scholarly journals Geospatial patterns of comorbidity prevalence among people with osteoarthritis in Alberta Canada

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoxiao Liu ◽  
Rizwan Shahid ◽  
Alka B. Patel ◽  
Terrence McDonald ◽  
Stefania Bertazzon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
First Nations ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Moran’S I ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Case Definitions ◽  
Moran's I ◽  
Remote Areas

Abstract Background Knowledge of geospatial pattern in comorbidities prevalence is critical to an understanding of the local health needs among people with osteoarthritis (OA). It provides valuable information for targeting optimal OA treatment and management at the local level. However, there is, at present, limited evidence about the geospatial pattern of comorbidity prevalence in Alberta, Canada. Methods Five administrative health datasets were linked to identify OA cases and comorbidities using validated case definitions. We explored the geospatial pattern in comorbidity prevalence at two standard geographic areas levels defined by the Alberta Health Services: descriptive analysis at rural-urban continuum level; spatial analysis (global Moran’s I, hot spot analysis, cluster and outlier analysis) at the local geographic area (LGA) level. We compared area-level indicators in comorbidities hotspots to those in the rest of Alberta (non-hotspots). Results Among 359,638 OA cases in 2013, approximately 60% of people resided in Metro and Urban areas, compared to 2% in Rural Remote areas. All comorbidity groups exhibited statistically significant spatial autocorrelation (hypertension: Moran’s I index 0.24, z score 4.61). Comorbidity hotspots, except depression, were located primarily in Rural and Rural Remote areas. Depression was more prevalent in Metro (Edmonton-Abbottsfield: 194 cases per 1000 population, 95%CI 192–195) and Urban LGAs (Lethbridge-North: 169, 95%CI 168–171) compared to Rural areas (Fox Creek: 65, 95%CI 63–68). Comorbidities hotspots included a higher percentage of First Nations or Inuit people. People with OA living in hotspots had lower socioeconomic status and less access to care compared to non-hotspots. Conclusions The findings highlight notable rural-urban disparities in comorbidities prevalence among people with OA in Alberta, Canada. Our study provides valuable evidence for policy and decision makers to design programs that ensure patients with OA receive optimal health management tailored to their local needs and a reduction in current OA health disparities.

scholarly journals 1011. Geospatial Analysis of Antibiotic Susceptibility in Wisconsin

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S596-S597
Author(s):  
Laurel Legenza ◽  
Kyle McNair ◽  
James P Lacy ◽  
Song Gao ◽  
Warren Rose
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Moran’S I ◽  
Research Support ◽  
Moran's I ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Index Analysis ◽  
Block Groups ◽  
Spot Analysis

Abstract Background The global threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) varies regionally. Regional differences may be related to socio-economic factors such as the Area Deprivation Index (ADI) score. Our hypothesis is that AMR spatial distribution is not random. Methods Patient level antibiotic susceptibility data was collected from three regionally distinct Wisconsin health systems (UW Health, Fort HealthCare, Marshfield Clinic Health System [MCHS]). Patient addresses were geocoded to coordinates and joined with US Census Block Groups. For each culture source, we included the initial E. coli isolate per patient per year with a patient address in Wisconsin. Percent susceptibility was calculated by block group. Spatial autocorrelation was determined by Global Moran’s I, which quantifies the attribute being analyzed as spatially dispersed, randomly distributed, or clustered by a range of −1 to +1. Linear regression correlated ADI to susceptibility. Hot spot analysis identified blocks with statistically significant higher and lower susceptibility (Figure 1). Figure 1. Geographic example of hot spot analysis and interpretation. Results The UW Health results included more urban areas, more block groups and greater isolate geographic density (n = 44,629 E. coli, 2009-2018), compared to Fort HealthCare (n = 6,065 isolates, 2012-2018) and MCHS (50,405 isolates, 2009-2018). A positive spatially clustered pattern was identified from the UW Health data for ciprofloxacin (Moran’s I = 0.096, p = 0.005) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) susceptibility (Moran’s I = 0.180, p < 0.001; Figures 2-3). Fort HealthCare and MCHS distribution was likely random for TMP/SMX and ciprofloxacin by Moran’s I. Linear regression of ADI (scale 1-10, least to most disadvantaged) and susceptibility did not find significance, but susceptibility was lower in more disadvantaged block groups. At the local level, we identified hot and cold spots with 90%, 95%, and 99% confidence, with more hot spots in rural regions. Figure 2. Results from Moran’s Index analysis identifying geographically clustered ciprofloxacin susceptibility results. Figure 3. Results from Moran’s Index analysis identifying geographically clustered sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim susceptibility results. Conclusion Overall, Moran’s I analysis is more able to identify a clustered pattern in urban versus rural areas. Yet, the local hot spot results indicate that variations in antibiotic susceptibility may be more common in rural areas. The results are limited to data from patients with access to the health systems included. Disclosures Warren Rose, PharmD, MPH, Merck (Grant/Research Support)Paratek (Grant/Research Support, Advisor or Review Panel member)

scholarly journals Modelling spatial patterns and temporal trends of wildfires in Galicia (NW Spain)

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. e022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria L. Loureiro ◽  
Jesús Barreal
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Spatial Dependence ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Moran’S I ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Moran's I

<p><em>Aim of study:</em> The goal of this paper is to analyse the importance of the main contributing factors to the occurrence of wildfires. <strong></strong></p><p><em>Area of study:</em> We employ data from the region of Galicia during 2001-2010; although the similarities shared between this area and other rural areas may allow extrapolation of the present results.</p><p><em>Material and Methods:</em> The spatial dependence is analysed by using the Moran’s I and LISA statistics. We also conduct an econometric analysis modelling both, the number of fires and the relative size of afflicted woodland area as dependent variables, which depend on the climatic, land cover variables, and socio-economic characteristics of the affected areas. Fixed effects and random effect models are estimated in order to control for the heterogeneity between the Forest Districts in Galicia.</p><p><em>Main results</em>: Moran’s I and LISA statistics show that there is spatial dependence in the occurrence of Galician wildfires. Econometrics models show that climatology, socioeconomic variables, and temporal trends are also important to study both, the number of wildfires and the burned-forest ratio.</p><p><em>Research highlights:</em> We conclude that in addition to direct forest actions, other agricultural or social public plans, can help to reduce wildfires in rural areas or wildland-urban areas. Based on these conclusions, a number of guidelines are provided that may foster the development of better forest management policies in order to reduce the occurrence of wildfires.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Cause-effect relationship; climatology; spatial and temporal indicators; fixed effects; random effects; socio-economic factors.</p>

Spatial Autocorrelation in the Study of Neighbourhoods towards Smart Cities: Empirical Evidence from Kerman, Iran

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Asra Hosseini
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Autocorrelation ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Moran’S I ◽  
Moran's I ◽  
Urban Planner ◽  
Universal Feature ◽  
Autocorrelation Method ◽  
Selection Of

From earliest cities to the present, spatial division into residential zones and neighbourhoods is the universal feature of urban areas. This study explored issue of measuring neighbourhoods through spatial autocorrelation method based on Moran's I index in respect of achieving to best neighbourhoods' model for forming cities smarter. The research carried out by selection of 35 neighbourhoods only within central part of traditional city of Kerman in Iran. The results illustrate, 75% of neighbourhoods' area in the inner city of Kerman had clustered pattern, and it shows reduction in Moran's index is associated with disproportional distribution of density and increasing in Moran's I and Z-score have monotonic relation with more dense areas and clustered pattern. It may be more efficient for urban planner to focus on spatial autocorrelation to foster neighbourhood cohesion rather than emphasis on suburban area. It is recommended characteristics of historic neighbourhoods can be successfully linked to redevelopment plans toward making city smarter, and also people's quality of life can be related to the way that neighbourhoods' patterns are defined. 

Impact of Elected Women Representatives of Panchayati Raj in Physical and Financial and Business Assets Development of Rural Women: A Study among the Rural Women’s of Tiruvannamalai District, Tamil Nadu[1]

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (24) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalaichelvi Sivaraman ◽  
Rengasamy Stalin
Keyword(s):  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Direct Democracy ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Panchayati Raj

This research paper is the part of Research Project entitled “Impact of Elected Women Representatives in the Life and Livelihood of the Women in Rural Areas: With Special Reference to Tiruvannamalai District, Tamil Nadu” funded by University of Madras under UGC-UPE Scheme.The 73rd and 74th amendments of the Constitution of India were made by the government to strengthen the position of women and to create a local-level legal foundation for direct democracy for women in both rural and urban areas. The representation for women in local bodies through reservation policies amendment in Constitution of India has stimulated the political participation of women in rural areas. However, when it’s comes to the argument of whether the women reservation in Panchayati Raj helps or benefits to the life and livelihood development of women as a group? The answer is hypothetical because the studies related to the impact of women representatives of Panchayati Raj in the life and livelihood development of women was very less. Therefore, to fill the gap in existing literature, the present study was conducted among the rural women of Tiruvannamalai district to assess the impact of elected women representatives in the physical and financial and business development of the women in rural areas. The findings revealed that during the last five years because of the women representation in their village Panjayati Raj, the Physical Asset of the rural women were increased or developed moderately (55.8%) and Highly (23.4%) and the Financial and Business Asset of the rural women were increased or developed moderately (60.4%) and Highly (18.7%).

IMPACT OF DIGITAL MARKETING: THE PRESENT SCENARIO IN TELANGANA STATE – AN EMPERICAL STUDY

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (65) ◽  
pp. 15164-15172
Author(s):  
S. Pratap ◽  
Aziz Fatima
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Digital Marketing ◽  
Rural And Remote ◽  
Remote Areas ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Rural And Remote Areas ◽  
Telangana State ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Made In

In present scenario of COVID-19, the effect of pandemic on Digital Marketing is visible not only in urban areas but also in rural areas. Customers are searching for various products and services through Google by which they can purchase wide range of products and services to fill their needs and desires at relatively low price. The freedom to select numerous products is available by browsing various websites. Hence this study focuses on Impact of digital marketing particularly in the selected rural areas of Telangana state. This state been formed recently but in the IT sector it is receiving much attention throughout the globe, as many MNC’s are establishing their operations in this state. Therefore, an attempt has been made in this study to find out how the Impact of digital marketing is trickling down in the rural and remote areas of newly formed Telangana state. Hence this study focuses the impact of digital marketing in the selected areas of Telangana state.

scholarly journals Study of Working Experience in Remote Rural Areas after Medical Graduation

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-125
Author(s):  
KR Thapa ◽  
BK Shrestha ◽  
MD Bhattarai
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Postgraduate Training ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Remote Areas ◽  
Convenience Sampling ◽  
A Priority

Background Posting of doctors in remote rural areas has always been a priority for Government; however data are scarce in the country about experience of doctors of working in remote areas after medical graduation.Objective A questionnaire survey of doctors was planned to analyze their experience of working after graduation in remote rural areas in various parts of the country.Method The cross-sectional survey was done by convenience sampling method. A one-page questionnaire with one partially closed-end and five open-end type questions was distributed to the doctors who had worked in remote rural areas after graduation under various governments’ postings.Result Two-third of participants had their home in urban areas and 89.8% had stayed for 1 to 5 years. About half of the participants had difficulty in getting the posting in the remote areas of their choice. Most participants indicated provision of opportunities for Residential (postgraduate) Training as their reasons of going to remote areas as well as their suggestions to encourage young graduates to go there. Similarly most also suggested appropriate career, salary and incentives to encourage doctors to go to work in remote areas. About 85% of participants pointed out the major problem faced while posted in remote areas as difficulty in handling varied situations with no guidance or seniors available around.Conclusion The notable points indicated by the participants are centered on the opportunity for Residential Training and difficulties faced without such training. Residential Training is a priority to be considered while planning the health policy for optimum health care of people.Kathmandu University Medical Journal Vol.12(2) 2014: 121-125

Geographical Distribution and Surveillance of Tuberculosis (TB) Using Spatial Statistics

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 39-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ila Agnihotri ◽  
PK Joshi ◽  
Neeraj Tiwari
Keyword(s):  
Health Management ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Moran’S I ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Gis Mapping ◽  
Morbidity Rate ◽  
High Risk Population ◽  
Moran's I ◽  
Health Indices ◽  
Realistic Assessment

Socio-demographic and health indices vary across the administrative units in a country. Thus, reported morbidity and mortality figures vary and inter/intra state comparison becomes a challenge. To handle such issues and administer a centralized health management system, identifying disease clusters and providing services to high risk population become important. Exploring a small part of the immense potential of geographic information systems (GIS) in centralized health management, this study presents a method of generating effective information for proper health management at local level. Such information is important for infectious diseases like tuberculosis (TB). The present paper discusses quarterly GIS mapping and assessment of TB in 1,965 villages of Almora district, Uttarakhand, India from 2003 to 2008. The values for Morbidity Rate (MBR) are depicted in risk maps for each quarter. Moran’s I indices were used to estimate the global spatial autocorrelation between the morbidity rates. Local Moran’s I (LISA) was used to detect spatial clusters and outliers, and for the prediction of hotspots of the disease. The result of this study has the potential to reflect a realistic assessment of the disease situation at the local level. Future work on this study can be utilized for planning and policy framework related to TB and other diseases.

Inclusive and Special Education Services in Rural Settings

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayanthi Narayan ◽  
Nibedita Patnaik
Keyword(s):  
Special Needs ◽  
Inclusive Education ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Educational Needs ◽  
Children With Special Needs ◽  
Special Educational Needs ◽  
Rural And Remote ◽  
Remote Areas ◽  
Rural And Remote Areas

Education is a fundamental right of all children, including those with special educational needs. Efforts to achieve education for all has resulted in the focused attention of governments around the world, thereby improving the quality of education in schools and leading to dignified social status for students previously marginalized and/or denied admission to schools. This worldwide movement following various international conventions and mandates has resulted in local efforts to reach rural remote areas, with education provided by the government in most countries. Though there has been significant progress in reaching children, it has not been uniform. There are still many barriers for children in rural and tribal areas or in remote parts of the country that prevent them from receiving equitable education. The essence of inclusive education is to build the capacity to reach out to all children, thereby promoting equity. In the 1990s, special needs education was a focus, and integrating it into the overall educational system led to reforms in mainstream schools which resulted in inclusive education that addressed the diverse learning needs of children. How successful have we been in these efforts particularly in the remote and rural areas? There are various models and practices for special and inclusive education in rural and remote areas, but reaching children with special educational needs in such areas is still a challenge. Though there are schools in these areas, not all are sufficiently equipped to address the education of children with special needs. Furthermore, teachers working in rural areas in many countries are not adequately trained to teach those with special needs, nor are there the technological support systems that we find available in urban areas. Yet, interestingly, in some rural/tribal communities, the teachers are naturally at ease with children with diverse needs. The schools in such areas tend to have heterogeneous classes with one teacher providing instruction to combined groups at different grade levels. Evidence shows that rural teachers are less resistant to including children with special needs compared to urban teachers. Because of their homogeneous lifestyle, community supports in rural areas offer another supportive factor toward smooth inclusion. Though primary education is ensured in most rural and remote areas, children have to travel long distances to semi-urban/urban areas for secondary and higher education; such travel is further complicated when the child has a disability. In many rural areas, children with special needs tend to learn the traditional job skills naturally associated with that area, though such skills are not always blended into the school curriculum. Preparing teachers to provide education in rural areas with the latest technological developments and a focus on vocation is bound to make that education more meaningful and naturally inclusive.

Research on Communication Architecture of Power Terminal Access Network

2016 ◽  
Vol 851 ◽  
pp. 626-630
Author(s):  
Bao Zheng ◽  
Yang Wang ◽  
Chong Zhen
Keyword(s):  
Information Transmission ◽  
Electric Power ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Communication System ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Access Network ◽  
System Communication ◽  
Communication Architecture ◽  
Remote Areas ◽  
Terminal Equipment

With the accelerated pace of urbanization and the increasing number of power users in urban areas, increased the amount of business of urban power communication system. At the same time, the distribution of users in remote areas, such as rural areas has been reduced, which means that the business needs of power communications reduced. For the situation, We proposed a power system communication architecture based on the number of terminal equipment. The scheme will effectively improve the current situation of electric power communication terminal access network, and improve the efficiency of information transmission.

scholarly journals Do adult health outcomes in urban population reflect local health risk? A matched cohort analysis of migration effects in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. e029059
Author(s):  
Philippe Bocquier ◽  
Abdramane Bassiahi Soura ◽  
Souleymane Sanogo ◽  
Sara Randall
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Access To Health Services ◽  
Access To Health

BackgroundSelective migration may affect health indicators in both urban and rural areas. Sub-Saharan African urban areas show evidence of both negative and positive selection on health status at outmigration. Health outcomes as measured in urban populations may not reflect local health risks and access to health services.MethodsUsing the Ouagadougou Health and Demographic Surveillance System and a migrant follow-up survey, we measured differences in health between matched non-migrants and outmigrants. We applied Cox and competing risks models on migration and death.ResultsControlling for premigration health status, migrants who moved out of Ouagadougou have higher mortality (HR 3.24, 95% CI 1.23 to 8.58) than non-migrants and migrants moving to other Ouagadougou areas. However, these effects vanish in the matched sample controlling for all interactions between death determinants. These and other results show little evidence that migration led to higher mortality or worse health.ConclusionsHealth outcomes as measured in Ouagadougou population do reflect local health risks and access to health services despite high migration intensity. However, neither the hypothesis of effect of health on migration nor the hypothesis of negative effect of migration on health or survival was confirmed.

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