scholarly journals How Do Individual-Level Characteristics Influence Cross-Domain Risk Perceptions Among Chinese Urban Residents?

SAGE Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 215824402110035
Author(s):  
Yanbo Zhang ◽  
Yibao Wang ◽  
Ahmad Bayiz Ahmad ◽  
Ashfaq Ahmad Shah ◽  
Wen Qing
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Religious Faith ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Health Threat ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Social Risks ◽  
Sample Survey Data

While previous studies show that risk perceptions vary across populations and domains, there is little empirical evidence on the interplay between individual-level characteristics and risk domains in shaping perceived social risks in a country such as China. This study examines empirically the effects of individual-level characteristics on risk perceptions across different domains. Based on a large sample survey data from 31 provincial capitals in China, our analysis demonstrates that risk perceptions fall into four domains: contingencies, health threat, natural hazards, and social security. The multilevel model estimates indicate that confidence in local government responsible for risk management and being a male are uniformly and significantly correlated to less risk perceptions among all risk domains. Education presents a consistent pattern in amplifying risk perceptions, with only some effects on perceived health threat and contingencies displaying statistical significance. Also, age and income exhibit mixed associations with risk perceptions, only with age significantly attenuating perceived contingencies. The results also demonstrate that religious faith, party membership, and Hukou are related to risk perceptions. We discuss the theoretical and policy implications of our findings and conclude with research limitations and future research avenues.

Is This Kid a Likely Experimenter or a Likely Persister? An Analysis of Individual-Level and Family-Level Risk Factors Predicting Multiple Offending Among a Group of Adjudicated Youth

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (13) ◽  
pp. 4024-4045 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasan Buker ◽  
Ayhan Erbay
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Intervention Strategy ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Dropping Out ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Adjudicated Youth ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Family Level

To implement effective diversion programs and determine for a well-suited intervention strategy, ascertaining who, among the adjudicated youth, is more likely to involve in multiple offending, rather than desisting after an initial delinquent behavior, is of great significance. The overall objective of this study, therefore, is to contribute to the existing knowledge on assessing the risks for multiple offending during juvenile adjudication processes. In this regard, this study examined the predicting powers of several individual-level and family-level risk factors on multiple offending during adolescence, based on a data set derived from court-ordered social examination reports (SERs) on 400 adjudicated youth in Turkey. Two binomial regression models were implemented to test the predictor values of various risk factors from these two domains. Results indicated the following as significant predictors of multiple offending among the subjects: younger age of onset in delinquency, dropping out of school, having delinquent/drug abusing (risky) friends, being not able to share problems with the family, increased number of siblings, and having a domestically migrated family. Conclusively, these findings were compared with the existing literature, and the policy implications and recommendations for future research were discussed.

Experimental Designs in the Study of Offender Decision Making

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey A. Bouffard ◽  
Nicole Niebuhr
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Real World ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Experimental Designs ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Setting ◽  
Individual Level

Research on offender decision making has utilized experimental designs and has often coupled these strong designs with the use of hypothetical vignettes that describe specific offending circumstances for the would-be offender to consider. In some cases, these studies have experimentally manipulated situational elements of the imagined setting. In others, researchers have experimentally manipulated the context in which the participants make the decision. Other researchers have utilized randomized designs with behavioral analogues within the research setting. This research has found that various situational and individual-level factors influence the content and process of offender decision making in important ways. Future research should further explore how offenders form risk perceptions and how these influences may interact with one another, and it should continue to refine these methods to more closely approximate real-world settings.

scholarly journals Risk perceptions and attitudinal responses to COVID-19 pandemic: an online survey in Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zewdie Birhanu ◽  
Argaw Ambelu ◽  
Diriba Fufa ◽  
Mohammed Mecha ◽  
Ahmed Zeynudin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Communication ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Perceived Threat ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Perceived Efficacy ◽  
Health Threat ◽  
Control Response ◽  
Communication Campaigns

Abstract Background Effective risk communication is one of the critical strategies in the response to COVID-19. This study examined risk perceptions and attitudinal responses to COVID-19 among the educated section of the society in Ethiopia. Methods An internet-based survey was conducted from April 22 to May 04, 2020, in Ethiopia. A questionnaire addressing the perception of health threat-combination of perceived vulnerability (PV) and perceived seriousness (PS), and perceived efficacy-combinations of perceived response efficacy (PRE), perceived self-efficacy (PSE), and perceived collective efficacy (PCE). The data were analyzed using SPSS 21.0. Descriptive statistics were computed after the standardization of the scores. The scores for overall efficacy and threat were split by median value and response classifications were generated through threat by efficacy interactions. For statistical significance, 95% CI and p-value < 0.05 were used. Results A total of 929 respondents submitted their responses. Eight hundred and twenty-eight (89.1%) of the respondents were male and 753 (81.1%) were Christian. The perceived threat to COVID-19 was generally low (median = 58.3). The median score for overall efficacy, PRE, and PSE were 79.8, 87.5, and 80.0, respectively. However, the median value (66.7) for PCE was relatively low. Perceived threat significantly varied by age, education, occupation, and place of residence (p < 0.05). Perceived efficacy significantly differed by gender, residence, and use of some sources of information (p < 0.05). In terms of response to COVID-19, 290 (31.2%), 239 (25.7%), 175 (18.8%) and 225 (24.2%) of the respondents were in the responsive, pro-active, avoidant, and indifferent attitudinal categories, respectively. The avoidant and indifferent groups constituted a fear control response (mal-adaptive motivation towards COVID-19 protective behavior) whereas responsive and pro-active categories formed a danger control response (self-protective motivation). These responses varied significantly by residence, region, religion, and sources of information (p < 0.05). Conclusions Understanding people’s perceived health threat and efficacy is a critical step toward creating risk communication campaigns. Hence, this study provided an insight that has the potential to inform the COVID-19 risk communication campaigns targeting the educated section of the society, by ensuring a balanced combination of threat appeals and efficacy messages for improved self-protective responses.

Futurelessness, Risk Perceptions, and Commitment to Institutional Rules Among a Sample of Incarcerated Men and Women

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 591-608
Author(s):  
Frances P. Abderhalden ◽  
Thomas Baker ◽  
Jill A. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Institutional Misconduct ◽  
Institutional Rules ◽  
Incarcerated Men ◽  
Security Levels ◽  
Study Participants

Using self-reported surveys of a sample of 2,927 incarcerated men and women from correctional facilities of varying security levels in the United States, this study explores the interrelationship of futurelessness, perceived certainty and celerity of punishment, and commitment to institutional rules. Incarcerated individuals’ commitment to rules with an adult sample has not been explored with consideration to emotionality. Findings suggest that futurelessness and risk perceptions are directly and significantly associated with commitment to institutional rules after controlling for several importation and deprivation factors associated with institutional misconduct. Contrary to the suggestions of prior research, risk perceptions did not mediate the futurelessness–commitment to institutional rules relationship. Direct quotes from study participants are included to contextualize and frame the policy implications of the findings. Theoretical implications and directions for future research are also discussed.

Determinants of Household Access Demand for Telecom Services in India: Empirical Evidence and Policy Implications

2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Karnataka State ◽  
Sample Survey Data ◽  
Social Caste ◽  
Tax Payers ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThis paper estimates the socioeconomic and demographic determinants of household access demand for telecommunications (or telecom) services by employing a binary logit model and using a sample survey data from Karnataka State (India). The evidence suggests that social caste, education level, size of income, income tax payers, and location of friends and relatives in local call area have significant impact on household access demand. However, the nature and magnitude of the impact of these determinants are different in rural and urban areas, respectively. Further, given the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, a rise in the average income of households is shown to have a remarkable increase in the probability for access demand. These results imply that knowledge of socioeconomic and demographic determinants are relevant inputs for design of a promotional policy for access to telecom services. Subject to the comparability of socioeconomic structures, these implications are of relevance for promotion of household access demand for telecom services in other developing countries.

“Mind” matters!

2019 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
S.M. Ramya ◽  
Rupashree Baral
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Organizational Level ◽  
Environmental Responsibility ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Corporate Environmental Responsibility ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Climate Action

Purpose Given the urgency in taking climate action, the purpose of this paper is to propose a conceptual framework to drive corporate environmental responsibility (CER) through environmentally responsible decision making (ERDM) by incorporating two interventions, the accuracy of mental models (MM) of the key decision makers and green nudging. Design/methodology/approach Relevant theories in management, cognition and behavioral sciences are studied and leaned on to build this conceptual framework. Findings Our mind creates MM about the real world to illustrate what we think about the world and about how it works. MM are clouded with biases and misconceptions. These MM have a tremendous impact on our behavior. The authors present how increasing the accuracy of the MM of environmental phenomena leads to efficient sensemaking and directs an ERDM thereby contributing to the environmental responsibility gestures of an organization. Green nudges attack the choice architecture of the decision maker toward ERDM. Research limitations/implications This framework contributes to the literature on corporate social responsibility. It advances the theories at the intersection of business, economy and natural environment. The framework built with assumptions opens the scope for future research and empirical testing. Practical implications This framework contributes to practice by recommending implementable and sustainable interventions. The inaccuracies found may become the base for a sector-wise training program. Due to mimetic isomorphism, driving CER may reap policy implications. Originality/value This multi-level conceptual framework is the first to propose individual level drivers of organizational level outcome CER through MM of environmental phenomena of key decision makers and green nudging. The paper offers complementary interventions.

Neighborhood Context, Street Efficacy, and Fear of Violent Victimization

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Yuan ◽  
Beidi Dong ◽  
Chris Melde
Keyword(s):  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Fear Of Crime ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Neighborhood Context ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Neighborhood Level

Drawing on Bandura’s self-efficacy theory, the current study investigates the relationship between individuals’ perceived self-efficacy of avoiding unsafe situations and fear of violence in a neighborhood context. Specifically, it is hypothesized that adolescents who report higher levels of street efficacy are less likely to exhibit fear of violence than adolescents who report lower levels of street efficacy. Using panel data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, the authors estimate a series of multilevel ordinal logistic regression models to explain the relationship between street efficacy and fear of violence controlling for both individual-level and neighborhood-level covariates. The results confirm the hypothesis that adolescents’ prior street efficacy is negatively associated with subsequent fear of violence. The current study suggests that a social cognitive perspective should be incorporated into the fear of crime literature. Policy implications of the findings are discussed, along with suggestions for future research.

scholarly journals International Real Estate Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-81
Author(s):  
Jinwoo Jung ◽  
◽  
Changha Jin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Wealth Effect ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Housing Wealth ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Housing Wealth Effect ◽  
Econometric Technique

In this study, we estimate the housing wealth effect of households with different income levels. Since we expect the housing wealth effect to vary based on the different income levels, we use the threshold estimation technique developed in Hansen (1999) instead of imposing an exogenous criterion to divide the sample by income level. This econometric technique is developed for panels with individual-specific fixed effects. Therefore, we apply this econometric method on the findings in the existing literature to estimate the housing wealth effect, while considering the heterogeneity in different income categories. We obtain individual level data from the 2012 to 2016 Korea Household Finance and Welfare Survey (KHFWS) and find statistically significant threshold income levels, thus indicating households show different behaviors based on the threshold income. We provide the groundwork for future research to identify the target group who maximizes their wealth effect, which has housing policy implications.

Conclusion

2020 ◽  
pp. 698-719
Author(s):  
Ronald E. Rice ◽  
Simeon J. Yates ◽  
Jordana Blejmar
Keyword(s):  
Digital Technology ◽  
Digital Literacy ◽  
Theory Development ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Digital Culture ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Technology And Society ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Research Areas

We conclude the Handbook of Digital Technology and Society by identifying topics that appear in multiple chapters, are more unique to some chapters, and that represent general themes across the material. Each of these is considered separately for the ESRC theme chapters and the non-ESRC chapters. In the ESRC theme chapters, cross-cutting research topics include digital divides and inequalities; data and digital literacy; governance, regulation, and legislation; and the roles and impacts of major platforms. Cross-cutting challenges include methods; theory development, testing, and evaluation; ethics; big data; and multi-platform/holistic studies. Gaps include policy implications, and digital culture. In the non-ESRC chapters, more cross-cutting themes include future research and methods; technology venues; relationships; content and creation; culture and everyday life; theory; and societal effects. More unique, these were digitization of self; managing digital experience; names for the digital/social era; ethics; user groups; civic issues; health, and positive effects. The chapter also shows how the non-ESRC chapters may be clustered together based on their shared themes and subthemes, identifying two general themes of more micro and more macro topics. The identification of both more and less common topics and themes can provide the basis for understanding the landscape of prior research, what areas need to be included in ongoing research, and what research areas might benefit from more attention. The chapter ends with some recommendations for such ongoing and future research in the rich, important, and challenging area of digital technology and society.

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