Emotional instability and expressive suppression are related to paranoia in daily life: An electronic mobile assessment study in nonclinical individuals

Although instable negative emotions and problems in emotion regulation (ER) are common in patients with psychosis and are discussed as potential factors involved in the formation and maintenance of paranoia, it is unclear whether they increase the risk of developing paranoia in nonclinical controls. The present study aims to investigate whether the instability of negative emotions leads to paranoia in healthy participants. It should be further analyzed if the application of maladaptive ER strategies enhances subclinical paranoid ideation and if the use of adaptive ER strategies reduces subclinical paranoid ideation. Method: Nonclinical controls ( n = 83) repeatedly reported the presence and instability of negative emotions, paranoia, and the use of maladaptive (expressive suppression, rumination) and adaptive (reappraisal, acceptance) ER strategies in their daily life on six consecutive days using electronic mobile assessment. Results: Hierarchical linear regression analysis revealed that nonclinical controls reporting a pronounced instability of negative emotions showed more pronounced paranoia at a subsequent time point. Moreover, participants who used expressive suppression at a certain time experienced more severe paranoia at the subsequent time point. Conclusion: If these findings are confirmed in high-risk samples, ER processes could be considered as an additional factor in theoretical models of paranoia formation.

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An examination of the bidirectional relationship between functioning and symptom levels in patients with anxiety disorders in the CALM study

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291714002062 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 45 (3) ◽

pp. 647-661 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

L. A. Brown ◽

J. L. Krull ◽

P. Roy-Byrne ◽

C. D. Sherbourne ◽

M. B. Stein ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Anxiety Disorders ◽

Functional Impairment ◽

Symptom Severity ◽

Behavioral Therapy ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Computer Assisted ◽

Depression Symptom ◽

Subsequent Time ◽

Subsequent Time Point ◽

Time Point

BackgroundPatients with anxiety disorders suffer marked functional impairment in their activities of daily living. Many studies have documented that improvements in anxiety symptom severity predict functioning improvements. However, no studies have investigated how improvements in functioning simultaneously predict symptom reduction. We hypothesized that symptom levels at a given time point will predict functioning at the subsequent time point, and simultaneously that functioning at a given time point will predict symptom levels at a subsequent time point.MethodPatients were recruited from primary-care centers for the Coordinated Anxiety Learning and Management (CALM) study and were randomized to receive either computer-assisted cognitive-behavioral therapy and/or medication management (ITV) or usual care (UC). A cross-lagged panel design examined the relationship between functional impairment and anxiety and depression symptom severity at baseline, 6-, 12-, and 18-month follow-up assessments.ResultsProspective prediction of functioning from symptoms and symptoms from functioning were both important in modeling these associations. Anxiety and depression predicted functioning as strongly as functioning predicted anxiety and depression. There were some differences in these associations between UC and ITV. Where differences emerged, the UC group was best modeled with prospective paths predicting functioning from symptoms, whereas symptoms and functioning were both important predictors in the ITV group.ConclusionsTreatment outcome is best captured by measures of functional impairment as well as symptom severity. Implications for treatment are discussed, as well as future directions of research.

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Reciprocal Relationships between Trajectories of Loneliness and Screen Media Use during Adolescence

Journal of Child and Family Studies ◽

10.1007/s10826-021-02066-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

David Lawrence ◽

Simon C. Hunter ◽

Rebecca Cunneen ◽

Stephen J. Houghton ◽

Corinne Zadow ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Online Survey ◽

Media Use ◽

Longitudinal Design ◽

Peak Period ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Subsequent Time ◽

Subsequent Time Point ◽

Time Point ◽

Screen Use

AbstractAdolescence is the peak period for loneliness. Now a ubiquitous part of the adolescent landscape, electronic screens may provide avenues for ameliorating feelings of loneliness. Conversely, they may act as risk factors for the development of such feelings. Although cross-sectional studies to date have investigated the relationship between screen use and loneliness, longitudinal studies are needed if causal and directional associations are to be investigated. Utilising an accelerated longitudinal design and online survey we collected four waves of data from 1919 secondary school adolescents aged 10–15 years over two years. Random intercept cross-lagged panel models tested whether changes in five types of screen use (i.e., total screen time, social media use, gaming, passive screen use, and web use) are associated with changes in loneliness in the subsequent time-point, or changes in loneliness are associated with changes in screen use in the subsequent time-point. We found significant reciprocal associations between screen use and loneliness, with the strongest associations between social networking and electronic gaming and quality of friendships. These findings highlight that any significant increase in an adolescent’s screen use may be a potential indicator of changes in quality of friendships or feelings of isolation.

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Daily Ups and Downs

Social Psychological and Personality Science ◽

10.1177/1948550617722197 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 675-688 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Bryant P. H. Hui ◽

Aleksandr Kogan

Keyword(s):

Sampling Method ◽

Community Sample ◽

Well Being ◽

Subsequent Time ◽

The Relationship ◽

Subsequent Time Point ◽

Time Point ◽

Prosocial Action

Numerous studies have shown that acting prosocially promotes the altruist’s well-being. What has been less clear, however, is when the effect is the strongest and what mechanism is behind the well-being benefits of prosocial action. We asked a community sample ( N = 383) to record their prosocial engagement, well-being levels, and autonomy, relatedness, and competence 4 times daily for 2 weeks using an app-based event-sampling method. We found that only one’s competence—and neither autonomy nor relatedness—at one time point ( t − 1) moderated the effect of prosocial engagement on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being at a subsequent time point ( t). Specifically, when participants reported lower competence levels at t − 1, the relationship between acting prosocially and well-being was stronger at t. We further demonstrated that this interaction was mediated by competence levels at t.

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The Effect of Intrapartum Vancomycin on Vaginal Group B Streptococcus Colony Counts

American Journal of Perinatology ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1675622 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 36 (06) ◽

pp. 555-560 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Maureen Hamel ◽

Phinnara Has ◽

Ilina Datkhaeva ◽

Kimberly Delacy ◽

Dana Ciolfi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Prospective Cohort Study ◽

Prospective Cohort ◽

Temporal Relationship ◽

Group B Streptococcus ◽

Subsequent Time ◽

Group B ◽

Percent Decline ◽

Subsequent Time Point ◽

Time Point

Objective To define the temporal relationship between intrapartum intravenous vancomycin administration and vaginal group B streptococcus (GBS) colony counts. Study Design Prospective cohort study conducted from October 2014 to February 2017. Women with antenatal cultures demonstrating GBS colonization and a plan for vancomycin administration were eligible. Intrapartum vaginal cultures were collected prior to the first vancomycin infusion and every 2 hours up to five collections or delivery. Results were analyzed in two groups: participants with at least one positive intrapartum culture and those without any positive intrapartum cultures. Results A total of 63 women were enrolled. Among consented women, a total of 8 were excluded and 3 participants' cultures were never plated, thus leaving a total of 52 women for analysis. The degree of vaginal GBS colonization varied between subjects and was not normally distributed. Colony counts dropped rapidly from hour 0 to hour 2 (median: 6.0 × 108 vs. 1.0 × 108, p < 0.01). Standardizing hour 0 colony counts to 100%, the percent decline in colony counts from hour 0 to hour 2 was significant (p = 0.03), and at each subsequent time point fell further. Conclusion GBS vaginal colony counts fall rapidly after intrapartum vancomycin administration.

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Concurrent and Lagged Relations between Emotion Regulation and Affect in Adolescents’ Daily Life

The Spanish Journal of Psychology ◽

10.1017/sjp.2018.61 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 21 ◽

Author(s):

Eliana Silva ◽

Teresa Freire ◽

Susana Faria

Keyword(s):

Emotion Regulation ◽

Negative Affect ◽

Positive Affect ◽

Sampling Method ◽

Daily Life ◽

Cognitive Reappraisal ◽

Expressive Suppression ◽

Daily Lives ◽

Trait Level

AbstractA better understanding of emotion regulation (ER) within daily life is a growing focus of research. This study evaluated the average use of two ER strategies (cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression) and concurrent and lagged relationships between these two ER strategies and affect (positive and negative affect) in the daily lives of adolescents. We also investigated the role of the same strategies at the trait level on these within-person relationships. Thirty-three adolescents provided 1,258 reports of their daily life by using the Experience Sampling Method for one week. Regarding the relative use of ER strategies, cognitive reappraisal (M = 2.87, SD = 1.58) was used more often than expressive suppression (M = 2.42, SD = 1.21). While the use of both strategies was positively correlated when evaluated in daily life (p = .01), the same did not occur at the trait level (p = .37). Multilevel analysis found that ER strategies were concurrently related to affect (p < .01), with the exception of cognitive reappraisal-positive affect relationship (p = .11). However, cognitive reappraisal predicted higher positive affect at the subsequent sampling moment ( β = 0.07, p = .03). The concurrent associations between cognitive reappraisal and negative affect vary as function of the use of this strategy at the trait level (β = 0.05, p = .02). Our findings highlighted the complex associations between daily ER strategies and affect of a normative sample of adolescents.

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The Experience of Empathy in Everyday Life

Psychological Science ◽

10.1177/0956797621995202 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 095679762199520

Author(s):

Gregory John Depow ◽

Zoë Francis ◽

Michael Inzlicht

Keyword(s):

Prosocial Behavior ◽

Everyday Life ◽

Perspective Taking ◽

Positive Emotions ◽

Daily Life ◽

Negative Emotions ◽

Well Being ◽

Negatively Associated ◽

The Everyday ◽

Trait Empathy

We used experience sampling to examine perceptions of empathy in the everyday lives of a group of 246 U.S. adults who were quota sampled to represent the population on key demographics. Participants reported an average of about nine opportunities to empathize per day; these experiences were positively associated with prosocial behavior, a relationship not found with trait measures. Although much of the literature focuses on the distress of strangers, in everyday life, people mostly empathize with very close others, and they empathize with positive emotions 3 times as frequently as with negative emotions. Although trait empathy was negatively associated only with well-being, empathy in daily life was generally associated with increased well-being. Theoretically distinct components of empathy—emotion sharing, perspective taking, and compassion—typically co-occur in everyday empathy experiences. Finally, empathy in everyday life was higher for women and the religious but not significantly lower for conservatives and the wealthy.

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Why expressive suppression does not pay? Cognitive costs of negative emotion suppression: The mediating role of subjective tense-arousal

Polish Psychological Bulletin ◽

10.1515/ppb-2015-0041 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 46 (3) ◽

pp. 336-349 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dorota Szczygieł ◽

Tomasz Maruszewski

Keyword(s):

Working Memory ◽

Problem Solving ◽

Negative Emotion ◽

Digit Span ◽

Negative Emotions ◽

Span Task ◽

Expressive Suppression ◽

Mediating Role ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Problem Solving Task

Abstract The aim of this paper was to contribute to a broader understanding of the cognitive consequences of expressive suppression. Specifically, we examined whether the deteriorating effect of expressive suppression on cognitive functioning is caused by tense arousal enhanced by suppression. Two experiments were performed in order to test this prediction. In both studies we tested the effect of expressive suppression on working memory, as measured with a backwards digit-span task (Study 1, N = 43) and anagram problem-solving task (Study 2, N = 60). In addition, in Study 2 we tested whether expressive suppression degrades memory of the events that emerged during the period of expressive suppression. Both studies were conducted in a similar design: Participants watched a film clip which evoked negative emotions (i.e. disgust in Study 1 and a combination of sadness and anxiety in Study 2) under the instruction to suppress those negative emotions or (in the control condition) to simply watch the film. The results of these experiments lead to three conclusions. First, the results reveal that expressive suppression degrades memory of the events that emerged during the period of expressive suppression and leads to poorer performance on working memory tasks, as measured with a backwards digit-span task and anagram problem-solving task. Second, the results indicate that expressive suppression leads to a significant increase in subjective tense arousal. Third, the results support our prediction that expressive suppression decreases cognitive performance through its effects on subjective tense arousal. The results of the Study 1 show that tense arousal activated during expressive suppression of disgust fully mediates the negative effect of suppression on working memory as measured with a backwards digit-span task. The results of Study 2 reveal that subjective tense arousal elicited while suppressing sadness and anxiety mediates both the effect of suppression on working memory - as measured with the anagram task - and memory of the events that occurred during the period of suppression.

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Who is Setting Emotions? A Comparative Study on Emotion Diffusion in Social Media among Public, Government and Media during the COVID-19 Pandemic in China (Preprint)

10.2196/preprints.27056 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Shuhuan Zhou ◽

Yi Wang

Keyword(s):

Social Media ◽

Information Exchange ◽

Positive Emotions ◽

Negative Emotions ◽

Chinese Government ◽

The Public ◽

The Media ◽

The Government ◽

The Impact ◽

Time Point

BACKGROUND During the COVID-19 outbreak, social media served as the main platform for information exchange, through which the Chinese government, media and public would spread information. At the same time, a variety of emotions interweave, and the public emotions would also be affected by the government and media. OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate the types, trends and relationships of emotional diffusion in Chinese social media among the public, the government and the media under the pandemic of COVID-19 (December 30,2019, to July 1,2020) . METHODS In this paper, Python 3.7.0 and its data crawling framework Scrapy 1.5.1 are used to write a web crawler program to search for super topics related to COVID-19 on Sina Weibo platform of different keywords . Then, we used emotional lexicon to analyze the types and trends of the public, government and media emotions on social media. Finally cross-lagged regression was applied to build the relationships of different subjects’ emotions. RESULTS The highlights of our study are threefold: (1) The public, the government and the media mainly diffuse positive emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic in China; (2) Emotional diffusion shows a certain change over time, and negative emotions are obvious in the initial phase of the pandemic, with the development of the pandemic, positive emotions surpass negative emotions and remain stable. (3)The impact among the three main emotions with the period as the time point is weak, while the impact of emotion with the day as the time point is relatively obvious. The emotions of the public and the government impact each other, and the media emotions can guide the public emotions. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study of comparing pubic, government and media emotions on the social media during COVID-19 pandemic in China. The pubic, the government and the media mainly diffuse positive emotions during the pandemic. And the government and the media have better effect on short-term emotional guidance. Therefore, when the pandemic suddenly occurs, the government and the media should intervene in time to solve problems and conflicts and diffuse positive and neutral emotions. In this regard, the government and the media can play important roles through social media in the major outbreaks. At the theoretical level, this paper takes China's epidemic environment and social media as the background to provide one of the explanatory perspectives for the spread of emotions on social media. At the some time, because of this special background, it can provide comparison and reference for the research on internet emotions in other countries.

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mHealth-based experience sampling method to identify fatigue in the context of daily life in haemodialysis patients

Clinical Kidney Journal ◽

10.1093/ckj/sfaa124 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Astrid D H Brys ◽

Frank Stifft ◽

Caroline M Van Heugten ◽

Maurizio Bossola ◽

Giovanni Gambaro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sampling Method ◽

Daily Life ◽

Experience Sampling ◽

Natural Environments ◽

Social Variables ◽

Multilevel Regression ◽

Related Factors ◽

Symptom Variability ◽

Time Lagged ◽

Time Point

Abstract Background Fatigue in haemodialysis (HD) patients is a prevalent but complex symptom impacted by biological, behavioural, psychological and social variables. Conventional retrospective fatigue questionnaires cannot provide detailed insights into symptom variability in daily life and related factors. The experience sampling methodology (ESM) overcomes these limitations through repeated momentary assessments in patients’ natural environments using digital questionnaires. This study aimed to gain in-depth understanding of HD patients’ diurnal fatigue patterns and related variables using a mobile Health (mHealth) ESM application and sought to better understand the nature of their interrelationships. Methods Forty HD patients used the mHealth ESM application for 7 days to assess momentary fatigue and potentially related variables, including daily activities, self-reported physical activity, social company, location and mood. Results Multilevel regression analyses of momentary observations (n = 1777) revealed that fatigue varied between and within individuals. Fatigue was significantly related to HD treatment days, type of daily activity, mood and sleep quality. Time-lagged analyses showed that HD predicted higher fatigue scores at a later time point (β = 0.22, P = 0.013). Interestingly, higher momentary fatigue also significantly predicted more depressed feelings at a later time point (β = 0.05, P = 0.019) but not the other way around. Conclusions ESM offers novel insights into fatigue in chronic HD patients by capturing informative symptom variability in the flow of daily life. Electronic ESM as a clinical application may help us better understand fatigue in HD patients by providing personalized information about its course and relationship with other variables in daily life, paving the way towards personalized interventions.

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