scholarly journals Disco Time: The Relationship Between Perceived Duration and Tempo in Music

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 205920432098638
Author(s):  
David Hammerschmidt ◽  
Clemens Wöllner ◽  
Justin London ◽  
Birgitta Burger
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Musical Experience ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Musical Tempo ◽  
Duration Measure ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Absolute Duration ◽  
Perceived Duration

Our perception of the duration of a piece of music is related to its tempo. When listening to music, absolute durations may seem longer as the tempo—the rate of an underlying pulse or beat—increases. Yet, the perception of tempo itself is not absolute. In a study on perceived tempo, participants were able to distinguish between different tempo-shifted versions of the same song (± 5 beats per minute (BPM)), yet their tempo ratings did not match the actual BPM rates; this finding was called tempo anchoring effect (TAE). In order to gain further insights into the relation between duration and tempo perception in music, the present study investigated the effect of musical tempo on two different duration measures, to see if there is an analog to the TAE in duration perception. Using a repeated-measures design, 32 participants (16 musicians) were randomly presented with instrumental excerpts of Disco songs at the original tempi and in tempo-shifted versions. The tasks were (a) to reproduce the absolute duration of each stimulus (14–20 s), (b) to estimate the absolute duration of the stimuli in seconds, and (c) to rate the perceived tempo. Results show that duration reproductions were longer with faster tempi, yet no such effect was found for duration estimations. Thus, lower-level reproductions were affected by the tempo, but higher-level estimations were not. The tempo-shifted versions showed no effect on both duration measures, suggesting that the tempo difference for the duration-lengthening effect requires a difference of at least 20 BPM, depending on the duration measure. Results of perceived tempo replicated the typical rating pattern of the TAE, but this was not found in duration measures. The roles of spontaneous motor tempo and musical experience are discussed, and implications for future studies are given.

DEVELOPMENT OF A SEATED DEVICE FOR MEASURING DIURNAL VARIABILITY IN SPINAL COMPRESSION

2003 ◽  
Vol 07 (01) ◽  
pp. 49-60
Author(s):  
Donna Haiduven ◽  
Andrea Baptiste ◽  
Stephen Luther ◽  
John D. Lloyd ◽  
Stuart Wilkinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Back Pain ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Specific Exercise ◽  
Diurnal Variability ◽  
Exercise Interventions ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Minute Period ◽  
Spinal Compression ◽  
The Relationship

Research on external spinal compression has consisted mainly of laboratory-based evaluations of specific exercise interventions on spinal compression in athletes and industrial employees. The purpose of this pilot study was to test the reliability of a seated stadiometry device for measuring external spinal compression in a sample of nurses and non-nurses. This research will be used to study nurses in future studies. Twenty-three subjects were marked externally at the C7 spinal process. Two investigators collected measures of seated spinal length. Six measurements were taken within a five-minute period on the morning of day one, repeated four hours later, and one week later. Comparisons were made using ANOVA between (1) three sets of repeated measures; (2) inhalation and exhalation; (3) morning and afternoon sessions; and (4) weeks one to two. A statistically significant differece was found in mean measures of displacement (-2.29 mm to -4.07 mm) between morning and afternoon but not between inhalation and exhalation or in successive weeks. Inter-rater reliability between two investigators was excellent. The stadiometer proved highly reliable. It will be used to investigate the relationship between spinal compression and back pain in nurses in the workplace.

Effects of Response Uncertainty and Degree of Knowledge on Subjective Uncertainty

1968 ◽  
Vol 22 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1081-1090 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert D. Hoge ◽  
John T. Lanzetta
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Decision Time ◽  
Response Uncertainty ◽  
Subjective Uncertainty ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Problem Presentation ◽  
Two Indices ◽  
The Relationship

The experiment was designed to examine the effects on subjective uncertainty of variations in response uncertainty and amount of information and to explore the relationship between two indices of subjective uncertainty, confidence in decision and decision time. 18 Ss were exposed to a 4-factor repeated measures design involving 6 levels of response uncertainty, 2 levels of ‘unknown information’, 2 levels of ‘known information’, and 2 orders of problem presentation. Confidence in decision was significantly affected by response uncertainty, ‘unknown information’, ‘known information’, and the interaction of the 2 information conditions. Decision time was significantly affected by response uncertainty and ‘known information.’

scholarly journals The Acute Effects of Yoga on Executive Function

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 488-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neha Gothe ◽  
Matthew B. Pontifex ◽  
Charles Hillman ◽  
Edward McAuley
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Exercise Bout ◽  
Exercise Session ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Cognitive Assessments ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
The Relationship

Background:Despite an increase in the prevalence of yoga exercise, research focusing on the relationship between yoga exercise and cognition is limited. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of an acute yoga exercise session, relative to aerobic exercise, on cognitive performance.Methods:A repeated measures design was employed where 30 female college-aged participants (Mean age = 20.07, SD = 1.95) completed 3 counterbalanced testing sessions: a yoga exercise session, an aerobic exercise session, and a baseline assessment. The flanker and n-back tasks were used to measure cognitive performance.Results:Results showed that cognitive performance after the yoga exercise bout was significantly superior (ie, shorter reaction times, increased accuracy) as compared with the aerobic and baseline conditions for both inhibition and working memory tasks. The aerobic and baseline performance was not significantly different, contradicting some of the previous findings in the acute aerobic exercise and cognition literature.Conclusion:These findings are discussed relative to the need to explore the effects of other nontraditional modes of exercise such as yoga on cognition and the importance of time elapsed between the cessation of the exercise bout and the initiation of cognitive assessments in improving task performance.

Measuring The Effect Of An Eight-Week Adaptive Yoga Program On The Physical And Psychological Status Of Individuals With Parkinson's Disease. A Pilot Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.K. Boulgarides ◽  
E. Barakatt ◽  
B. Coleman-Salgado
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Program Analysis ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Psychological Status ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Depression Subscale

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease that affects muscle tone, strength, flexibility, motor control, psychological outlook, cognition, and function. Exercise has been found to improve physical ability and psychological outlook, but the effect of yoga on individuals with PD has not been well researched. The purposes of this study were to identify outcome measures that were responsive to change in individuals with PD after an 8-week adaptive yoga program and to determine appropriate sample sizes for future studies. In a repeated measures design, 10 participants with a Hoehn and Yahr stage of 2 or 3 were tested prior to and after an 8-week control phase and again after they underwent an 8-week adaptive yoga program. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests revealed differences in time of measure that approached significance for the depression subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) (p = 0.008) and the 30-Second Chair Stand (TSCS) (p = 0.013). The interaction between time of measure and gender approached significance for the Sit-and-Reach Test (SRT) (p = 0.08 and 0.03, right and left respectively), with male participants improving in sit-and-reach flexibility compared with female participants after intervention. The interaction between time of measure and age approached significance for the Single-Leg Balance test (SLB) (p = 0.007), with younger participants improving in SLB time after intervention. Power calculations found that a sample size ranging from 33 to 153 would be required to achieve significance at the 0.01 level in the various outcome measures in a future study of this design. The depression subscale of the HADS, the TSCS, the SLB, and the right and left SRT were the measures that changed following the yoga intervention and are recommended as outcome measures in future studies investigating the effectiveness of yoga for individuals with PD. This preliminary study supports further investigation of adaptive yoga using a randomized design and a larger sample size of individuals with PD.

Positively Engaged Pathways: A Brief Pre-Employment Intervention for Transition Age Youth With Disabilities

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 284-296
Author(s):  
Allison R. Fleming ◽  
Brian N. Phillips ◽  
Elizabeth H. Gilfillan ◽  
Joy Gray ◽  
Megan McCloskey
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
School Setting ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Transition Age Youth ◽  
Youth With Disabilities ◽  
Transition Age ◽  
Postsecondary Outcomes ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Counseling Interventions ◽  
The Relationship

PurposeThis study was a pilot of a brief psychological capital (PsyCap) intervention with a sample of transition age youth with disabilities (N = 24) in a school setting. Substantial evidence supports the relationship between PsyCap and employment outcomes. Transition age youth with disabilities are an important target for pre-employment counseling interventions due to a lack of parity in postsecondary outcomes. Researchers have successfully boosted PsyCap in adult samples using brief interventions.MethodsPsyCap and vocational outcome expectancy (VOE) were compared in a repeated measures design.ResultsPsyCap and VOE, and PsyCap and school performance were significantly correlated in our sample, but no differences were observed in PsyCap or VOE postintervention.ConclusionAs the first known effort to develop a PsyCap driven pre-employment intervention for transition age youth with disabilities, our experience and findings provide several implications for practice and future research. Aspects of the intervention to be modified for future efforts are presented.

scholarly journals Study on the effect of the teat reaction on the time components of the pulsogram in various types of milking liners

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 27-32
Author(s):  
Kancho Peychev ◽  
Galina Dineva
Keyword(s):  
The Absolute ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Absolute Duration

The relationship between the milking process phases and the artificial teat reaction have been studied. Milking units with a conventional and tri-circle shape of the pulsation chamber were used. The conclusions are related to the reaction of the teat support and the changes of the time components in the pulsogram. The filling of the milking chamber with an artificial teat reduces the absolute duration of the transitional phases "a" and "c" and prolongs the actual phases "b" and "d" in all the experimental rates.

The effect of fake news in marketing halal food: a moderating role of religiosity

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zazli Lily Wisker
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Moral Code ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Halal Food ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Limited Dimension ◽  
Brand Hate

Purpose This study aims to explore how consumers process and respond to fake news on halal food in a Muslim-majority country. The study hypothesises that fake news that violates one’s moral code could induce anger resulting in brand hate. Religiosity plays a role as a moderating variable for the relationship. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected in two studies using quasi-experiment repeated measures factorial design, 2 × 2 between subjects. In Study 1, 219 participated, whereas in Study 2, a total of 173 was recruited for the experiment. The study uses one-way repeated measures design ANOVA and MEMORE to test the effects of moderation for repeated measures. Findings The findings indicate that fake news that violates one’s moral code, belief and values could induce anger and brand hate. Religiosity moderates the relationship between anger and brand hate Research limitations/implications The study’s limitations include the limited dimension measured for religiosity and brand hate. Originality/value The study of brand hate as opposed to brand love is relatively scarce. This study has observed how fake news that violates one’s moral code is detrimental to the brand, which in turn induces hate. Marketing managers have to be cautious in marketing their products in more religious countries. Besides, they have to be proactive in combating fake news that might tarnish their brand.

A trial engagement? Innovative free and other service trials

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
David H.B. Bednall ◽  
Harmen Oppewal ◽  
Krongjit Laochumnanvanit ◽  
Cuc Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Customer Engagement ◽  
Personal Service ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Trial Experience ◽  
Personal Services ◽  
Credence Services ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose This paper aims to discover how consumers process an innovative set of systematically varied service trial offers and how this affects their learning and interaction as precursors to customer engagement. Design/methodology/approach The research uses experiments that manipulate pricing, type of service and delivery method. A repeated-measures design was used with a sample of 396 participants. Findings Free (as opposed to cost or full price) service trials were more likely to be accepted, with perceived truthfulness of the trial offer and perceived obligation mediating the relationship. Credence service trials generate higher levels of perceived obligation than experience service trial offers, while personal services are more likely to lead to trial adoption. Research limitations/implications The research can be extended to well-recognized brands and further mixed service contexts. Practical implications Trial offers of new services are best targeted at buyers who are in the likely buyer group. The trial offer may accelerate time to purchase and relieve perceived risks. The trials of credence services need further signals of quality in the trial itself for consumers to adopt the full service. With personal service trials, skeptical consumers need assurance as to what will happen after the trial experience. Free trials may actually devalue a service, threatening engagement. Originality/value Uniquely, service trial offers are systematically manipulated using experience versus credence and personal versus impersonal trials to determine their effect on acceptance of the trial offer and the full service. Additionally, the study compares free, cost price and full price trial offers.

scholarly journals An Interdisciplinary Examination of Stress and Injury Occurrence in Athletes

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry Fisher ◽  
Marianne JR Gittoes ◽  
Lynne Evans ◽  
C Leah Bitchell ◽  
Richard J Mullen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Negative Life Events ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Muscle Stiffness ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Injury Occurrence ◽  
The Relationship

This paper adopts a novel, interdisciplinary approach to explore the relationship between stress-related psychosocial factors, physiological markers and occurrence of injury in athletes using a repeated measures prospective design. At four data collection time-points, across 1-year of a total 2-year data collection period, athletes completed measures of major life events, the reinforcement sensitivity theory personality questionnaire, muscle stiffness, heart rate variability and postural stability, and reported any injuries they had sustained since the last data collection. Two Bayesian networks were used to examine the relationships between variables and model the changes between data collection points in the study. Findings revealed muscle stiffness to have the strongest relationship with injury occurrence, with high levels of stiffness increasing the probability of sustaining an injury. Negative life events did not increase the probability of injury occurrence at any single time-point; however, when examining changes between time points, increases in negative life events did increase the probability of injury. In addition, the combination of increases in negative life events and muscle stiffness resulted in the greatest probability of sustaining an injury. Findings demonstrated the importance of both an interdisciplinary approach and a repeated measures design to furthering our understanding of the relationship between stress-related markers and injury occurrence.

scholarly journals Influence of Biomechanical Parameters on Performance in Elite Triathletes along 29 Weeks of Training

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 1050
Author(s):  
Javier Olaya-Cuartero ◽  
Roberto Cejuela
Keyword(s):  
Performance Improvement ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Anthropometric Characteristics ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Biomechanical Parameters ◽  
Physiological Values ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Pearson Correlations

The purpose of the study was to assess how the modification of biomechanical parameters influences the performance of elite triathletes. Four elite international triathletes participated in this study. The anthropometric method ISAK was used to estimate the triathlete’s body composition. For the physiological and biomechanical parameters, a running test (RT) was performed on an outdoor track, with the participants wearing the Stryd Summit Footpod (Stryd, Boulder, CO, USA). The pre-test took place in the last week of an adaptation mesocycle; then, after 29 weeks of training, the triathletes performed the post-test. A within-subject repeated measures design was used to assess changes in the anthropometric, physiological and biomechanical parameters. Pearson correlations (r) were applied to determine the relationship between the performance at different intensities (VT1, VT2 and MAS) and the biomechanical parameters. Concerning the anthropometric characteristics, significant differences were found in the summation (Σ) of skinfold (8.1 cm); as a consequence, the % fat mass was reduced (1.2%). Significant differences were found in the physiological values (VO2 and % VO2max), speed and biomechanical parameters, such as step length normalized, to the specific physiological intensity of the short-distance triathlon, the VT2. Therefore, performance improvement in the running segment could not only be explained by physiological changes, but also by biomechanical parameters changes.

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