 18,461 ± 4455, and 23,023), and TGF-β1 (14,356 ± 4527, 77,533 ± 13,918, 68,582 ± 7388, and 87,495). IGF-1 was found in SmartPrep-2 (1539 ± 348 pg/mL). For PC (2266 ± 485 pg/mL), IGF-1 was measured at the same levels of whole blood (2317 ± 711 pg/mL) but was not detectable in PRP powder. IL-1α was detectable in whole blood (111 ± 35 pg/mL) and SmartPrep-2 (119 ± 44 pg/mL). Conclusion: Problems with PRP such as absent standardization, lack of consistency among studies, and black box dosage could be solved by using characterized PRP powder made by pooling and lyophilizing multiple PCs. The new PRP powder opens up new possibilities for PRP research as well as for the treatment of patients. Clinical Relevance: The preparation of pooled PRP by means of lyophilization may allow physicians to apply a defined amount of growth factors by using a defined amount of PRP powder. Moreover, PRP powder as a dry substance with no need for centrifugation could become ubiquitously available, thus saving time and staff resources in clinical practice. However, before transferring the results of this basic science study to clinical application, regulatory issues have to be cleared.

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Amelioration of paraquat-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice by regulating miR-140-5p expression with the fibrogenic inhibitor Xuebijing

International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology ◽

10.1177/2058738420923911 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 34 ◽

pp. 205873842092391 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Min-na Dong ◽

Yun Xiao ◽

Yun-fei Li ◽

Dong-mei Wang ◽

Ya-ping Qu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Factor ◽

Treatment Group ◽

Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽

Transforming Growth Factor ◽

Lavage Fluid ◽

Tissue Growth ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Control Group ◽

Tgf Β1

Intravenous Xuebijing (XBJ) therapy suppresses paraquat (PQ)-induced pulmonary fibrosis. However, the mechanism underlying this suppression remains unknown. This work aimed to analyze the miR-140-5p-induced effects of XBJ injection on PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. The mice were arbitrarily assigned to four groups. The model group was administered with PQ only. The PQ treatment group was administered with PQ and XBJ. The control group was administered with saline only. The control treatment group was administered with XBJ only. The miR-140-5p and miR-140-5p knockout animal models were overexpressed. The gene expression levels of miR-140-5p, transglutaminase-2 (TG2), β-catenin, Wnt-1, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), mothers against decapentaplegic homolog (Smad), and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in the lungs were assayed with quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot analysis. The levels of TGF-β1, CTGF, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Hydroxyproline (Hyp) levels and pulmonary fibrosis were also scored. After 14 days of PQ induction of pulmonary fibrosis, AdCMV-miR-140-5p, and XBJ upregulated miR-140-5p expression; blocked the expressions of TG2, Wnt-1, and β-catenin; and decreased p-Smad2, p-Smad3, CTGF, MMP-9, and TGF-β1 expressions. In addition, Hyp and pulmonary fibrosis scores in XBJ-treated mice decreased. Histological results confirmed that PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis in XBJ-treated lungs was attenuated. TG2 expression and the Wnt-1/β-catenin signaling pathway were suppressed by the elevated levels of miR-140-5p expression. This inhibition was pivotal in the protective effect of XBJ against PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Thus, XBJ efficiently alleviated PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice.

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Effect of platelet-rich plasma on implant bone defects in rabbits through the FAK/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway

Open Life Sciences ◽

10.1515/biol-2019-0034 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 311-317

Author(s):

Wei Liu ◽

Ben Chen ◽

Youyang Zheng ◽

Yuehua Shi ◽

Zhuojin Shi

Keyword(s):

Growth Factor ◽

Bone Healing ◽

Alveolar Bone ◽

Platelet Rich Plasma ◽

Healing Process ◽

Bone Defects ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Control Group ◽

Tissue Healing ◽

Bone Healing Process

AbstractPlatelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been shown to be a beneficial growth factor for bone tissue healing and is used in implantology. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of PRP on bone defects in rabbits. Twenty rabbits were used to establish the implant bone defect model in this study. An intrabony defect (5mm × 5mm × 3mm) was created in alveolar bone in the lower jar of each rabbit. The wound was treated with PRP. The expression of platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGFBB) was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and related phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT (protein kinase B) levels were measured by Western blot. The results show that PRP could significantly improve the bone healing process when compared with control, and 10% PRP could markedly increase fibroblast proliferation 48-h post treatment. PDGFBB was higher in the PRP group than that in the control group. PRP treatment also could elevate the phosphorylation of FAK and PI3K/AKT, although the inhibitor of PDGFR could reverse this trend. These results suggest that PRP treatment improves the bone healing process through the FAK/PI3K/AKT pathway.

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