The push and pull of radicalization and extremist disengagement: The application of criminological theory to Indonesian and Australian cases of radicalization

Research shows there is variability in factors that cause a person to radicalize to violent extremism. The use of the push/pull distinction has been one way in which scholars have aimed to provide clarity to the process of radicalization and extremist disengagement. However, it remains a conceptually underdeveloped distinction. In this paper, we draw on aspects of criminological theory to better understand the push and pull distinction. The paper draws on research comprising interviews with three Indonesians and two Australian individuals who have radicalized to violent extremism that is aligned with jihadist ideologies. Based on this primary data, case descriptions and narratives are provided on each individual examining pathways into and away from violent extremism. We draw on aspects of strain theory, social control, differential association, and desistance theory to understand common patterns across each case and to highlight the relative influence of various push and pull factors. Implications for theory and policy are highlighted. We also acknowledge limitations in our approach.

Download Full-text

Push and Pull Factors of Transnational Street Begging in South Western Nigeria

The Nigerian Journal of Sociology and Anthropology ◽

10.36108/njsa/5102/13(0220) ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Usman Adekunle Ojedokun ◽

Adeyinka Abideen Aderinto

Keyword(s):

Data Collection ◽

Federal Government ◽

Strain Theory ◽

Sampling Techniques ◽

Survey Questionnaire ◽

Pull Factors ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Push And Pull Factors ◽

Depth Interview ◽

Push And Pull

Street begging in Nigeria has traditionally been dominated by indigenous beggars. However, a growing trend in the phenomenon in recent times is the involvement of migrant beggars in streets. Against this background, this paper examined the push and pull factors of transnational street begging in South Western Nigeria. The study was exploratory and cross-sectional in design. Anomie-strain theory was adopted as conceptual framework. Convenience and purposive sampling techniques were employed to select 395 respondents. Survey questionnaire and in-depth interview were the methods of data collection. Transnational street beggars attributed their involvement in street begging to different socio-economic and environmental challenges in their home-countries. Most of them (53.4%) migrated to Nigeria for better opportunity. The Federal Government of Nigeria is urged to put in place a mechanism through which refugees who are genuinely in need can be helped and/or distinguished from migrants who have permanently taken to street begging as their means of livelihood.

Download Full-text

Comparing Push and Pull Factors Affecting Migration

Economies ◽

10.3390/economies10010021 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 21

Author(s):

Mariusz Urbański

Keyword(s):

Primary Data ◽

Economic Factors ◽

Pull Factors ◽

Push Factors ◽

Political Issues ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Push And Pull Factors ◽

Foreign Countries ◽

Major Factors ◽

Push And Pull

The purpose of this research was to conduct a comparison of the push and pull factors affecting migration between Poland and Romania. The study aimed to find out which among the push and pull factors have a greater effect overall and individually on the migration activities. The study was conducted using primary data collected from migrants in both countries using a structured questionnaire. There were data from 298 and 288 surveys for Poland and Romania, respectively. The push and pull migration framework was applied to guide the study. The model suitability was confirmed satisfactory on validity, reliability and factor analysis. The hypothesis was analyzed and evaluated using multiple regression analysis. The findings of the study indicated that pull factors have a greater influence on migration in these two countries as compared to the push factors. Five out of six (economic, political and social in Poland and economic and political in Romania) pull factors were found significant as compared to two (social in Poland and in Romania) out of six push factors. Pull economic factors were significant determinants of migration in all the countries. Pull political factors were found to have the highest effect in both countries, because they influenced migrants in Romania. Economic factors are the major factors that influence migration, including the hope of finding better jobs and better life in the foreign countries, and these factors should be addressed in the effort to reduce migration. In addition, political issues such as unfair legal system, violent conflicts, underdevelopment, poverty, political instability and corruption should be addressed to control the issue of migration.

Download Full-text

FAKTOR PENDORONG DAN PENARIK PERDAGANGAN ORANG (HUMAN TRAFFICKING) DI SUMATERA BARAT

Humanus ◽

10.24036/jh.v13i2.4728 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 193

Author(s):

Ike Sylvia

Keyword(s):

Human Trafficking ◽

Formal Education ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Early Marriage ◽

Primary Data ◽

Group Discussions ◽

Pull Factors ◽

Push And Pull Factors ◽

West Sumatra ◽

Push And Pull

This study is intended to reveal: (1) the description of the real conditions and the information and facts about human trafficking in West Sumatra, (2) the “push and pull factors” of human trafficking. This study uses a mixed method using secondary and primary data. Primary data is collected through questionnaires, interviews and focus group discussions in accordance with the purpose of research. Secondary data is collected by observing the documents available at the village, district, regency, provincial, and national levels as well as other relevant agencies and literature review. The results show that the push factors of human trafficking in West Sumatra are; (1) the unavailability of the desired jobs in the country (2) early marriage, with a high risk of divorce, domestic violence, poverty, etc, (3) requirements that must be met before applying, (4) Poverty (5) low formal education, so easily provoked by news, (6) Administration of birth registration is not good, (7) Lack of social control. Meanwhile the pull factors of human trafficking are (1) the temptation to make a living outside the hometown, (2) Information that life is better and successful outside hometown, (3) better salary outside hometown, (4) simple procedures conducted by labor brokers who trap women in human trafficking. The community leaders, religious leaders, as well as ‘bundo kanduang’, ‘ninik mamak’ are expected to play the role as agents of inheriting unwritten values, norms and traditions to the nephews and children within the family, so they will be guided in their lives and not trapped by the human trafficking brokers seduction. Keywords: human trafficking, push and pull factors

Download Full-text

PENGARUH PUSH DAN PULL FACTOR TERHADAP KUNJUNGAN WISATAWAN BACKPACKER KE BUKITTINGGI

Jurnal Benefita ◽

10.22216/jbe.v1i1.3854 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 182

Author(s):

Heru Aulia Azman

Keyword(s):

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Annual Reports ◽

Primary Data ◽

Pull Factors ◽

Pull Factor ◽

Push And Pull Factors ◽

Push And Pull ◽

Push Factor

This study aims to determine the effect of The Push and Pull Factors on Backpacker tourist’s decision to visit Bukittinggi. The object of this research is Backpacker tourists who visit Bukittinggi consist with samples of 100 peoples. The data used in this study including primary and secondary data. Primary data comes from the opinions of each respondent through the questionnaire to find out the response of the research sample regarding the influence of Push and Pull factors on the Backpacker tourists decision. While secondary data comes from previous journals, books, internet media, and annual reports, the primary data obtained then analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis techniques. The results of the study indicate that push and pull factors have a significant effect on Backpacker tourists visits to Bukittinggi.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh Push factor dan pull factor terhadap keputusan berkunjung turis Backpacker ke Bukittinggi. Yang menjadi objek penelitian ini adalah wisatawan Backpacker yang melakukan kunjungan ke Bukittinggi. Adapun jumlah sampel penelitian adalah 100 orang. Jenis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu data primer dan data sekunder. Data primer bersumber dari pendapat masing-masing sampel penelitian dengan menggunakan angket atau penyebaran kuesioner, untuk mengetahui respon sampel penelitian mengenai pengaruh Push factor dan Pull factor terhadap keputusan berkunjung wisatawan Backpacker. Sedangkan data sekunder bersumber dari jurnal-jurnal sebelumnya, buku, media internet, annual report . Data primer yang didapat kemudian dianalisa dengan cara melakukan pengujian dengan teknik analisa regresi linear berganda . Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa push dan pull factor berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kunjungan wisatawan Backpacker ke Bukittinggi.

Download Full-text

Counter-Terrorism: Push and Pull Factors Impacting Male Youth Involved in Violent Extremism in Punjab, Pakistan

Liberal Arts and Social Sciences International Journal (LASSIJ) ◽

10.47264/idea.lassij/4.1.26 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 303-316

Author(s):

Tehmina Aslam ◽

Syed Mubashar Ali Shah Rizvi ◽

Muhammad Asad Aslam

Keyword(s):

Law Enforcement ◽

Law And Order ◽

Pull Factors ◽

Male Youth ◽

Push And Pull Factors ◽

Counter Terrorism ◽

Religious Extremism ◽

Violent Extremism ◽

Security Operations ◽

Push And Pull

The study examines contribution of societal dogmas and extremist religious ideologies pushing the youth to religious extremism. It asses contribution of people’s persuasion and the state’s coercive measures ranging from law enforcement to physical actions to pull the youth return to peace. The study is qualitative for which interviews are conducted with former militants, their relatives, and friends in Sargodha and Jhang, Pakistan. Four main findings are: First, societal dogmas to devote one’s life for a religious cause motivated the youth to resort to extremism. Second, extremist religious ideologies centred upon jihadism to sacrifice one’s life for a religious cause pushed the youth to terrorism. Third, people’s persuasion especially persuasion by families acted as a major pull factor to bringing the youth back to normal life. Fourth, the state’s coercive hand in enforcement of law and order, security operations, jails and other police actions dissuaded the youth to tread further the path of terrorism. Nonetheless, the pull factors such as societal dogmas and religious ideologies played their role in motivating the youth to terrorism. The pull factors such as people’s persuasion and the state’s coercion outclassed them to assert peace thus preventing them from falling into the abyss of terrorism.

Download Full-text

Internal migration in Italy. Long-run analysis of push and pull factors across regions and macro-areas of the country.

MIGRATION LETTERS ◽

10.33182/ml.v13i3.295 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 443-454

Author(s):

Piras Romano

Keyword(s):

Gravity Model ◽

Internal Migration ◽

Empirical Studies ◽

Great Majority ◽

Pull Factors ◽

Push And Pull Factors ◽

Long Run ◽

Italian Regions ◽

Migration Flows ◽

Push And Pull

The great majority of empirical studies on internal migration across Italian regions either ignores the long-run perspective of the phenomenon or do not consider push and pull factors separately. In addition, Centre-North to South flows, intra-South and intra-Centre-North migration have not been studied. We aim to fill this gap and tackle interregional migration flows from different geographical perspectives. We apply four panel data estimators with different statistical assumptions and show that long-run migration flows from the Mezzogiorno towards Centre-Northern regions are well explained by a gravity model in which per capita GDP, unemployment and population play a major role. On the contrary, migration flows from Centre-North to South has probably much to do with other social and demographic factors. Finally, intra Centre-North and intra South migration flows roughly obey to the gravity model, though not all explicative variables are relevant.

Download Full-text

Foreign Labour Migration, Economic Growth and Remittances in Nepal

Patan Pragya ◽

10.3126/pragya.v5i1.30452 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 122-132

Author(s):

Laxman Singh Kunwer

Keyword(s):

Working Environment ◽

Labour Migration ◽

Sources Of Information ◽

Pull Factors ◽

Push And Pull Factors ◽

Secondary Sources ◽

Foreign Labour ◽

Increasing Trend ◽

Push And Pull

This paper examines the history and current situation of foreign labour migration in Nepal, which is in increasing trend. This paper highlights on some major push and pull factors, impacts of labour migration and remittances. The role and impacts of remittances in Nepal are also another key issue of this paper. The objective of paper is to discuss historical aspects and highlights the role of remittances in Nepal. The paper is developed with the help of secondary sources of information and discussed only on Nepalese foreign labours. The existing exploitative working environment in destinations of Nepalese migrations labpurs, lack of skills and trainings among labour migrants including government to government agreement between labour sending (Nepal) and labour receiving countries to protect rights of labour migrants also has been discussed. This paper also highlights the need of effective foreign labour policies based on scientific research. There is need of reliable and proper environment of investment of remittances in productive sectors as well as use of migrant's skills and knowledge to achieve prosperity of nation.

Download Full-text

Factors influencing the migration intention of dental and medical graduates in developing countries

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckz186.057 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽

Author(s):

S Hajian ◽

M H Khoshnevisan ◽

S h Yazdani ◽

M P Jadidfard

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Developing Country ◽

English Language ◽

Health Workers ◽

Service Planning ◽

Primary Data ◽

Pull Factors ◽

Factors Influencing ◽

Migration Decisions ◽

Push And Pull

Abstract Background Migration of skilled health workers could result in shortage of human resources and rising inequalities in service provision in source countries. To date, most of relevant papers are focused on rate and reasons of migration while the need for conducting studies on modelling of factors is more vividly felt. The aim of this review was to determine the factors influencing the migration decisions of medical and dental graduates migrating from developing countries and to introduce a practical conceptual framework for health worker migration. Methods Electronic databases PubMed, Google Scholar and relevant Journals were systematically searched for English language publications from January 2009 to April 2019. The inclusion criteria were: 1) article stated factors affecting migration decisions of medical doctors and/or dentists, 2) the source country in the study was a developing country, 3) participants’ primary qualification country was in a developing country,4) the study used primary data both qualitative or quantitative. Results The search identified 814 articles from which we included 23 full-text studies after applying eligibility checklist. Push and pull theory was the most popular model to describe the migration driving factors. Poor socio-economic situation, political instability, lack of professional and educational opportunities together with family concerns found as strong common push factors that perpetuate migration. The most influencing pull factors were desire for better quality of life, career and training opportunities and financial gain. Conclusions Despite the fact that health workers migrate for different reasons, they follow a same route for decision to stay or leave their own countries. Un-fulfillment of expectations in mother land in addition to media reconstructed reality of life in foreign land can develop a positive attitude for migration Which should be considered before weighing up the push and pull factors of both sides. Key messages A better understanding of the migration motives of health professionals will help health authorities to improve their workforce recruitment and retention strategies and health service planning. Our simple yet comprehensive framework can mainly identify the development of migration desire through combining different models and concepts of migration, behavioral change, values, needs and so on.

Download Full-text