scholarly journals A scoping review of the pathophysiology of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 205873842110480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul E Marik ◽  
Jose Iglesias ◽  
Joseph Varon ◽  
Pierre Kory
Keyword(s):  
Medical Science ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
Medical Disorder ◽  
Autopsy Data ◽  
Inflammatory State ◽  
Genomic Studies ◽  
Pathologic Processes ◽  
Clinical Overview ◽  
Made In

COVID-19 is a highly heterogeneous and complex medical disorder; indeed, severe COVID-19 is probably amongst the most complex of medical conditions known to medical science. While enormous strides have been made in understanding the molecular pathways involved in patients infected with coronaviruses an overarching and comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis of COVID-19 is lacking. Such an understanding is essential in the formulation of effective prophylactic and treatment strategies. Based on clinical, proteomic, and genomic studies as well as autopsy data severe COVID-19 disease can be considered to be the connection of three basic pathologic processes, namely a pulmonary macrophage activation syndrome with uncontrolled inflammation, a complement-mediated endothelialitis together with a procoagulant state with a thrombotic microangiopathy. In addition, platelet activation with the release of serotonin and the activation and degranulation of mast cells contributes to the hyper-inflammatory state. Auto-antibodies have been demonstrated in a large number of hospitalized patients which adds to the end-organ damage and pro-thrombotic state. This paper provides a clinical overview of the major pathogenetic mechanism leading to severe COVID-19 disease.

scholarly journals Immune Sensing and Potential Immunotherapeutic Approaches to Control Chromoblastomycosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Leandro C. D. Breda ◽  
Isabela G. Menezes ◽  
Larissa N. M. Paulo ◽  
Sandro Rogério de Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Social Stigma ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Treatment Interruption ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Disease Treatment ◽  
Immune Sensing ◽  
Skin Immunology ◽  
Anti Fungal ◽  
Made In

Chromoblastomycosis (CBM) is a neglected, chronic, and progressive subcutaneous mycosis caused by different species of fungi from the Herpotrichiellaceae family. CBM disease is usually associated with agricultural activities, and its infection is characterized by verrucous, erythematous papules, and atrophic lesions on the upper and lower limbs, leading to social stigma and impacts on patients’ welfare. The economic aspect of disease treatment is another relevant issue. There is no specific treatment for CBM, and different anti-fungal drug associations are used to treat the patients. However, the long period of the disease and the high cost of the treatment lead to treatment interruption and, consequently, relapse of the disease. In previous years, great progress had been made in the comprehension of the CBM pathophysiology. In this review, we discuss the differences in the cell wall composition of conidia, hyphae, and muriform cells, with a particular focus on the activation of the host immune response. We also highlight the importance of studies about the host skin immunology in CBM. Finally, we explore different immunotherapeutic studies, highlighting the importance of these approaches for future treatment strategies for CBM.

scholarly journals Ferroptosis: A Novel Therapeutic Target for Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunqing Chen ◽  
Hongyan Fan ◽  
Shijun Wang ◽  
Guanmin Tang ◽  
Changlin Zhai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Therapeutic Target ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion Injury ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Current Status

Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a major cause of cell death and organ damage in numerous pathologies, including myocardial infarction, stroke, and acute kidney injury. Current treatment methods for I/R injury are limited. Ferroptosis, which is a newly uncovered type of regulated cell death characterized by iron overload and lipid peroxidation accumulation, has been investigated in various diseases. There is increasing evidence of a close association between ferroptosis and I/R injury, with ferroptosis frequently identified as a new therapeutic target for the management of I/R injury. This review summarizes the current status of ferroptosis and discusses its relationship with I/R injury, as well as potential treatment strategies targeting it.

scholarly journals Clinical Overview of Cancer Patients in Province Two of Nepal: A Single Center Experience

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 78
Author(s):  
Anshu K Thakur ◽  
Anish Shah ◽  
Barun K Ray
Keyword(s):  
Palliative Care ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Single Center Experience ◽  
Common Cancer ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
The Common ◽  
Carcinoma Of Gallbladder ◽  
Clinical Overview

Introduction The incidence of cancer is rising in Nepal. It is estimated to reach 38.5 per 100,000 for males and 41.5 per 100,000 for females by 2020. The studies to determine the cancer burden in Nepal at provincial level have been insufficient and those that have been done are more inclined to Province 3. With establishment of a dedicated cancer facility in this area, we present an overview of clinical scenario of cancer patients in Province 2. MethodsWe performed a single centered, retrospective review of 118 patients who were registered in Oncology Clinics between May 2019 and February 2020. Demographics, diagnoses and the treatment strategies were obtained from the medical records. ResultsMedian age of presentation for cancer was 55 years (range, 6 to 83 years) with maximum number of patients falling within range of 50-60 years (31.4%). 71 patients (60.2%) were female and 47 patients (39.8%) were male. The common presenting cancers were gastrointestinal (27.1%), breast (16.9%), head and neck (15.3), gynecological (13.6%), hematological (11.9%) and others (15.2%). Among the gastrointestinal cancers, carcinoma of gallbladder with 15 cases (46.9%) was the most frequently occurring, followed by colorectal cancer with 6 cases (18.8%) and esophageal cancer with 4 cases (12.5%). Among all, 78 patients (66.1%) received palliative care only, 25 patients (21.2%) received chemotherapy only, 8 patients (6.8%) underwent surgery only, 3 patients (2.5%) underwent surgery and received chemotherapy as well, 2 patients (1.7%) received both chemotherapy and palliative care and 2 patients (1.7%) were reassured and observed. ConclusionThe most common age of presentation for cancer of any type was 50-60 years, with most common cancer being gastrointestinal in origin. Most of the patients received palliative care owing to their advanced stage at presentation.

scholarly journals Failures in periodontal therapy

1970 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 193-198
Author(s):  
KD Jithendra ◽  
A Bansali ◽  
SS Ramachandra
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Periodontal Therapy ◽  
Plaque Control ◽  
Natural Dentition ◽  
Oral Hygiene Instructions ◽  
Biomechanical Factors

Studies have shown that modern periodontal therapies are effective in maintaining a healthy natural dentition as well as controlling periodontal disease. Numerous treatment strategies and various techniques have been designed & described to treat periodontal disease. Most of these procedures had drawbacks which were identified, leading to the modifications of the original techniques which lead to better treatment options, but still very less emphasis has been laid on failures. Without a regular program of clinical re-evaluation, plaque control, oral hygiene instructions, and reassessment of biomechanical factors the benefits of treatment are often lost and inflammatory disease in the form of recurrent periodontitis may result. So, this review describes the most common failures noticed in periodontal therapies and also discusses the possible solutions to reduce the incidence of failures in periodontal therapy.Key words: Periodontal therapy; risk factors; failures.DOI: 10.3329/bjms.v9i4.6680Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.09 No.4 July 2010 pp.193-198

Sepsis Syndrome

2014 ◽  
pp. 395-402
Author(s):  
Joshua A. Englert ◽  
Rebecca Marlene Baron
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Sepsis Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Syndrome ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Early Management ◽  
Inflammatory State

Sepsis is a clinical syndrome characterized by systemic inflammation leading to tissue injury that arises as a complication of an infection. According to current paradigms, sepsis arises as a result of the infection of a normally sterile body compartment. Infection leads to activation of the innate immune system to produce a systemic inflammatory response. This response is a necessary component of the body's defense against infection under normal conditions, but it is the lack of regulation of this response that is central to the pathogenesis of sepsis. As discussed in more detail below, this dysregulated inflammatory state can lead to tissue injury and dysfunction in organs not involved in the original infectious insult. Although sepsis remains a condition with exceedingly high morbidity and mortality, recent early management and treatment strategies have demonstrated exciting improvements in overall outcomes.

scholarly journals B-ALL Complexity: Is Targeted Therapy Still A Valuable Approach for Pediatric Patients?

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3498
Author(s):  
Stefano Ratti ◽  
Annalisa Lonetti ◽  
Matilde Y. Follo ◽  
Francesca Paganelli ◽  
Alberto M. Martelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
B Cell ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Hematologic Malignancy ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Genomic Landscape ◽  
Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
B Cell Precursors ◽  
Made In

B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) is a hematologic malignancy that arises from the clonal expansion of transformed B-cell precursors and predominately affects childhood. Even though significant progresses have been made in the treatment of B-ALL, pediatric patients’ outcome has to be furtherly increased and alternative targeted treatment strategies are required for younger patients. Over the last decade, novel approaches have been used to understand the genomic landscape and the complexity of the molecular biology of pediatric B-ALL, mainly next generation sequencing, offering important insights into new B-ALL subtypes, altered pathways, and therapeutic targets that may lead to improved risk stratification and treatments. Here, we will highlight the up-to-date knowledge of the novel B-ALL subtypes in childhood, with particular emphasis on altered signaling pathways. In addition, we will discuss the targeted therapies that showed promising results for the treatment of the different B-ALL subtypes.

scholarly journals Prospects and Challenges of Precision Medicine in Lower- and Middle-Income Countries: A Brief Overview

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-47
Author(s):  
Mainul Haque ◽  
Tariqul Islam ◽  
Massimo Sartelli ◽  
Adnan Abdullah ◽  
Sameer Dhingra
Keyword(s):  
Precision Medicine ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Early Death ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Chronic Respiratory Disease ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
The Right

The trend of NCDs in most LMIC countries is slowly but gradually follows that of in the developed countries. There are four significant diseases reported by WHO, which are equally common, such as CVDs, diabetes, cancer, and chronic respiratory disease that causes widespread early death & morbidity. Indeed, it incurs an overwhelming financial burden to most countries in the world. The rise of drug-resistant microbes is another major problem. To overcome this issue, precision medicine (PM) comes into play whereby individual variability in genes, environment, lifestyle, and nutrition of each person is considered for disease treatment & prevention. PM provides a personalized approach, the right treatment to the right people at the right time. Many wealthy countries in the West have started adopting PM though the initial cost is high, ultimately, in the long run, will reduce the healthcare cost by getting rid of the ineffective treatment strategies. However, the PM in LMICs is still at an early stage due to issues such as lack of populationspecific data, competency, expertise, and poor financial support. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.19(1) 2020 p.32-47

scholarly journals The Association Between Inflammatory Markers and Hypertension. A Call for Anti-Inflammatory Strategies?

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 1262-1273
Author(s):  
Néstor H. García ◽  
Luis I. Juncos
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Beta Blockers ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Cardiovascular Damage ◽  
Inflammatory State ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Stage Renal Disease ◽  
End Stage

The most important goal of antihypertensive therapy is to prevent the complications associated with hypertension (stroke, myocardial infarction, end-stage renal disease, etc). For this, secondary targets such as left ventricular hypertrophy, proteinuria, dementia, and other signs of hypertension-induced organ damage help the physician to assess risks and monitor treatment efficacy. New treatment targets may be arising, however. One such target may be endothelial dysfunction. In effect, endothelial dysfunction not only may precede the elevation of blood pressure, but may also pave the way to conditions often associated with hypertension, such as diabetes, arteriosclerosis, microalbuminuria, congestive heart failure, and tissue hypertrophy. Because inflammation often accompanies endothelial dysfunction, approaches to counteract inflammation are now being evaluated. For this, antagonists of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, statins, and beta blockers are all being tested. All of these agents seem to prevent or delay the induction of proinflammatory molecules aside from, and in addition to, their specific effects on blood pressure. The focus of this review is to update some of the animal and human research showing that hypertension sets off an inflammatory state and also to consider some of the anti-inflammatory approaches that may prevent the development of endothelial dysfunction, and the subsequent renal and cardiovascular damage.

scholarly journals The Influence of Inflammation on Anemia in CKD Patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Gluba-Brzózka ◽  
Beata Franczyk ◽  
Robert Olszewski ◽  
Jacek Rysz
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Progression Rate ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Pharmacological Interventions ◽  
Anemia Of Chronic Disease ◽  
New Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Persistent Inflammation ◽  
Inflammatory State ◽  
The Impact

Anemia is frequently observed in the course of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and it is associated with diminishing the quality of a patient’s life. It also enhances morbidity and mortality and hastens the CKD progression rate. Patients with CKD frequently suffer from a chronic inflammatory state which is related to a vast range of underlying factors. The results of studies have demonstrated that persistent inflammation may contribute to the variability in Hb levels and hyporesponsiveness to erythropoietin stimulating agents (ESA), which are frequently observed in CKD patients. The understanding of the impact of inflammatory cytokines on erythropoietin production and hepcidin synthesis will enable one to unravel the net of interactions of multiple factors involved in the pathogenesis of the anemia of chronic disease. It seems that anti-cytokine and anti-oxidative treatment strategies may be the future of pharmacological interventions aiming at the treatment of inflammation-associated hyporesponsiveness to ESA. The discovery of new therapeutic approaches towards the treatment of anemia in CKD patients has become highly awaited. The treatment of anemia with erythropoietin (EPO) was associated with great benefits for some patients but not all.

scholarly journals Some Observations on the Interdigitation of Advances in Medical Science and Mathematics

2013 ◽  
Vol 79 (12) ◽  
pp. 1231-1234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael James Glamore ◽  
James L. West ◽  
James Patrick O'leary
Keyword(s):  
Medical Science ◽  
Written Word ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
Made In

The immense advancement of our understanding of disease processes has not been a uniform progression related to the passage of time. Advances have been made in “lurches” and “catches” since the advent of the written word. There has been a remarkable interdependency between such advances in medicine and advances in mathematics that has proved beneficial to both. This work explores some of these critical relationships and documents how the individuals involved contributed to advances in each.

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