Biomechanics of the Spine II

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 592-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Izzo ◽  
A.A. Diano ◽  
F. Lacquaniti ◽  
F. Zeccolini ◽  
M. Muto
Keyword(s):  
Complex Structure ◽  
Complete Loss ◽  
Spinal Instability ◽  
Emergency Setting ◽  
Spinal Stability ◽  
Spine Biomechanics ◽  
Primary Mechanism ◽  
Correct Function ◽  
Traditional Area

Spine biomechanics represents a traditional area of research by orthopaedists, neurosurgeons, bioengineers and physicists. Working in an emergency setting and managing spinal traumas every day we began a study on extended literature devoted to biomechanics of the spine, to see beyond the usual static evaluation of neuroimaging patterns. After our earlier paper on biomechanics of the spine16, we have reviewed and broadened some topics such as the role of the ligaments and introduced the main mechanisms of primary spinal traumas and deformations. The spine is a multiarticular complex structure controlled by the muscles whose correct function presupposes its stability. Several “stability factors” ensure spinal stability and correct movements. A number of biomechanical studies analysed the contribution of individual bony and soft spinal elements to stability and the effects of traumas. Several theories have been derived from these studies to account for the distribution of loads and vector forces, including failure-producing loads, among the components of functional spinal units (FSU). Holdsworth's initial two column concept, the three column models by Louis and Denis up to most recent four column theory by Cartolari all represent evolutions in assessing the distribution of loads and the presence and degree of instability in spinal traumas. Whether acute or chronic spinal instability means a partial or complete loss of one or both functions of the spine: load-bearing and cord protection. The diagnosis of spinal instability is crucial to establish the most appropriate strategy of management, namely in acute conditions. Biomechanical concepts are fundamental to understand the factors deciding the type, location and extent of spinal traumas, possible instability and the primary mechanism of the main types of injuries.

scholarly journals Selenium and Dogs: A Systematic Review

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 418
Author(s):  
Viola Zentrichová ◽  
Alena Pechová ◽  
Simona Kovaříková
Keyword(s):  
Male Fertility ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Complex Data ◽  
Selenium Status ◽  
Dog Food ◽  
Balanced Diet ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Correct Function ◽  
Indirect Assay

The intent of this review is to summarize the knowledge about selenium and its function in a dog’s body. For this purpose, systematic literature search was conducted. For mammals, including dogs, a balanced diet and sufficient intake of selenium are important for correct function of metabolism. As for selenium poisoning, there are no naturally occurring cases known. Nowadays, we do not encounter clinical signs of its deficiency either, but it can be subclinical. For now, the most reliable method of assessing selenium status of a dog is measuring serum or plasma levels. Levels in full blood can be measured too, but there are no reference values. The use of glutathione peroxidase as an indirect assay is questionable in canines. Commercial dog food manufactures follow recommendations for minimal and maximal selenium levels and so dogs fed commercial diets should have balanced intake of selenium. For dogs fed home-made diets, complex data are missing. However, subclinical deficiency seems to affect, for example, male fertility or recovery from parasitical diseases. Very interesting is the role of selenium in prevention and treatment of cancer.

scholarly journals Essential role of glucose transporter GLUT3 for post-implantation embryonic development

2008 ◽  
Vol 200 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Schmidt ◽  
A Hommel ◽  
V Gawlik ◽  
R Augustin ◽  
N Junicke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Role ◽  
Glucose Transporter ◽  
Growth Arrest ◽  
Complete Loss ◽  
Transporter Gene ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Post Implantation ◽  
Time Point

Deletion of glucose transporter geneSlc2a3(GLUT3) has previously been reported to result in embryonic lethality. Here, we define the exact time point of growth arrest and subsequent death of the embryo.Slc2a3−/−morulae and blastocysts developed normally, implantedin vivo, and formed egg-cylinder-stage embryos that appeared normal until day 6.0. At day 6.5, apoptosis was detected in the ectodermal cells ofSlc2a3−/−embryos resulting in severe disorganization and growth retardation at day 7.5 and complete loss of embryos at day 12.5. GLUT3 was detected in placental cone, in the visceral ectoderm and in the mesoderm of 7.5-day-old wild-type embryos. Our data indicate that GLUT3 is essential for the development of early post-implanted embryos.

scholarly journals The Role of Posttranslational Modifications in DNA Repair

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Miaomiao Bai ◽  
Dongdong Ti ◽  
Qian Mei ◽  
Jiejie Liu ◽  
Xin Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Damage ◽  
Dna Repair ◽  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Posttranslational Modifications ◽  
Genome Stability ◽  
Protein Localization ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Protein Protein Interactions ◽  
Regulate Protein

The human body is a complex structure of cells, which are exposed to many types of stress. Cells must utilize various mechanisms to protect their DNA from damage caused by metabolic and external sources to maintain genomic integrity and homeostasis and to prevent the development of cancer. DNA damage inevitably occurs regardless of physiological or abnormal conditions. In response to DNA damage, signaling pathways are activated to repair the damaged DNA or to induce cell apoptosis. During the process, posttranslational modifications (PTMs) can be used to modulate enzymatic activities and regulate protein stability, protein localization, and protein-protein interactions. Thus, PTMs in DNA repair should be studied. In this review, we will focus on the current understanding of the phosphorylation, poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, acetylation, and methylation of six typical PTMs and summarize PTMs of the key proteins in DNA repair, providing important insight into the role of PTMs in the maintenance of genome stability and contributing to reveal new and selective therapeutic approaches to target cancers.

scholarly journals The universally-conserved transcription factor RfaH is recruited to a hairpin structure of the non-template DNA strand

eLife ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp K Zuber ◽  
Irina Artsimovitch ◽  
Monali NandyMazumdar ◽  
Zhaokun Liu ◽  
Yuri Nedialkov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Transcription Regulator ◽  
Transcription Bubble ◽  
Template Strand ◽  
Domains Of Life ◽  
Dna Strand ◽  
Functional Analyses ◽  
Template Dna

RfaH, a transcription regulator of the universally conserved NusG/Spt5 family, utilizes a unique mode of recruitment to elongating RNA polymerase to activate virulence genes. RfaH function depends critically on an ops sequence, an exemplar of a consensus pause, in the non-template DNA strand of the transcription bubble. We used structural and functional analyses to elucidate the role of ops in RfaH recruitment. Our results demonstrate that ops induces pausing to facilitate RfaH binding and establishes direct contacts with RfaH. Strikingly, the non-template DNA forms a hairpin in the RfaH:ops complex structure, flipping out a conserved T residue that is specifically recognized by RfaH. Molecular modeling and genetic evidence support the notion that ops hairpin is required for RfaH recruitment. We argue that both the sequence and the structure of the non-template strand are read out by transcription factors, expanding the repertoire of transcriptional regulators in all domains of life.

scholarly journals The model and role of online communication in intercultural management

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 93-103
Author(s):  
Anna Tarabasz
Keyword(s):  
Social Networking Sites ◽  
Information Exchange ◽  
Mass Communication ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Online Communication ◽  
Time Zone ◽  
Intercultural Management ◽  
Communication Models ◽  
World Information

Abstract Communication via the Internet, regardless use of available tools, contributed significantly in reduced time of data flow and feedback reception. This is particularly important in case of companies with a complex structure and branches around the world. Information is available here for almost „at fingertips”, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, regardless the time zone. Internet has also shortened the distance between message sender and recipient - in the form of direct information exchange (i.e. email exchange), as well as simplified the issue of indirect reach (i.e. via social networking sites or online campaigns). Although in literature of the subject many authors performed the analysis of mass communication models, but to no avail would seek for the flow chart strictly dedicated to the electronic exchange information. This article aims to present the model of online communication, drawing on best practices of mass communication and at the same time implementing components of the electronic promotion. The paper is also contributed to show the universality of such model application in the exchange of information within electronic means, which seems important in case of intercultural management.

scholarly journals The Role of Environmental Factors in the Formation of Soil Cover Structure of the Zeyamchay Basin

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-46
Author(s):  
M. Mammadova
Keyword(s):  
Soil Cover ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Western Slope ◽  
The North ◽  
Relief Structure ◽  
Soil Cover Structure ◽  
Lesser Caucasus

The Zayamchay basin is selected by its complex structure, various climatic conditions, rich vegetation and soil–rich rocks. This variation of soil–forming factors has led to the formation of various forms of soil cover structure within the basin. Therefore, the study of land and its space manifestation — the soil cover structure, detail mapping, evaluation and optimization — both scientifically–theoretical and practical. The Zeyamchay basin, which is located on the north–western slope of the Lesser Caucasus, is the object of the research. The Zeyamchay basin is selected by its complex relief structure, various climatic conditions, rich vegetation and soil–rich rocks. The area of the basin is 94200 hectares. The basin covers part of Tovuz, Shamkir and Gadabay districts from the administrative point of view. These kind of soil–forming factors have led to the formation of different forms of soil cover structure within the basin. During the research, empirical information is collected from cartographic, soil research, aerospace, landscape and geomorphological methods and so on was used.

scholarly journals Pakistan-French Relations in the 21st Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 137-142
Author(s):  
Ruslan Prohorov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Diplomacy ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Century ◽  
Public Organization ◽  
Economic Potential ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Traditional Area ◽  
Political Economic

The article discusses the political, economic and cultural cooperation of Pakistan with France in the twenty-first century. Attention is drawn to a peculiar bias towards France in the frequency of political and diplomatic visits by representatives of Pakistan. Due to the fact that France is a traditional donor of the Pakistani economy, attention is drawn to the desire of the parties to increase the role of public diplomacy in the development of trade and economic relations. Meanwhile, France is Pakistan’s long-standing export partner, one of the top ten countries in which Pakistan exports its goods. The importance of developing such areas of cooperation as energy and transport is emphasized. Military-technical cooperation is singled out as a traditional area of cooperation between Pakistan and France. The role of France in the creation and development of the naval forces of Pakistan is indicated. The complicated relations between countries on the issue of nuclear cooperation are shown. The article also discusses security issues, namely, current bilateral documents, joint efforts to combat terrorism, and there gime of non-proliferation of nuclear weapons are presented. Interaction in the field of culture is presented on the example of the work of the three centers of the French public organization Alliance de Frances. Separately, attention is drawn to the interaction of state structures of the two countries regarding the return of relics illegally exported from Pakistan. In conclusion, it is concluded that Pakistan’s orientation towards France is quite justified, since this European state has always been friendly to it, is powerful in its economic potential and resources, and the development of relations with this country does not conflict with the orientation towards the United States.

scholarly journals Plasticity at the DNA recognition site of the MeCP2 mCG-binding domain

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Lei ◽  
Wolfram Tempel ◽  
Ke Liu ◽  
Jinrong Min
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structures ◽  
Transcriptional Repression ◽  
Consensus Sequence ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Structural Basis ◽  
Structural Studies ◽  
Transcription Activator ◽  
Methylated Dna ◽  
Attachment Region

AbstractMeCP2 is an abundant protein, involved in transcriptional repression by binding to CG and non-CG methylated DNA. However, MeCP2 might also function as a transcription activator as MeCP2 is found bound to sparsely methylated promoters of actively expressed genes. Furthermore, Attachment Region Binding Protein (ARBP), the chicken ortholog of MeCP2, has been reported to bind to Matrix/scaffold attachment regions (MARs/SARs) DNA with an unmethylated 5’-CAC/GTG-3’ consensus sequence. In this study, we investigated how MeCP2 recognizes unmethylated 5’-CAC/GTG-3’ motif containing DNA by binding and structural studies. We found that MeCP2-MBD binds to MARs DNA with a comparable binding affinity to mCG DNA, and the MeCP2-CAC/GTG complex structure revealed that MeCP2 residues R111 and R133 form base-specific interactions with the GTG motif. For comparison, we also determined crystal structures of the MeCP2-MBD bound to mCG and mCAC/GTG DNA, respectively. Together, these crystal structures illustrate the adaptability of the MeCP2-MBD toward the GTG motif as well as the mCG DNA, and also provide structural basis of a biological role of MeCP2 as a transcription activator and its disease implications in Rett syndrome.

scholarly journals The role of the basolateral amygdala in the perception of faces in natural contexts

2016 ◽  
Vol 371 (1693) ◽  
pp. 20150376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruud Hortensius ◽  
David Terburg ◽  
Barak Morgan ◽  
Dan J. Stein ◽  
Jack van Honk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basolateral Amygdala ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Dorsal Stream ◽  
Imaging Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Precentral Gyrus ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Context Processing ◽  
The Right

The amygdala is a complex structure that plays its role in perception and threat-related behaviour by activity of its specific nuclei and their separate networks. In the present functional magnetic resonance imaging study, we investigated the role of the basolateral amygdala in face and context processing. Five individuals with focal basolateral amygdala damage and 12 matched controls viewed fearful or neutral faces in a threatening or neutral context. We tested the hypothesis that basolateral amygdala damage modifies the relation between face and threatening context, triggering threat-related activation in the dorsal stream. The findings supported this hypothesis. First, activation was increased in the right precentral gyrus for threatening versus neutral scenes in the basolateral amygdala damage group compared with the control group. Second, activity in the bilateral middle frontal gyrus, and left anterior inferior parietal lobule was enhanced for neutral faces presented in a threatening versus neutral scene in the group with basolateral amygdala damage compared with controls. These findings provide the first evidence for the neural consequences of basolateral amygdala damage during the processing of complex emotional situations.

Management of Neurological Emergencies in Children: An Updated Overview

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Mastrangelo ◽  
Valentina Baglioni
Keyword(s):  
Motor Impairment ◽  
Febrile Seizures ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Emergency Setting ◽  
Neurological Emergencies ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
A Minor ◽  
The Impact

AbstractNeurological emergencies account for about one-third of the highest severity codes attributed in emergency pediatric departments. About 75% of children with acute neurological symptoms presents with seizures, headache, or other paroxysmal events. Life-threatening conditions involve a minor proportion of patients (e.g., less than 15% of children with headache and less than 5% of children with febrile seizures). This review highlights updated insights about clinical features, diagnostic workup, and therapeutic management of pediatric neurological emergencies. Particularly, details will be provided about the most recent insights about headache, febrile seizures, status epilepticus, altered levels of consciousness, acute motor impairment, acute movement disorders, and functional disorders, as well as the role of diagnostic tools (e.g., neuroimaging, lumbar puncture, and electroencephalography), in the emergency setting. Moreover, the impact of the current novel coronavirus disease2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the evaluation of pediatric neurologic emergencies will also be analyzed.

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