scholarly journals Household and individual level risk factors associated with declining malaria incidence in Meghalaya, India: implications for malaria elimination in low-endemic settings

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajiv Sarkar ◽  
Anne Kessler ◽  
Bandapkupar Mawkhlieng ◽  
Steven A. Sullivan ◽  
Mark L. Wilson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Malaria Elimination ◽  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Almost All

Abstract Background A detailed analysis of household and individual level Plasmodium infection patterns in two low-endemic districts of Meghalaya was undertaken to better understand the epidemiology of malaria in northeast India. Methods Socio-demographic and behavioural information from residents (aged 1–69 years) of households were collected through pre-tested, questionnaire conducted in 2018 and 2019. Blood samples collected from participants were tested for Plasmodium falciparum and/or Plasmodium vivax infection using rapid diagnostic test, microscopy and PCR. Plasma samples from a subset of participants were analysed for antibodies against thirteen P. falciparum and four P. vivax antigens. Associations between household and individual level risk factors, and Plasmodium infections were evaluated using multilevel logistic regression models. Results A total of 2753 individuals from 827 households were enrolled in 2018, and 834 individuals from 222 households were enrolled in 2019. Of them, 33 (1.2%) were positive by PCR for P. falciparum in 2018 and none were positive for P. vivax. In 2019, no PCR-positive individuals were detected. All, but one, infections were asymptomatic; all 33 infections were sub-microscopic. Reported history of malaria in the past 12 months (OR = 8.84) and history of travel in the past 14 days (OR = 10.06) were significantly associated with Plasmodium infection. A significant trend of increased seropositivity with age was noted for all 17 antigens. Although adults (≥ 18 years) consistently had the highest seropositivity rates, a sizeable proportion of under-five children were also found to be seropositive. Almost all individuals (99.4%) reported sleeping under an insecticide-treated bed-net, and household indoor residual spray coverage in the 12 months preceding the survey was low (23%). Most participants correctly identified common signs and symptoms of malaria, i.e., fever (96.4%), headache (71.2%), chills (83.2%) and body-ache (61.8%). Almost all participants (94.3%) used government-provided services for treatment of malaria. Conclusion This study explored the epidemiology of malaria in two communities in Meghalaya, India, in the context of declining transmission. The presence of widespread asymptomatic infections and seropositivity among under-five children suggest that low-level Plasmodium transmission persists in this region. Implications of the study findings for malaria elimination efforts in low-transmission settings are discussed.

scholarly journals ESTIMATED PROPORTION AND FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN UNDER FIVE IN ISLAMABAD PAKISTAN

1970 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-99
Author(s):  
Nadia Jabeen ◽  
Shahzad Ali Khan ◽  
Zubia Qureshi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Occupation Number ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Fisher Exact Test ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children

Background: Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is an important cause of mortality and morbidity in children, especially in under-fives, it is necessary to explore its risk factors for better health of children. Methods: This study was a cross sectional study, conducted in the Federal Government Polyclinic Dispensary of G- 7/3-4, Islamabad on 104 under five children, from April 2016 to June 2016. All the children from 0-59 years of age, irrespective of sex visiting dispensary were included in the study. Structured questionnaire used to collect the data. Frequencies and proportions were calculated as descriptive part of the analysis while Qui/Fisher Exact test was done as inferential analysis by using SPSS. Results: Out of 104 under five children ARI was found in 34 (32.7%). It was more in male children 23 (37.1) compared to female 11 (26.2%). A significant association was found between ARI and child's birthplace, their history of low birth weight, breast-feeding history, vaccination status, mothers education, mother's occupation, number of family members, smoking in fathers, ventilation condition of home, kitchen type, and knowledge of mothers regarding ARI signs and symptoms. Conclusion: The present study found that ARI is prevalent in under five children of the studied area. Results suggested that there is need to enhance the knowledge of mothers regarding ARI risk factors, its signs and symptoms, prevention and treatment.

Prevalence of anaemia and it's associated risk factors among under five children at Mukinge Missions Hospital in Kasempa District: Retrospective Study (Preprint)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lloyd Sampa
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Mean Corpuscular Volume ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Corpuscular Volume ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Mission Hospital ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Prevalence Of Anemia

BACKGROUND Anemia is a worldwide major problem known to affect people throughout the world. It has an adverse effect on both the social and economic development. The worldwide prevalence of anemia is 9% in developed nations. The global estimate indicates that 293.1 million of children under five years, approximately 43%, are anaemic worldwide and 28.5% of these children are found in sub Saharan Africa. In Zambia specifically Kasempa, no documented studies on prevalence have been done. Despite iron supplementation being given to pregnant women and the availability of blood transfusion. The burden of the disease remains high as determined by high mortality and morbidity. This study aims at determining the prevalence of anemia and the associated risk factors among under-five children at Mukinge Mission Hospital in Kasempa District. Knowledge of prevalence and the associated risk factors of anaemia will enhance early detection and timely management. OBJECTIVE 1.To determine the hemoglobin status of anaemia by its severity among anaemic under-five children admitted at Mukinge Mission Hospital. 2.To assess the association of anaemia with Malaria among under-five children admitted at Mukinge Mission Hospital. METHODS This was a retrospective study review of under-five children that were diagnosed and managed of Anemia at Mukinge Missions Hospital, over the period of period of 2015, 2017 and 2018. .Data of the variables of interest was extracted and analyzed using SPSS. RESULTS A sample population of 52 children was included in our study. The majority of the children were females 28 (53.8 %) and 24 (46.2 %) were Males. It was found that moderate and severe anaemia was 17.3% and 82.7 % respectively. Additionally, Majority of the anaemic children (75%) had Normocytic anaemia. The Pearson Chi square test revealed no statistical relationship between the variables; Malaria (p=0.58), Age (P=0.82), Gender (P=0.91). CONCLUSIONS According to our study, 39 (75%) had normal mean corpuscular volume which could suggest chronic diseases and sickle cell anemia. 11 (21.2%) had a low mean corpuscular volume indicating Microcytic anemia which could suggest diseases such as iron deficiency and thalassemia among many other causes. However, we were unable to determine the specific cause of anemia.

scholarly journals Hierarchical disentanglement of contextual from compositional risk factors of diarrhoea among under-five children in low- and middle-income countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe ◽  
A. Olalekan Uthman ◽  
Latifat Ibisomi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
National Level ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Contextual Risk ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income

AbstractSeveral studies have documented the burden and risk factors associated with diarrhoea in low and middle-income countries (LMIC). To the best of our knowledge, the contextual and compositional factors associated with diarrhoea across LMIC were poorly operationalized, explored and understood in these studies. We investigated multilevel risk factors associated with diarrhoea among under-five children in LMIC. We analysed diarrhoea-related information of 796,150 under-five children (Level 1) nested within 63,378 neighbourhoods (Level 2) from 57 LMIC (Level 3) using the latest data from cross-sectional and nationally representative Demographic Health Survey conducted between 2010 and 2018. We used multivariable hierarchical Bayesian logistic regression models for data analysis. The overall prevalence of diarrhoea was 14.4% (95% confidence interval 14.2–14.7) ranging from 3.8% in Armenia to 31.4% in Yemen. The odds of diarrhoea was highest among male children, infants, having small birth weights, households in poorer wealth quintiles, children whose mothers had only primary education, and children who had no access to media. Children from neighbourhoods with high illiteracy [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.07, 95% credible interval (CrI) 1.04–1.10] rates were more likely to have diarrhoea. At the country-level, the odds of diarrhoea nearly doubled (aOR = 1.88, 95% CrI 1.23–2.83) and tripled (aOR = 2.66, 95% CrI 1.65–3.89) among children from countries with middle and lowest human development index respectively. Diarrhoea remains a major health challenge among under-five children in most LMIC. We identified diverse individual-level, community-level and national-level factors associated with the development of diarrhoea among under-five children in these countries and disentangled the associated contextual risk factors from the compositional risk factors. Our findings underscore the need to revitalize existing policies on child and maternal health and implement interventions to prevent diarrhoea at the individual-, community- and societal-levels. The current study showed how the drive to the attainment of SDGs 1, 2, 4, 6 and 10 will enhance the attainment of SDG 3.

Clinical Profile, Risk-Factors, and Outcome of Rotaviral Diarrhea and Non-rotaviral Diarrhea Among Under-Five Children at Cuttack, Odisha, India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subal Kumar Pradhan ◽  
Sumanta Panigrahi ◽  
Pooja Sagar Padhi ◽  
Arjun Sajeev ◽  
Aravind Dharmaraj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Clinical Profile ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children

A Descriptive Study to Assess the Knowledge regarding Prevention and Management of Water Borne Diseases among mothers of under five Children in selected areas of Mehsana

2021 ◽  
pp. 381-383
Author(s):  
Manthankumar N. Kapadiya
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Causes And Risk Factors ◽  
Water Borne

A quantitative approach was used to assess the knowledge regarding prevention and management of water borne diseases among mothers of under five children. Simple random sampling technique was used to select the mothers of under five children for study.100 samples collected from selected areas of mehsana. The duration of data collection was 1 day. The results of the study revealed that majority of the study sample (58.63%) have average knowledge regarding water borne diseases, 71.5% of the study sample having knowledge about causes and risk factors of Water borne diseases, 68.22% of the study sample having knowledge about prevention of Water borne diseases and 70.36% of the study sample having knowledge about management of Water borne diseases.

scholarly journals Confirmed malaria cases among under five children with fever and history of fever in Masogo sub-county, Kisumu county-Kenya

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Silas Onyango Awuor ◽  
◽  
Omwenga O Eric ◽  
Stanslaus Musyoki ◽  
Ibrahim I Daud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Setting ◽  
World Health ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Parasitological Diagnosis ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
History Of ◽  
Reporting Tool ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Or History

Background: The World Health Organization recommends that malaria treatment should begin with parasitological diagnosis. This will help to regulate misuse of anti-malarial drugs in areas with high transmission. Aim: Aim was to assess the prevalence of parasitological confirmed malaria among under five years children presenting with fever or history of fever attending medication at Masogo sub-county hospital. Setting: The study was conducted in Masogo Sub County, Kisumu County, Kenya. Data and methodology: The study used 2020 dataset from the laboratory MOH 706 reporting tool with a total number of 6787 children under five years old tested in the lab. Result: Of the 6787 test performed in the year 2020, 2225 (32.8%) turn positive to malaria parasite where there was high prevalence in female children at 1141 (51.3%) than male children 1084 (48.7%) of the total positive examined. Prevalence of the malaria among the age group bracket was high at 48-59 months old at 625 (28.1%) followed by 36-47 months 620 (27.9%), 24-35 months 450 (20.2%), 12-23 months 410 (18.4%) and lastly 0-11 months old at 120 (5.4%). Conclusions: Reasons for the increased of the prevalence as the age increased among the under five children need to be further explored and addressed, there is enough evidence that immediate action is needed to address the unique needs of this population. Such factors could include lack of net used and separation of the mother and the child from sleeping together or early birth after the child. Keywords: malaria; under five children; fever.

scholarly journals P154 DOES A PENO-SCROTAL APPROACH FOR PENILE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION INCREASE THE INCIDENCE OF INGUINAL HERNIAS POSTOPERATIVELY?

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (Supplement_8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shadi Al-Bahri ◽  
Hazem Taifour
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Inguinal Hernia ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Penile Prosthesis ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
General Surgeon ◽  
Direct Inguinal Hernia ◽  
Prosthesis Implantation ◽  
Radiologic Imaging ◽  
History Of

Abstract Aim The incidence of direct inguinal hernia and reservoir migration post-penile prosthesis implantation is extremely rare. We present a case series of patients presenting with direct inguinal hernia following three-piece penile prosthesis implantation. Material and Methods Three patients presented with direct inguinal hernia shortly following penile prosthesis implantation for treatment of refractory erectile dysfunction due to venous leak that was confirmed on ultrasound imaging. All patients underwent standard open Lichtenstein tension free repair. Results All patients underwent penile prosthesis Implantation through a peno-scrotal approach in which the reservoir was placed in the space of Retzius. The first patient had reservoir displacement one day post-operatively presenting as an inguinal bulge and discomfort, and repaired the same day. The other two patients presented with symptoms of inguinal swelling and pain at 40 days and 8 months respectively. None of our patients had signs and symptoms of intestinal obstruction. Identifiable risk factors included high BMI and a history of smoking, however dissection and placement of the reservoir may play a role in weakening the floor of the inguinal canal. Conclusions Despite the rare incidence of inguinal hernia post-penile prosthesis implantation, identification of patients with risk factors for inguinal hernia development should be done preoperatively. This may be evaluated through preoperative radiologic imaging with an abdominal wall ultrasound or clinical examination by a general surgeon.

Assessment of Knowledge and Attitude Regarding Risk Factors of Malaria Among Caregivers of Under-Five Children in the Buea Health District, South West Region, Cameroon

2021 ◽  
pp. 36-50
Author(s):  
Hermann Ngouakam ◽  
Mark Agbor Akongem ◽  
Timatang Tufoin Cagetan ◽  
Ariane Laure Wounang Ngueugang ◽  
Bonaventure Tientche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Malaria Risk ◽  
Health District ◽  
Good Knowledge ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Knowledge And Attitude

Aims: The study measured the level of knowledge and attitudes towards malaria and examined associated factors among caregivers of under-five children. Study Design: The study was community-based, descriptive cross-sectional. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in Buea Health District (BHD) from February to June 2020. Methodology: Data were obtained through face-to-face interviews with the caregivers of under-fives. The above mean scores were used to determine the level of knowledge. The attitude levels were measured by using 3-point Likert scales. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify risk factors associated with knowledge and attitude. SPSS software version 20.0 was used for analysis. Results: Out of the 390 respondents, 69.5% of them had a neutral attitude. Meanwhile, 27.7 % of participants carried a favorable attitude towards malaria and only 2.8 % of them had an unfavorable attitude, Caregivers of under-five children who scored below the mean score were 25.1 % which was considered having poor knowledge and above the mean score was 74.9% which was considered good knowledge. In the multivariable logistic analysis, caregivers with a primary school level of education were 4.1 times (AOR = 4.1, CI = 1.486-11.102) times more likely of receiving a high malaria knowledge score as compared to those with no formal education. Factors associated with caregiver's attitude level towards malaria risk were educational level and marital status which showed significant associations in the univariate analysis Conclusion: Caregivers of under-fives displayed a good knowledge of malaria risk factors. However, in these endemic areas for malaria, caregiver attitude was found to be unenthusiastic and unresponsive, and this poses additional challenges in reaching the malaria elimination goal. Thus, suggesting that educational messages during the campaign should be contextual to reach out to local communities to trigger a positive behavioural change.

scholarly journals Availability and Utilization of WHO Lifesaving Medicines for Children under Five in Public Health Facilities of the Jimma Zone, South West Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Tidenek Mulugeta Tujo ◽  
Tadesse Gudeta Gurmu
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Centers ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
The Past ◽  
Jimma Zone ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Medicines For Children

Background. The increased morbidity and mortality rates in children under five in developing countries are mostly attributed to poor availability and failure of prescribing lifesaving medicines. This study was aimed at evaluating the availability and utilization of the WHO-recommended priority lifesaving medicines for children under five in public health facilities. Method. A cross-sectional survey complemented with a qualitative method was conducted in 14 health centers and four hospitals in the Jimma Zone, Ethiopia. In the facilities, we assessed the availability within the last half year and on the day of the visit. Utilization of the medicines was assessed through a review of patient records of the last one year. Twelve in-depth interviews were carried out to collect the qualitative data, and the analysis was executed using thematic analysis. Results. For treatment of pneumonia, amoxicillin dispersible tablets and gentamycin injection were available in 94.4% of the facilities. For treatment of malaria, artemether/lumefantrine was available in 61.1% of the facilities. For pain management, paracetamol tablets were available in 94.4% of the facilities. AZT+3TC+NEV for HIV/AIDS management was available in all facilities. At least one essential medicine was out of stock in the past six months with the average duration of 33.6 days in health centers and 28.25 days in hospitals. Oral rehydration salt and zinc (84.7%) and AZT+3TC+NEV (100%) had better utilization. However, for almost all cases, other nonpriority medicines were highly prescribed. Lack of administrative commitment, supply of near expiry products, complexity of diseases, and lack of customized child formulations were among the challenges of availability and utilization of those medicines. Conclusions. The overall availability of lifesaving medicines on the day of the visit was fairly good but with poor utilization in almost all facilities. Some products were not available for considerable length of time in the past six months.

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