scholarly journals Infrastructural and human-resource factors associated with return of infant HIV test results to caregivers: secondary analysis of a nationally representative situational assessment, South Africa, 2010

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobubelo Kwanele Ngandu ◽  
Vincent Maduna ◽  
Gayle Sherman ◽  
Nobuntu Noveve ◽  
Witness Chirinda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Human Resource ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Risk Difference ◽  
Staff Nurses ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Blood Draw ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Situational Assessment

Abstract Background In June 2015, South Africa introduced early infant HIV diagnosis (EID) at birth and ten weeks postpartum. Guidelines recommended return of birth results within a week and ten weeks postpartum results within four weeks. Task shifting was also suggested to increase service coverage. This study aimed to understand factors affecting return of EID results to caregivers. Methods Secondary analysis of data gathered from 571 public-sector primary health care facilities (PHCs) during a nationally representative situational assessment, was conducted. The assessment was performed one to three months prior to facility involvement in the 2010 evaluation of the South African programme to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission (SAPMTCTE). Self-reported infrastructural and human resource EID-related data were collected from managers and designated staff using a structured questionnaire. The main outcome variable was ‘EID turn-around-time (TAT) to caregiver’ (caregiver TAT), measured as reported number of weeks from infant blood draw to caregiver receipt of results. This was dichotomized as either short (≤3 weeks) or delayed (> 3 weeks) caregiver TAT. Logit-based risk difference analysis was used to assess factors associated with short caregiver TAT. Analysis included TAT to facility (facility TAT), defined as reported number of weeks from infant blood draw to facility receipt of results. Results Overall, 26.3% of the 571 PHCs reported short caregiver TAT. In adjusted analyses, short caregiver TAT was less achieved when facility TAT was > 7 days (versus ≤7 days) (adjusted risk difference (aRD): − 0.2 (95% confidence interval − 0.3-(− 0.1)), p = 0.006 for 8–14 days and − 0.3 (− 0.5-(− 0.1)), p = 0.006 for > 14 days), and in facilities with staff nurses (compared to those without) (aRD: − 9.4 (− 16.6-(− 2.2), p = 0.011). Conclusion Although short caregiver TAT for EID was only reported in approximately 26% of facilities, these facilities demonstrate that achieving EID TAT of ≤3 weeks is possible, making timely ART initiation within 3 weeks of diagnosis feasible within the public health sector. Our adjusted analyses underpin the need for quick return of results to facilities. They also raise questions around staff mentoring: we hypothesise that facilities with staff nurses were likely to have fewer professional nurses, and thus inadequate senior support.

scholarly journals P100 Factors associated with educational needs in patients with inflammatory arthritis

Rheumatology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice R Johnston ◽  
Mwidimi Ndosi
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Arthritis ◽  
Disease Duration ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Educational Needs ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Multivariable Model ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Educational Priorities

Abstract Background With an overarching aim to inform person-centred patient-education, this study had two objectives: (i) to identify factors that may be associated with educational needs in patients with inflammatory arthritis (IA) (ii) to assess whether educational needs and priorities differ between subtypes of inflammatory arthritis i.e. rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Methods Secondary analysis of cross-sectional survey data originally used to validate the Educational Needs Assessment Tool (ENAT) was conducted. The outcome variable was educational needs, summarised as ENAT domain scores. The explanatory variables were: Age, gender, IA subtype, school leaving age and disease duration. ENAT scores were Rasch-transformed prior to analysis. Univariable analyses were conducted to explore differences between groups and multivariable analyses (multiple regression) to determine factors associated with educational needs. All explanatory factors were entered into a preliminary multivariable model. Factors that achieved statistical significance at the 10% level were entered into the final multivariable model. Those that achieved a statistical significance at the 5% level were associated with educational needs. To determine educational priorities, percentage contribution of each domain score to the total score was calculated and compared between factors with one-way analysis of variance. Results The evaluable population comprised 388 patients, 125 with RA, 133 with AS and 130 with PsA. Their mean (SD) age was 48 (13.95) years and male/female ratio 177/210. Those with early arthritis (disease duration <2 years) were 36 (9.2%), RA = 15, AS = 3 and PsA=18, and 116 (29.7%) left school before the age of 16. Table 1 presents the final multi-variable models. The proportion of variance explained by the model varied across ENAT domains, the highest being movement (25%). Female gender was found to be an independent predictor of educational needs across all ENAT domains. Significant differences in educational priorities were observed between disease groups in all domains except disease process and support. Conclusion Female gender is independently associated with educational needs across all three sub-types of IA. Results of this secondary analysis are inconclusive due to limitations in the available data. Further research should include factors such as disease severity, treatments, disability and self-efficacy. Disclosures A.R. Johnston Other; Work conducted as part of Nurse and Allied Health Professional Internship Programme funded by versus Arthritis (Grant number 20867). M. Ndosi None.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Loneliness and Associated Factors among Older Adults in South Africa

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Phaswana-Mafuya ◽  
Karl Peltzer
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Subjective Health ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Poor Health ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Preventative Interventions

OBJECTIVE: Loneliness can be detrimental to health. The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence of loneliness as well as its risk factors in older adults in South Africa.MATERIALS & METHODS: This cross-sectional population based study investigated factors associated with loneliness in a nationally representative sample (n=3624) of older South Africans who took part in the “Study of Global Ageing and Adults Health (SAGE)” wave 1 in 2008. The outcome variable was self-reported prevalence of loneliness and the exposure variables were socio-demographic characteristics and health variables.RESULTS: The overall prevalence of self-reported loneliness was 9.9%. Prevalence of loneliness was 10.2% for females and 9.5% for males, lowest among those married (7.5%), and highest among the 70+ years olds (12.5%). Individuals with highest level of education had the lowest prevalence of loneliness (5.9%). Indians or Asians were significantly more likely to experience loneliness than other population groups (Adjusted Odds Ratio=AOR: 3.20; 95% Confidence Interval=CI: 1.31, 7.80). Married or cohabiting individuals were significantly less likely to experience loneliness than unmarried or non-cohabiting ones, respectively (AOR: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.37, 0.81). In multivariable logistic regression, individuals with good subjective health were less likely to experience loneliness than those with poor health (AOR: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.22, 0.73). Similarly, individuals with good cognitive functioning were significantly less likely to experience loneliness than those with poor cognitive functioning (AOR: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.32, 0.97).CONCLUSION: The study found that the prevalence of loneliness among older adults in South Africa is significant. Preventative interventions that address the identified factors, including poor health status and low cognitive functioning, associated with loneliness need to be developed.

Improved Cognitive Development in Preterm Infants with Shared Book Reading

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Braid ◽  
Jenny Bernstein
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Infant Development ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Book Reading ◽  
Shared Book Reading ◽  
Nationally Representative

ABSTRACTPurpose: To examine the effect of shared book reading on the cognitive development of children born preterm and to determine what factors influence shared book reading in this population.Design: Secondary analysis using the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort, a large, nationally representative survey of children born in the United States in 2001.Sample: One thousand four hundred singleton preterm infants (22–36 weeks gestation).Main Outcome Variable: Cognitive development measured using the Bayley Mental Scale score from the Bayley Scales of Infant Development Research Edition.Results: Adjusting for neonatal, maternal, and socioeconomic characteristics, reading aloud more than two times a week is associated with higher cognitive development scores in two-year-old children born preterm (p<.001). Race/ethnicity and maternal education affect how often parents read to their children. Shared book reading holds potential as an early developmental intervention for this population.

scholarly journals Biomedical, psychological, environmental and behavioural factors associated with adult obesity in a nationally representative sample

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 570-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Cheng ◽  
Scott Montgomery ◽  
Andy Green ◽  
Adrian Furnham
Keyword(s):  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Maternal Smoking ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Adult Obesity ◽  
Smoking During Pregnancy ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Neurological Functioning ◽  
Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Behavioural Factors

Abstract Objective To identify personality, biomedical and behavioural factors associated with adult obesity in a large longitudinal sample. Method In total, 5360 participants with data on personality, neurological functioning, maternal smoking during pregnancy, education and occupation, physical exercise, adult self-reported BMI and obesity were included in the study. Obesity at 55 years was the outcome variable. Results The rates of obesity increased from 9.5 to 22.8% from age 33 to 55 years. Logistic regression analyses (adjusted estimates) showed that childhood neurological functioning (OR = 1.32: 1.07–1.63, P &lt; 0.01), maternal smoking during pregnancy (OR = 1.42: 1.22–1.65, P &lt; 0.001), educational qualifications (OR = 0.54: 0.37–0.79, P &lt; 0.01), trait conscientiousness (OR = 0.80:0.74–0.86, P &lt; 0.001) and physical exercise (OR = 0.87: 0.82–0.92, P &lt; 0.001) were significant predictors of obesity at age 55 years for both men and women. Trait extraversion for men (OR = 1.16: 1.07–1.26, P &lt; 0.001) and trait emotional stability for women (OR = 0.90: 0.82–0.99, P &lt; 0.05) were also significant predictors of the outcome variable. Conclusion Biomedical, psychological, environmental and behavioural factors were all associated with adult obesity.

scholarly journals Building a capable state through proper human resource management

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thozamile R. Mle ◽  
Xolisile G. Ngumbela
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Human Resource ◽  
Public Service ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
National Development ◽  
Main Tool ◽  
Developmental State ◽  
Ethical Framework ◽  
Successful Execution

Background: This article examines the possibility of building a capable state within an appropriate ethical framework and the required human capital spectrum available to a government. South Africa currently faces shortcomings in capability and systemic stasis because of weak political management. The existing research has pointed out the state’s capacity deficit as a major factor that undermines the social and economic progress of South Africa.Aim: The aim of this article was to look at government’s capability of building a capable, ethical and developmental state which is a crucial facilitator for the successful execution of government’s goals of achieving the targets of the 2030 National Development Plan. A developmental state that is going to develop the economy, create jobs and improve the conditions of society standard of living through proper human resource management.Methods: As the main tool for doing this research, this article relied heavily on secondary qualitative and quantitative data analysis. Secondary analysis is a study technique that uses pre-existing quantitative data or pre-existing qualitative research data to analyse or validate previous studies on new issues.Results: The findings point that capacity building is crucial. Fixing political control at the core should be the starting point.Conclusion: There seems to be a complete failure of a build-up towards a capable state in South Africa as the public service shows unevenness with local, provincial and national government capability challenges. A capable state can exist only when an affordable, effective and development-orientated public service can only grow and have a transformative function in order to correct past failures, where government is making drastic changes, enhance and have the requisite effect on society on its bad results.

scholarly journals Compliance with Lockdown Regulations During the COVID-19 Pandemic in South Africa: Findings from an Online Survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-55
Author(s):  
Natisha Dukhi ◽  
Tholang Mokhele ◽  
Whadi-Ah Parker ◽  
Shandir Ramlagan ◽  
Razia Gaida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
South Africans ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Bivariate Logistic Regression ◽  
Education Status ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Nationally Representative

Background: Background: SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on a nationally representative online survey conducted several weeks on the pandemic, this paper explores how South Africans responded to the compliance regulations laid down by the national government and factors associated with individuals’ confidence in their community adhering to lockdown regulations. Methods: The study was conducted using a closed-ended questionnaire on a data-free online platform. Additionally, a telephonic survey was included to accommodate individuals who do not have access to smart-phones. The study population consisted of respondents who were 18 years and older and living in South Africa (n=19 933). Data were benchmarked to the 2019 midyear population estimates. Descriptive statistics and bivariate logistic regression are presented. Results: Over a quarter (26.1%) of respondents reported that they had not left home, indicating compliance with the COVID-19 control regulations, and 55.3% who did leave their homes did so to purchase essential items. A small proportion (1.2%) reported that they had visited friends. People, classified as coloured, those who were more literate (those with secondary, matric and tertiary education status), those residing in disadvantaged areas (informal settlements, townships, rural areas and farms), and those who perceived their risk of contracting COVID-19 as moderate and high, reported not being confident of their community adhering to lockdown. Conclusion: Communication strategies must be employed to ensure that important information regarding the pandemic be conveyed in the most important languages and be dispatched via various communication channels to reach as many people as possible.

scholarly journals Falls among Brazilian older adults living in urban areas

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (Suppl 2) ◽  
pp. 12s ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendel Rodrigo Teixeira Pimentel ◽  
Valéria Pagotto ◽  
Sheila Rizzato Stopa ◽  
Maria Cristina Corrêa Lopes Hoffmann ◽  
Fabíola Bof de Andrade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Fear Of Falling ◽  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Environment And Health ◽  
Nationally Representative

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence and factors associated with falls in a nationally representative sample of older Brazilians residing in urban areas. METHODS: Data from 4,174 participants (60 years or older) from the baseline of ELSI-Brazil, conducted between 2015 and 2016, were used. The outcome variable was the reporting of one or more falls in the last 12 months. The exploratory variables were sociodemographic characteristics, factors related to the urban environment, and health conditions. Statistical analysis was performed using Poisson regression. RESULTS: The prevalence of falls was 25.1%. Of these, 1.8% resulted in a hip or femur fracture and, among them, 31.8% required surgery for prosthesis placement. Statistically significant associations (p < 0.05) with falls were observed for females [prevalence ratio (PR) = 1.26], age group of 75 years or older (PR = 1.21), fear of falling due to defective sidewalks (PR = 1.47), fear of crossing streets (PR = 1.22), diabetes (PR = 1.17), arthritis or rheumatism (PR = 1.29), and depression (PR = 1.53). No significant associations were found for educational level, marital status, hypertension, and perception of violence in the neighborhood. CONCLUSIONS: The factors associated with falls among older adults are multidimensional, comprising individual characteristics and the urban environment, which indicates the need for intra and intersectoral actions to prevent falls in this population.

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