Cross-sectional survey of malaria prevalence in tsunami-affected districts of Aceh Province, Indonesia

Introduction The global effort to eradicate malaria requires a drastic measure to terminate relapse from hypnozoites as well as transmission via gametocytes in malaria-endemic areas. Primaquine has been recommended for the treatment of P. falciparum gametocytes and P. vivax hypnozoites, however, its implementation is challenged by the high prevalence of G6PD deficient (G6PDd) genotypes in malaria endemic countries. The objective of this study was to profile G6PDd genotypic variants and correlate them with malaria prevalence in Ghana. Methods A cross-sectional survey of G6PDd genotypic variants was conducted amongst suspected malaria patients attending health care facilities across the entire country. Malaria was diagnosed using microscopy whilst G6PD deficiency was determined using restriction fragment length polymorphisms at position 376 and 202 of the G6PD gene. The results were analysed using GraphPad prism. Results A total of 6108 subjects were enrolled in the study with females representing 65.59% of the population. The overall prevalence of malaria was 36.31%, with malaria prevalence among G6PDd genotypic variants were 0.07% for A-A- homozygous deficient females, 1.31% and 3.03% for AA- and BA- heterozygous deficient females respectively and 2.03% for A- hemizygous deficient males. The odd ratio (OR) for detecting P. falciparum malaria infection in the A-A- genotypic variant was 0.0784 (95% CI: 0.0265–0.2319, p<0.0001). Also, P. malariae and P. ovale parasites frequently were observed in G6PD B variants relative to G6PD A- variants. Conclusion G6PDd genotypic variants, A-A-, AA- and A- protect against P. falciparum, P. ovale and P. malariae infection in Ghana.

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Malaria Prevalence Investigation among Pregnant Women in Relation to Their Social Well Being: A Case Study of Lugbe and Gosa, Abuja, Nigeria

International Journal of Pathogen Research ◽

10.9734/ijpr/2020/v4i230107 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 7-15

Author(s):

Onyemaechi Ngozi Edith ◽

Malann Yoila David

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Well Being ◽

Malaria Prevalence ◽

Living Conditions ◽

High Rate ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Smear Preparation ◽

Study Results ◽

The Impact

Aim: This research aim was to investigate the impact of living conditions (Socio demographic characteristics) of pregnant women on their malarial status. Study Design: In order to achieve the objectives of the study, Cross sectional survey was used. This is because only a subsect of the population was used. Descriptive designs was utilised in the Questionnaire aspect of the study. Place and Duration of Study: The Presidential Malarial initiative PMI/USAID - funded Insectary Laboratory at Nasarawa State University, Keffi/six (6) Months. Methodology: Blood samples were collected from the participating pregnant women by pricking their thumb and the blood droplet was examined using a direct thin and thick blood smear preparation stained with giemsa for the presence of the ring form stages of the parasites in the blood of the individuals in the laboratory. Qualitative data were sourced through Questionnaire administration to 589 pregnant women in Antenatal care clinics (ANC) in the area and their malaria status was also determined. Results: Study results showed a high prevalence rate of malaria in pregnancy (70.5%), the greater number of occurrences being in Lugbe (42.3%) than in Gosa (28.2%). Those living in houses built with wood recorded more positive cases of malaria and are at greater risk of infection (odds = 1.866%). Conclusion: This study has shown an increased rate of malaria infection amongst pregnant women living in wood and mud houses. The result also shows high rate of malaria occurrences due to low living conditions amongst pregnant women domiciled in this area of study. Hence, pregnant women should as a routine be placed on malaria prophylaxis and periodically checked as they can be asymptomatic, only exhibiting symptoms when its already late.

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Baseline malaria prevalence at the targeted pre-elimination districts in Ethiopia

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-12036-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Desalegn Nega ◽

Adugna Abera ◽

Bokretsion Gidey ◽

Sindew Mekasha ◽

Abnet Abebe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Malaria Elimination ◽

Open Data ◽

Diagnostic Techniques ◽

Malaria Prevalence ◽

Asymptomatic Malaria ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Axillary Temperature ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Control And Prevention ◽

Asymptomatic Individuals

Abstract Background Encouraged by the previous success in malaria control and prevention strategies, the Ethiopian ministry of health launched malaria elimination with a stepwise approach by primarily targeting the low-transmission Districts and their adjacent areas/zones in order to shrink the country’s malaria map progressively. Hence, this community survey was conducted to establish baseline malaria information at the preliminary phase of elimination at targeted settings. Methods A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted at 20 malaria-elimination targeted Districts selected from five Regional states and one city administration in Ethiopia. The GPS-enabled smartphones programmed with Open Data Kit were used to enumerate 9326 study households and collect data from 29,993 residents. CareStart™ Malaria PAN (pLDH) Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs) were used for blood testing at the field level. Armpit digital thermometers were used to measure axillary temperature. Result Overall malaria prevalence by RDTs was 1.17% (339/28973). The prevalence at District levels ranged from 0.0 to 4.7%. The proportion of symptomatic cases (axillary temperature > 37.5oc) in the survey was 9.2% (2760/29993). Among the 2510 symptomatic individuals tested with RDTs, only 3.35% (84/2510) were malaria positive. The 75.2% (255/339) of all malaria positives were asymptomatic. Of the total asymptomatic malaria cases, 10.2% (26/255) were under-five children and 89.8% (229/255) were above 5 years of age. Conclusion The study shows a decrease in malaria prevalence compared to the reports of previous malaria indicator surveys in the country. The finding can be used as a baseline for measuring the achievement of ongoing malaria elimination efforts. Particularly, the high prevalence of asymptomatic individuals (0.88%) in these transmission settings indicates there may be sustaining hidden transmission. Therefore, active case detection with more sensitive diagnostic techniques is suggested to know more real magnitude of residual malaria in the elimination-targeted areas.

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Baseline Malaria Prevalence at the Targeted Pre-elimination Districts in Ethiopia

10.21203/rs.3.rs-131535/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Desalegn Nega ◽

Adugna Abera ◽

Bokretsion Gidey ◽

Sindew Mekasha ◽

Abnet Abebe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Malaria Elimination ◽

Diagnostic Tests ◽

Open Data ◽

Malaria Prevalence ◽

Rapid Diagnostic Tests ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Axillary Temperature ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Low Transmission ◽

Total Prevalence

Abstract Background: Encouraged by the success in malaria control and prevention strategies, several malaria endemic countries have adopted elimination strategies worldwide. Accordingly, Ethiopian ministry of health launched malaria elimination with a stepwise approach by primarily targeting the low-transmission districts and their adjacent areas/zones in order to shrink the country’s malaria map progressively. Hence, this community survey was conducted to establish baseline malaria information at the preliminary phase of elimination for measuring future intervention success in elimination goal. Methods: Community based cross-sectional survey was conducted at twenty malaria elimination targeted districts selected from five regional states and one city administration in Ethiopia. The GPS enabled smart phones programmed with Open Data Kit were used to enumerate 9326 study households and collect data from 29,993 residents. Care Start™ Malaria HRP-2/PLDH Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs) were used for blood testing at field level. Armpit digital thermometers were used to measure axillary temperature.Result: Overall malaria prevalence by RDTs was 1.17% (339/28973). The prevalence at district levels ranged from 0.0% to 4.7%. The total prevalence of febrile cases (axillary temperature >37.5oc) in the survey was 9.2% (2760/29993). Among the 2,510 febrile individuals tested with RDTs, only 3.35% (84/2510) were malaria positive. Among all study participants, 0.88% (255/28973) malaria positives were afebrile and 0.29% (84/28973) were febrile individuals. The 75.2% (255/339) of all malaria positives were afebrile. Of the total afebrile malaria cases, 10.2% (26/255) were under-five children and 89.8% (229/255) were above 5 years of age. Conclusion: The 1.17% malaria prevalence that ranges 0 to 4% in some districts by rapid diagnostic tests should be given due consideration by the elimination program. Especially the higher prevalence of afebrile individuals (0.88%) in these transmission settings indicates there may be sustaining hidden transmission. Therefore, active case detection with more sensitive diagnostic techniques than this conventional method is suggested to know more real magnitude of residual malaria in the elimination targeted low transmission areas and break the chain of transmission.

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Modelling malaria reduction in a highly endemic country: Evidence from household survey, climate, and programme data in Zambia

Journal of Public Health in Africa ◽

10.4081/jphia.2020.1096 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mukumbuta Nawa ◽

Hikabasa Halwindi ◽

Peter Hangoma

Keyword(s):

Household Survey ◽

Malaria Prevalence ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Intervention Coverage ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Malaria Indicator Survey ◽

Marginal Effects ◽

Malaria Interventions ◽

Different Levels

Substantial efforts have seen the reduction in malaria prevalence from 33% in 2006 to 19.4% in 2015 in Zambia. Many studies have used effect measures, such as odds ratios, of malaria interventions without combining this information with coverage levels of the interventions to assess how malaria prevalence would change if these interventions are scaled up. We contribute to filling this gap by combining intervention coverage information with marginal predictions to model the extent to which key interventions can bring down malaria in Zambia. We used logistic regression models and derived marginal effects using repeated cross-sectional survey data from the Malaria Indicator Survey (MIS) datasets for Zambia collected in 2010, 2012 and 2015. Average monthly temperature and rainfall data were obtained from climate explorer a satellite-generated database. We then conducted a counterfactual analysis using the estimated marginal effects and various hypothetical levels of intervention coverage to assess how different levels of coverage would affect malaria prevalence. Increasing IRS and ITNs from the 2015 levels of coverage of 28.9% and 58.9% respectively to at least 80% and rising standard housing to 20% from the 13.4% in 2015 may bring malaria prevalence down to below 15%. If the percentage of modern houses were increased further to 90%, malaria prevalence might decrease to 10%. Other than ITN and IRS, streamlining and increasing of the percentage of standard houses in malaria fight would augment and bring malaria down to the levels needed for focal malaria elimination. The effects of ITNs, IRS and Standard housing were pronounced in high than low epidemiological areas.

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Predictive markers of transmission in areas with different malaria endemicity in north-eastern Tanzania based on seroprevalence of antibodies against Plasmodium falciparum

10.21203/rs.3.rs-586890/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Robert Diotrephes Kaaya ◽

Debora C Kajeguka ◽

Johnson J Matowo ◽

Arnold J Ndaro ◽

Franklin W Mosha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plasmodium Falciparum ◽

Scale Up ◽

Age Groups ◽

Malaria Prevalence ◽

African Countries ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Malaria Burden ◽

North Eastern ◽

Chi Squared

Abstract BackgroundDue to the scale-up of different interventions, Malaria burden declined significantly in many African countries between 2000 and 2015. As a result, some areas have become suitable for malaria elimination, and in such a situation, Due to the insensitivity of most commonly used methods, malaria transmission assessment is difficult. In north-eastern Tanzania, we tested for Plasmodium falciparum exposure by using serological markers.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted in Bondo, Tanga and Hai, Kilimanjaro between June and December 2014. A total of 788 participants were enrolled and screened for malaria and IgG antibodies against PfAMA-1 and PfMSP-119 antigens using Enzyme-Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay (ELISA). Malaria parasites were detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The Mann–Whitney test was used to compare the Antibody levels between two independent groups (i.e. positive versus negative). The non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test was used for comparisons between more than two age groups. Pearson's Chi-squared (χ2) test was used to compare proportions.ResultsGenerally, malaria prevalence by PCR in two sites was 20.4% (161), with Bondo having a higher prevalence of 28.1% (n= 154) as compared to Hai 2.9%, (n= 7), χ2=64.64, p<0.01. Anti-PfAMA-1 and anti-PfMSP-119 antibody concentrations were higher in malaria positive than malaria negative individuals, Mann-Whitney U test, p=0.07 and p=0.003 respectively. Antibody response against PfAMA-1 was significantly different between the three age groups (Kruskal-Wallis test, p<0.001).ConclusionPlasmodium falciparum exposure immunological indicators have proven useful for explaining the dynamics of transmission, especially in low transmission environments like Hai.

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Rubber plantations and drug resistant malaria: a cross-sectional survey in Cambodia

Malaria Journal ◽

10.1186/s12936-019-3000-y ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rebecca Thomson ◽

Phok Sochea ◽

Mak Sarath ◽

Amanda MacDonald ◽

Abigail Pratt ◽

...

Keyword(s):

At Risk ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Genetic Mutation ◽

Malaria Prevalence ◽

Malaria Vectors ◽

Survey Analysis ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Prevalence Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Rubber Plantations

Abstract Background The ongoing spread of artemisinin resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria is a major threat to global health. In response, countries in the Greater Mekong Sub-region, including Cambodia, have declared ambitious goals to eliminate malaria. Major challenges include the lack of information on the at-risk population-individuals who live or work in or near the forest where the malaria vectors are found, including plantation workers. This study aimed to address this knowledge gap through a cross-sectional survey conducted in rubber plantations in Cambodia in 2014. Methods The survey was conducted in two rounds in four provinces and included a malaria prevalence survey, analysis for the K13 genetic mutation, and a comprehensive behavioural questionnaire. Forty plantations were included in each round, and 4201 interviews were conducted. An additional 701 blood samples were collected from family members of plantation workers. Results Overall malaria prevalence was relatively low with adjusted PCR prevalence rate of 0.6% for P. falciparum and 0.3% for Plasmodium vivax, and was very heterogenous between plantations. There was little difference in risk between permanent residents and temporary workers, and between the two rounds. The main risk factors for P. falciparum infection were smaller plantations, age under 30 years, lack of self-reported use of a treated net and recent travel, especially to the Northeastern provinces. Proximity of plantations to the forest was also a risk factor for malaria in round one, while male gender was also a risk factor for malaria by either species. Conclusions With Cambodia’s P. falciparum elimination target on the horizon, identifying every single malaria case will become increasingly important. Plantations workers are relatively accessible compared to some other at-risk groups and will likely remain a high priority. Ongoing surveillance and adaptive strategies will be critical if malaria elimination is to be achieved in this setting.

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Baseline malaria prevalence and care-seeking behaviours in rural Madagascar prior to a trial to expand malaria community case management to all ages

Malaria Journal ◽

10.1186/s12936-021-03956-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Dean Sayre ◽

Laura C. Steinhardt ◽

Judickaelle Irinantenaina ◽

Catherine Dentinger ◽

Tsinjo Fehizoro Rasoanaivo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Case Management ◽

Cluster Randomized Trial ◽

Malaria Prevalence ◽

Care Seeking ◽

Older Individuals ◽

Community Case Management ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Integrated Community Case Management ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Community Healthcare

Abstract Background Integrated community case management of malaria, pneumonia, and diarrhoea can reduce mortality in children under five years (CU5) in resource-poor countries. There is growing interest in expanding malaria community case management (mCCM) to older individuals, but limited empirical evidence exists to guide this expansion. As part of a two-year cluster-randomized trial of mCCM expansion to all ages in southeastern Madagascar, a cross-sectional survey was conducted to assess baseline malaria prevalence and healthcare-seeking behaviours. Methods Two enumeration areas (EAs) were randomly chosen from each catchment area of the 30 health facilities (HFs) in Farafangana district designated for the mCCM age expansion trial; 28 households were randomly selected from each EA for the survey. All household members were asked about recent illness and care-seeking, and malaria prevalence was assessed by rapid diagnostic test (RDT) among children < 15 years of age. Weighted population estimates and Rao-Scott chi-squared tests were used to examine illness, care-seeking, malaria case management, and malaria prevalence patterns. Results Illness in the two weeks prior to the survey was reported by 459 (6.7%) of 8050 respondents in 334 of 1458 households surveyed. Most individuals noting illness (375/459; 82.3%) reported fever. Of those reporting fever, 28.7% (112/375) sought care; this did not vary by participant age (p = 0.66). Most participants seeking care for fever visited public HFs (48/112, 46.8%), or community healthcare volunteers (CHVs) (40/112, 31.0%). Of those presenting with fever at HFs or to CHVs, 87.0% and 71.0%, respectively, reported being tested for malaria. RDT positivity among 3,316 tested children < 15 years was 25.4% (CI: 21.5–29.4%) and increased with age: 16.9% in CU5 versus 31.8% in 5–14-year-olds (p < 0.0001). Among RDT-positive individuals, 28.4% of CU5 and 18.5% of 5–14-year-olds reported fever in the two weeks prior to survey (p = 0.044). Conclusions The higher prevalence of malaria among older individuals coupled with high rates of malaria testing for those who sought care at CHVs suggest that expanding mCCM to older individuals may substantially increase the number of infected individuals with improved access to care, which could have additional favorable effects on malaria transmission.

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Age-Dependent Prevalence of Malaria in Akeddei Community in South-South Nigeria

Pan African Journal of Life Sciences ◽

10.36108/pajols/1202.50.0230 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 257-262

Author(s):

Roland I. Funwei

Keyword(s):

Statistical Significance ◽

Age Groups ◽

Malaria Diagnosis ◽

Malaria Prevalence ◽

Older Children ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Drug Pressure ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Under Five ◽

Age Dependent

Background: Malaria is highly endemic in Nigeria, making malaria morbidity and mortality a leading public health challenge. The most at risk population of malaria attack is under-five years’ children. However, malaria is presumptively treated in older age groups. This study aimed to determine the age-dependent prevalence of malaria amongst three age groups in a rural community in south-south Nigeria. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional survey comprising febrile and afebrile participants (n = 300) were randomly selected and included for the study. The study participants were grouped into three groups: under-five years old children (n = 100), older children of aged 6-15 years (n = 100) and 16 years and above (n = 100). Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs) and Giemsa-stained microscopy were used for malaria diagnosis and parasite detection. Clinical and demographic parameters as well as malaria prevalence were analyzed. The level of statistical significance was considered at ρ = 0.05 Results: Malaria prevalence in the under-five age group was 73% by RDTs and 49% by microscopy. For the 6–15 years, the prevalence of malaria was 60% and 43% by RDTs and microscopy respectively while RDTs accounted for 38% and microscopy 17% for the 16 years and above group. Conclusion: Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) administration to older children and adults should be based on parasitological confirmation of suspected cases with at least malaria RDTs to reduce drug pressure.

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Evaluation of household's knowledge, attitude, practice on water processing, and diarrhea prevalence in a community

Digital Press Health Sciences ◽

10.29037/digitalpress.31221 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

pp. 00003

Author(s):

Sofia Sofia ◽

Herlina Dimiati ◽

Nungki Sukma Putri

Keyword(s):

Sampling Technique ◽

Water Source ◽

Simple Random Sampling ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Positive Correlation ◽

Piped Water ◽

Aceh Province ◽

Diarrhea Prevalence

Diarrhea is an endemic disease in Indonesia and potentially becoming an outbreak. This study aims to describe the relationship between knowledge, attitudes, and practice of heads of households on water processing and prevalence of diarrhea. A cross-sectional survey was applied to 93 heads of households using simple random sampling technique located in Lampulo village, Kuta Alam sub-district, Banda Aceh, Aceh Province in December 2016. Knowledge, attitudes, and practice on water processing and diarrhea prevalence were assessed using questionnaires. Chi-square test was used to analyze a relationship between water source and prevalence of diarrhea. To see a relationship between knowledge, attitude, and practice of heads of households and diarrhea prevalence used Spearman's coefficient correlation (CI = 95 %; α = 0.05). Results showed that water source and prevalence of diarrhea had no statistical relationship (p = 1.000). From 93 households, 32 (34.4 %) were ever experienced diarrhea and they were used piped water 30 (32.26 %) and well water 2 (2.15 %) as their sources of drinking water. Relationship of knowledge and diarrhea prevalence has low positive correlation (r = 0.219, p = 0.035); attitude and diarrhea prevalence has weak positive correlation (r = 0.326, p = 0.01), practice and diarrhea prevalence has weak negative correlation (r = –0.256, p = 0.013). Knowledge, attitudes, and practice on water processing of the heads of households were correlated to the prevalence of diarrhea. <br>

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