scholarly journals Expectations of artificial intelligence and the performativity of ethics: Implications for communication governance

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 205395172091593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aphra Kerr ◽  
Marguerite Barry ◽  
John D Kelleher
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The Public ◽  
Sociology Of Expectations ◽  
Public Expectations ◽  
Human Labour ◽  
Significant Divergence ◽  
Societal Expectations

This article draws on the sociology of expectations to examine the construction of expectations of ‘ethical AI’ and considers the implications of these expectations for communication governance. We first analyse a range of public documents to identify the key actors, mechanisms and issues which structure societal expectations around artificial intelligence (AI) and an emerging discourse on ethics. We then explore expectations of AI and ethics through a survey of members of the public. Finally, we discuss the implications of our findings for the role of AI in communication governance. We find that, despite societal expectations that we can design ethical AI, and public expectations that developers and governments should share responsibility for the outcomes of AI use, there is a significant divergence between these expectations and the ways in which AI technologies are currently used and governed in large scale communication systems. We conclude that discourses of ‘ethical AI’ are generically performative, but to become more effective we need to acknowledge the limitations of contemporary AI and the requirement for extensive human labour to meet the challenges of communication governance. An effective ethics of AI requires domain appropriate AI tools, updated professional practices, dignified places of work and robust regulatory and accountability frameworks.

scholarly journals SOCIAL EXPECTATIONS OF AI AND THE PERFORMATIVITY OF ETHICS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aphra Kerr ◽  
Marguerite Barry ◽  
John Kelleher
Keyword(s):  
Professional Practices ◽  
Social Expectations ◽  
The Public ◽  
Sociology Of Expectations ◽  
Human Labour ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Societal Expectations ◽  
The Eu

This article draws on the sociology of expectations to examine the construction of expectations of ‘ethical AI’ and considers the implications of these expectations for communication governance. We first analyse a range of public documents in the EU, the UK and Ireland to identify the key actors, mechanisms and issues which structure societal expectations around AI and an emerging discourse on ethics. We then explore expectations of AI and ethics through a survey of members of the public. We conclude that discourses of ‘ethical AI’ are generically performative, but to become more effective in practice we need to acknowledge the limitations of contemporary AI and the requirement for extensive human labour to deploy AI in specific societal contexts. An effective ethics of AI requires domain appropriate AI tools, updated professional practices, dignified places of work and robust regulatory and accountability frameworks.

Approaches to Supporting Local and Community Development

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liesel Mack Filgueiras ◽  
Andreia Rabetim ◽  
Isabel Aché Pillar
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Mining Company ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Social Partnership ◽  
The Public ◽  
Mining Investment ◽  
The Social ◽  
Corporate Social

Reflection about the role of community engagement and corporate social investment in Brazil, associated with the presence of a large economic enterprise, is the major stimulus of this chapter. It seeks to present how cross-sector governance can contribute to the social development of a city and how this process can be led by a partnership comprising a corporate foundation, government, and civil society. The concept of the public–private social partnership (PPSP) is explored: a strategy for building a series of inter-sectoral alliances aimed at promoting the sustainable development of territories where the company has large-scale enterprises, through joint efforts towards integrated long-term strategic planning, around a common agenda. To this end, the case of Canaã dos Carajás is introduced, a municipality in the State of Pará, in the Amazon region, where large-scale mining investment is being carried out by the mining company Vale SA.

Role of an architect in projects involving EPC contracts

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 01-15
Author(s):  
Adyathan Dasyapu ◽  
Greeshmika Nagubilli ◽  
Jayanth V Kutcharlapati ◽  
Hari Prasad Guntuku ◽  
Shruti S Nagdeve
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Critical Points ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Common Type ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Related Case ◽  
The Public

Purpose: Engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) contracts are on their way to becoming the most common type of contract used by the private sector for large-scale infrastructure projects. Every project requires a strong relationship between all of the experts participating in EPC projects and the client. This relationship must be solidly established by an architect; otherwise, the project may fail for all parties involved, including the client, contractor, lenders, government, and others. The purpose of this study is to identify if the working of the EPC contracts is favourable for the architectural profession, and to identify the way in which the working could be improved. Methodology: A qualitative approach was applied to analyze the critical points of EPC contracts based upon reviews of related case studies from the public sector and supplementary interviews with professionals in the field. Main Finding: The architect's role in an EPC contract is not crucial and is equal to other stakeholders involved in the project. Also, EPC contractors have the power to dictate the workflow of the project and hence, architects might have to compromise in terms of the design, compensation, etc. Implications: It is very important for every project to have an outcome based on each stakeholders/consultants inputs specially on larger projects, this article is a step towards understanding the role of architects under an EPC contract as the future projects will come under its purview.  Novelty: The study is done under the lens of a newly graduated architect and not as any other professional, thereby trying to develop an understanding for fresh architects.

scholarly journals Artificial Intelligence-Driven Autonomous Robot for Precision Agriculture

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-54
Author(s):  
Ivan Beloev ◽  
Diyana Kinaneva ◽  
Georgi Georgiev ◽  
Georgi Hristov ◽  
Plamen Zahariev
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Robotic Systems ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Construction Process ◽  
End User ◽  
Agricultural Robots ◽  
Agricultural Enterprises ◽  
Human Labour

AbstractIn the recent years, robotic systems became more advanced and more accessible. This has led to their slow, but stable integration and use in different processes and applications, including in the agricultural domain. Nowadays, agricultural robots are developed with the aim to replace the human labour in the otherwise exhausting, time-consuming or dangerous activities. Agricultural robotic systems provide many advantages, which can differ based on the type of the robot and its sensors, actuators and communication systems. This paper presents the design, the construction process, the main characteristics and the evaluation of a prototype of a small-scale agricultural robot that can be used for some of the simplest activities in agricultural enterprises. The robot is designed as an end-user autonomous mobile system, which is capable of self-localization and can map or inspect a specific farming area. The decision-making capabilities of the robot are based on artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms, which allow it to perform specific actions in accordance to the situation and the surrounding environment. The presented prototype is in its early development and evaluation stages and the paper concludes with discussions on the possible further improvements of the platform.

scholarly journals The role of internal audit in public procurement and the fight against corruption (Bosnia and Herzegovina)

Revizor ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (93) ◽  
pp. 55-70
Author(s):  
Željko Rička ◽  
Anita Šadić
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Public Procurement ◽  
Internal Audit ◽  
The Public ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
The Media ◽  
Public Money ◽  
Systemic Corruption

Relevant governmental bodies and organizations, non-governmental organizations, international organizations and institutions, especially the media, show increased interest in corruption related to the public procurement. Public procurement is the most frequently cited area in the context of systemic corruption for the simple reason that it directly represents the spending of public money on a large scale, which according to OECD data represents about 7-15% of GDP. One of the possible approaches to prevent corruption in public procurement is the systematic building of the integrity of all entities and institutions involved in the public procurement process. Due to the fact that the internal audit way of organization and work is closest to practical issues of public procurement it has the opportunity to achieve the largest coverage of cases for which public funds are engaged.

scholarly journals WHO'S CHOOSING THE NEWS; ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC MEDIA DISCOURSE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sina Summers
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
Public Life ◽  
Media Discourse ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Media ◽  
Level Of Understanding ◽  
Traditional Roles

This thesis inquiry investigates how algorithms operate generally to affect the dissemination of news information to audiences. This research aimed to find what the implications of AI used in these ways are for traditional roles played by media news in public life – such as informing the public in the public’s interests and enabling informed public discourse. This research asks also to what extent the use and effect of AI algorithms are transparent to audiences and how this level of understanding by audiences (or lack of understanding) affects the informing role of media.

scholarly journals Artificial intelligence and the future of work – lessons from the sociology of expectations

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lilla Vicsek
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Role Expectations ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Alternative Pathways ◽  
Future Of Work ◽  
Sociology Of Expectations ◽  
The Future ◽  
Practical Implications

PurposeWhat is the future of work going to look like? The aim of this paper is to show how the sociology of expectations (SE) – which deals with the power of visions – can make important contributions in terms of thinking about this issue by critically evaluating the dominant expert positions related to the future-of-employment- and artificial intelligence (AI) debate.Design/methodology/approachAfter providing a literature review regarding SE, an approach based on the latter is applied to interpret the dominant ideal-type expert positions in the future of work debate to illustrate the value of this perspective.FindingsDominant future scripts can be characterized by a focus on the effects of AI technology that give agency to technology and to the future, involve the hype of expectations with polarized frames, and obscure uncertainty. It is argued that these expectations can have significant consequences. They contribute to the closing off of alternative pathways to the future by making some conversations possible, while hindering others. In order to advance understanding, more sophisticated theorizing is needed which goes beyond these positions and which takes uncertainty and the mutual shaping of technology and society into account – including the role expectations play.Research limitations/implicationsThe study asserts that the dominant positions contain problematic assumptions. It makes suggestions for helping move beyond these current framings of the debate theoretically. It also argues that scenario building and backcasting are two tools that could help move forward thinking about the future of work – especially if this is done in a way so as to build strongly on SE.Practical implicationsThe arguments presented herein enhance sense-making in relation to the future-of-work debate, and can contribute to policy development.Originality/valueThere is a lack of adequate exploration of the role of visions related to AI and their consequences. This paper attempts to address this gap by applying an SE approach and emphasizing the performative force of visions.

scholarly journals Who Follows the Rules During a Crisis?—Personality Traits and Trust as Predictors of Compliance With Containment Recommendations During the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvonne Schmeisser ◽  
Emma A. Renström ◽  
Hanna Bäck
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Health Agency ◽  
Interesting Case ◽  
Public Health Agency ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Public

When the COVID-19 pandemic hit in 2020, many governments tried to contain the spread of the virus by legally restricting social life and imposing national lockdowns. The Swedish government did not enforce a national lockdown, but instead appealed to the individual’s self-responsibility to follow specific containment recommendations developed by the Swedish Public Health Agency. Sweden is thus an especially interesting case to study because of the potential influence of psychological and attitudinal individual-level factors that might contribute to compliance with containment recommendations. Drawing on previous literature on how individuals respond during health crises, we define and evaluate a mediation model that considers the role of personality traits and trust authorities to explain compliance. More specifically, we argue that we need to consider the role of trust in authorities to better understand the relationship between personality traits and compliance. In analyses based on a large-scale representative survey (N = 1,034), we find Conscientiousness to be directly linked to compliance, whereas Agreeableness, Neuroticism and Openness were indirectly related to compliance when trust in the Public Health Agency was taken into account.

scholarly journals WHO'S CHOOSING THE NEWS; ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC MEDIA DISCOURSE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sina Summers
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
Public Life ◽  
Media Discourse ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Media ◽  
Level Of Understanding ◽  
Traditional Roles

This thesis inquiry investigates how algorithms operate generally to affect the dissemination of news information to audiences. This research aimed to find what the implications of AI used in these ways are for traditional roles played by media news in public life – such as informing the public in the public’s interests and enabling informed public discourse. This research asks also to what extent the use and effect of AI algorithms are transparent to audiences and how this level of understanding by audiences (or lack of understanding) affects the informing role of media.

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