scholarly journals Advances in the understanding of trauma-induced coagulopathy

Blood ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 128 (8) ◽  
pp. 1043-1049 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald Chang ◽  
Jessica C. Cardenas ◽  
Charles E. Wade ◽  
John B. Holcomb
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Endothelial Activation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Trauma Patients ◽  
Platelet Dysfunction ◽  
Intracranial Injury ◽  
Trauma Induced Coagulopathy ◽  
Common Causes

Abstract Ten percent of deaths worldwide are due to trauma, and it is the third most common cause of death in the United States. Despite a profound upregulation in procoagulant mechanisms, one-quarter of trauma patients present with laboratory-based evidence of trauma-induced coagulopathy (TIC), which is associated with poorer outcomes including increased mortality. The most common causes of death after trauma are hemorrhage and traumatic brain injury (TBI). The management of TIC has significant implications in both because many hemorrhagic deaths could be preventable, and TIC is associated with progression of intracranial injury after TBI. This review covers the most recent evidence and advances in our understanding of TIC, including the role of platelet dysfunction, endothelial activation, and fibrinolysis. Trauma induces a plethora of biochemical and physiologic changes, and despite numerous studies reporting differences in coagulation parameters between trauma patients and uninjured controls, it is unclear whether some of these differences may be “normal” after trauma. Comparisons between trauma patients with differing outcomes and use of animal studies have shed some light on this issue, but much of the data continue to be correlative with causative links lacking. In particular, there are little data linking the laboratory-based abnormalities with true clinically evident coagulopathic bleeding. For these reasons, TIC continues to be a significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenge.

scholarly journals The Current Role of Interventional Radiology in the Management of Acute Trauma Patient

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (01) ◽  
pp. 034-039
Author(s):  
Casey M. Luckhurst ◽  
April E. Mendoza
Keyword(s):  
Interventional Radiology ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Multidisciplinary Teams ◽  
Trauma Patients ◽  
Trauma Centers ◽  
Endovascular Techniques ◽  
Research And Innovation ◽  
Complex Patient ◽  
Common Causes

AbstractTrauma is one of the most common causes of death, particularly in younger individuals. The development of specialized trauma centers, trauma-specific intensive care units, and trauma-focused medical subspecialties has led to the formation of comprehensive multidisciplinary teams and an ever-growing body of research and innovation. The field of interventional radiology provides a unique set of minimally invasive, endovascular techniques that has largely changed the way that many trauma patients are managed. This article discusses the role of interventional radiology in the care of this complex patient population, and in particular how the specialty fits into the overall team management of these patients.

scholarly journals The Role of Monocytes and Macrophages in Human Atherosclerosis, Plaque Neoangiogenesis, and Atherothrombosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Moroni ◽  
Enrico Ammirati ◽  
Giuseppe Danilo Norata ◽  
Marco Magnoni ◽  
Paolo G. Camici
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Arterial Wall ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Pathogenic Role ◽  
Monocytes And Macrophages ◽  
Human Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. It is a complex disease characterized by lipid accumulation within the arterial wall, inflammation, local neoangiogenesis, and apoptosis. Innate immune effectors, in particular monocytes and macrophages, play a pivotal role in atherosclerosis initiation and progression. Although most of available evidence on the role of monocytes and macrophages in atherosclerosis is derived from animal studies, a growing body of evidence elucidating the role of these mononuclear cell subtypes in human atherosclerosis is currently accumulating. A novel pathogenic role of monocytes and macrophages in terms of atherosclerosis initiation and progression, in particular concerning the role of these cell subsets in neovascularization, has been discovered. The aim of the present article is to review currently available evidence on the role of monocytes and macrophages in human atherosclerosis and in relation to plaque characteristics, such as plaque neoangiogenesis, and patients’ prognosis and their potential role as biomarkers.

scholarly journals Persistent and extreme outliers in causes of death by state, 1999-2013

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis P Boscoe
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
National Rate ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Specific Mortality

In the United States, state-specific mortality rates that are high relative to national rates can result from legitimate reasons or from variability in coding practices. This paper identifies instances of state-specific mortality rates that were at least twice the national rate in each of three consecutive five-year periods (termed persistent outliers), along with rates that were at least five times the national rate in at least one five-year period (termed extreme outliers). The resulting set of 71 outliers, 12 of which appeared on both lists, illuminates mortality variations within the country, including some that are amenable to improvement either because they represent preventable causes of death or highlight weaknesses in coding techniques. Because the approach used here is based on relative rather than absolute mortality, it is not dominated by the most common causes of death such as heart disease and cancer.

scholarly journals Thoracic Trauma, Nonaortic Injuries

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (01) ◽  
pp. 075-083
Author(s):  
Kai A. Jones ◽  
Shirin Sadri ◽  
Noor Ahmad ◽  
Joseph R. Weintraub ◽  
Stephen P. Reis
Keyword(s):  
Interventional Radiology ◽  
Operating Room ◽  
Thoracic Trauma ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Trauma Patients ◽  
Vascular Injuries ◽  
Thoracic Injuries ◽  
Small Minority

AbstractTrauma is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Approximately two-thirds of trauma patients have thoracic injuries. Nonvascular injury to the chest is most common; however, while vascular injuries to the chest make up a small minority of injuries in thoracic trauma, these injuries are most likely to require intervention by interventional radiology (IR). IR plays a vital role, with much to offer, in the evaluation and management of patients with both vascular and nonvascular thoracic trauma; in many cases, IR treatments obviate the need for these patients to go to the operating room. This article reviews the role of IR in the treatment of vascular an nonvascular traumatic thoracic injuries.

scholarly journals Good versus bad medical stoppages in boxing: Stopping a fight in time

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
N Sethi
Keyword(s):  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
The United States ◽  
Medical Community ◽  
Contact Sport ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Evidence Based Guidelines ◽  
Professional Boxing ◽  
Impact Syndrome

Background: Professional boxing is a popular contact sport with a high risk for both acute and chronic traumatic brain injury (TBI). Although rare, many boxers have died in the ring or soon after the completion of a bout. The most common causes of death in these cases are usually acute subdural hematomas, acute epidural hematomas, a subarachnoid haemorrhage, an intracranial haemorrhage or Second Impact Syndrome (SIS). Ringside physicians are entrusted with the health and safety of boxers in the ring and in the immediate aftermath of a bout.Discussion: As per the Uniform Boxing Rules (approved August 25, 2001, Amended August 2, 2002, Amended July 3, 2008, Amended July 24, 2012, Amended July 29, 2014), the referee is the sole arbiter of a bout and is the only individual authorised to stop a contest. [1]In some states in the United States and in other countries around the world, the referee and the ringside physician are the sole arbiters of a fight and the only individuals authorised to enter the fighting area at any time during the competition and also authorised to stop a fight. This raises the important question of when should a fight be stopped on medical grounds.Conclusion: Standardising medical stoppage decisions in boxing will help to protect a boxer’s health and safety in the ring. Good practice guidelines for medical stoppage due to suspected TBI are suggested. It is recommended that the medical community debate the proposed guidelines vigorously, in order that evidence-based guidelines can be developed in conjunction with professional boxing governing bodies.

scholarly journals Causes of Death in COVID-19: A Minireview

2021 ◽  
pp. 311-314
Author(s):  
Shravani Dhale ◽  
Swarupa Chakole ◽  
Neha Bhatt
Keyword(s):  
Older Patients ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Strain Virus ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Inflammation Of The Lungs

Background: More than two million people have died worldwide as a result of the new corona strain virus SARS-CoV-2 and the associated COVID-19 syndrome. Older patients with pre-existing health problems are more likely to die from their illness. We found that septic shock and multiple failures were the most common causes of death, mainly due to inflammation of the lungs, although there was no definitive study on the causes of death and the role of pre-existing conditions. In a few cases, respiratory failure caused by excessive alveolar injury was the cause of immediate death. Comorbidities such as asthma, heart disease, and obesity were present in most cases. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that COVID-19 was related to death in the majority of decedents, rather than being a direct product of pre-existing health conditions and comorbidities. As a result, we conclude that COVID-19 killed most patients, with pre-existing health issues playing only a minor role in the death mechanism.

scholarly journals Antihistamines Increase Body Mass Index Percentiles and Z-Scores in Hispanic Children

Children ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 305
Author(s):  
Michelle Saad ◽  
Sabeen Syed ◽  
Maheen Ilyas ◽  
Anatoliy A. Gashev
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Liver Enzymes ◽  
Comparison Group ◽  
The United States ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

The prevalence of childhood obesity has increased over the years in the United States and contributed to a rise in metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Animal studies suggested the role of histamine blockade on mesenteric lymphatics tone, contributing to weight gain and hepatic steatosis. This study aimed to investigate an association between antihistamines (AH) use in children and obesity. A single-center retrospective cohort study on children with a diagnosis of NAFLD, followed in the gastroenterology clinic, was performed between January 2018 and April 2019. The demographics, medications, and body mass index (BMI) were assessed. Participants were divided into an AH group with documented use and comparison group, antihistamine naïve. Of the 32 participants in the study, 13 used AH, and 19 did not. Antihistamine users had a mean increase in BMI percentile per year of 1.17 compared to a decrease of 0.06 in comparison group (p = 0.0008). AH usage correlated with a mean increase in BMI z-score of 0.23 per year, as opposed to a decrease by 0.012 in comparison group (p = 0.0016). No difference was found in triglycerides (TG), glucose, and liver enzymes. AH use increases BMI percentiles and z-scores over time and is associated with obesity in children.

scholarly journals Persistent and extreme outliers in causes of death by state, 1999-2013

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis P Boscoe
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
National Rate ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Specific Mortality

In the United States, state-specific mortality rates that are high relative to national rates can result from legitimate reasons or from variability in coding practices. This paper identifies instances of state-specific mortality rates that were at least twice the national rate in each of three consecutive five-year periods (termed persistent outliers), along with rates that were at least five times the national rate in at least one five-year period (termed extreme outliers). The resulting set of 71 outliers, 12 of which appeared on both lists, illuminates mortality variations within the country, including some that are amenable to improvement either because they represent preventable causes of death or highlight weaknesses in coding techniques. Because the approach used here is based on relative rather than absolute mortality, it is not dominated by the most common causes of death such as heart disease and cancer.

Executive functions and health behaviors associated with the leading causes of death in the United States: A systematic review

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zakary Reimann ◽  
Jacob R Miller ◽  
Kaitana M Dahle ◽  
Audrey P Hooper ◽  
Ashley M Young ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Health Behavior ◽  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Health Behaviors ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
The United States ◽  
Behavior Change Interventions

Research indicates that executive functioning may predict health behavior. This systematic review provides an overview of the relationship between domains of executive functioning and health behaviors associated with the leading causes of death in the United States. A total of 114 articles met the inclusion criteria (adult sample, published in English between 1990 and November 2016) and were reviewed and synthesized. Results indicated that although many studies had mixed findings, at least one executive function component was associated with every health behavior. Based on these results, health professionals should consider the role of executive functions in behavior change interventions.

scholarly journals The Role of Vaccination and Screening in Limiting the Worldwide Disease Burden of Preventable Female Cancers: A Review

Women ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Costantino ◽  
Davide Alba ◽  
Livia Cimino ◽  
Arianna Conforto ◽  
Walter Mazzucco
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Malignant Disease ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Breast Cancer Incidence ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Future Burden

Cancer represents one of the most common causes of death worldwide. Among women, breast cancer is the most diagnosed cancer and the principal cause of death due to malignant disease, while cervical cancer ranks fourth for both incidence and mortality. The present review aims to analyze the epidemiology of cervical and breast cancer (incidence, mortality, survival rates, and trends). Moreover, the most important primary and secondary preventive strategies (reduction of risk factors, exposure, vaccination, cancer screening) intended to reduce the future burden of cervical and breast cancer, that should be adopted actively and free of charge, were discussed in accordance to more recent and evidence-based findings.

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