scholarly journals Anti-migraine agents from an immunological point of view

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bakri M. Assas
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Functional Significance ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
New Wave ◽  
Potential Influence ◽  
Immune Modulator ◽  
Potent Vasodilator ◽  
Immune Challenges ◽  
Areas Of Concern

AbstractThe new wave of anti-migraine agents is nothing less than a milestone in our battle to manage this devastating disease. However, concerns have recently increased regarding the safety of these drugs. CGRP, while known as a potent vasodilator, is also a key neural and immune modulator. The roles of CGRP in immune determination, have been studied in depth, with particular focus on its functional significance with respect to common immune challenges i.e., bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic infections. This review discusses many potential areas of concern in regard to blocking CGRP function and its potential influence on immune milieus during infection, and the risk of adverse effects. Finally, this review recommends specific measures to be taken into consideration when administering anti-CGRP/CGRPR agents.

scholarly journals Study on incidence and pathology of gastrointestinal parasitic infections in Nilgai Boselaphus tragocamelus in Hisar, Haryana, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 20124-20127
Author(s):  
Maneesh Sharma ◽  
B.L. Jangir ◽  
D. Lather ◽  
G.A. Chandratre ◽  
V. Nehra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Traumatic Injuries ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Veterinary Pathology ◽  
Parasitic Load ◽  
Animal Sciences

The present study was conducted on 20 dead carcasses of Nilgai Boselaphus tragocamelus brought to the Department of Veterinary Pathology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (LUVAS), Hisar for post mortem examination. Thorough necropsy examinations were conducted and the representative samples for parasitic examination were collected. Most of the carcasses showed varying degrees of traumatic injuries (9), external wounds and haemorrhages (5) along with putrefactive changes (6). Intestinal contents and faecal samples were collected and screened for the presence of any parasite by sedimentation and flotation techniques. Out of 20 faecal samples, overall incidence of parasitic gastrointestinal tract infection was 40% (8/20). Out of 20, eight cases revealed presence of coccidian oocysts, however, among the eight cases, one case also revealed mixed infection of Moneizia andStrongylespp.,andanother case with Strongyle and Trichuris spp. Gross pathology of the intestines revealed varying degrees of vascular changes like petechial haemorrhages and the presence of catarrhal exudate. Histopathological examination revealed mild to moderate congestion, fused villi, desquamated mucosal epithelium in focal areas, and infiltration of mononuclear cells mainly lymphocytes. The different developmental stages of coccidian spp.were also observed in the intestinal mucosa. In conclusion, the preliminary study reported the parasitic load and pathological changes in the intestinal tract which further indicated the parasitism of these wild animals which is of immense significance from the epidemiological point of view.

Lactulose in the Management of Constipation: A Current Review

1992 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 1277-1282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa V. Kot ◽  
Ngaire A. Pettit-Young
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Data Synthesis ◽  
Study Selection ◽  
Beneficial Response ◽  
A Current

OBJECTIVE: To review the current published clinical studies evaluating the clinical efficacy and safety of lactulose compared with other laxatives or placebo. Adverse effects associated with lactulose are also reported. DATA SOURCES: Information was retrieved by searching the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases for clinical trials, abstracts, conference proceedings, and review articles dealing with lactulose. STUDY SELECTION: Emphasis was placed on clinical trials where lactulose was compared with other laxatives or placebo in patient populations where the diagnosis of constipation was reasonably established. DATA EXTRACTION: The methodology and results from clinical studies were evaluated. Assessment of the studies was made based on diagnosis of constipation, prior management of patients, follow-up of patients, dosage, and adverse effects. DATA SYNTHESIS: Clinical trials in geriatric patients, terminally ill patients, children, and normal and constipated subjects were reviewed. In most instances, lactulose was compared with a placebo, without incorporating the current education on dietary techniques for improving defecation. CONCLUSIONS: Generally, clinical trials have demonstrated a beneficial response compared with placebo, although sometimes that response has been only marginally better, from a clinical point of view.

scholarly journals TREATMENTS OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS LIVER CIRRHOSIS WITH PEGYLAT INTERFERON-RIBAVIRIN AND INTERFERON FREE – COMPARATIVE STUDY

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 218-221
Author(s):  
S.A. Florescu ◽  
◽  
S. Lazar ◽  
C. Oprea ◽  
A. Motoc ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Cirrhosis ◽  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Therapy Group ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Tropical Diseases ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

The article describes the adverse effects and efficiency of hepatitis C virus liver cirrhosis treatments available through the National Health Insurance Services, on a population of patients hospitalized at Victor Babes Infectious and Tropical Diseases Hospital, from 2012 to 2016. The population of patients was split into two distinct groups, for which we’ve recorded and comparatively analyzed demographic, clinical and paraclinical characteristics in a database. An evident success was recorded, from the point of view of hitting a clinical SVR index, in the DAA therapy group A, 87% percent compared to 2% in group B for the traditional standard therapy of PegInterferon + Ribavirin. Likewise, the number of adverse effects was lower in Group B versus Group A. Some side effects remained specific to the current cirrhosis treatment, which should be closely monitored.

Operator-based external disturbance rejection of perturbed nonlinear systems by using robust right coprime factorization

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 (10) ◽  
pp. 3169-3178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengyang Li ◽  
Mingcong Deng
Keyword(s):  
Nonlinear Systems ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Robust Stability ◽  
External Disturbance ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Tracking Performance ◽  
Coprime Factorization ◽  
Output Tracking ◽  
Design Scheme ◽  
Internal Perturbation

In this paper, a class of nonlinear systems with external disturbance and internal perturbation are considered by using operator-based robust right coprime factorization for guaranteeing robust stability, rejecting adverse effects resulting from the existing disturbance and perturbation quantitatively and, meanwhile, realizing output tracking performance. In detail, firstly, robust stability is guaranteed based on a Lipschitz norm inequation using robust right coprime factorization. Secondly, based on the proposed design scheme, a convenient framework is obtained for discussing rejection issues for external disturbance and internal perturbation. Thirdly, from an error signal point of view, the adverse effects resulting from the external disturbance and internal perturbation of the nonlinear system are removed by the designed nonlinear operator. Moreover, output tracking performance is realized using the proposed design scheme simultaneously. Finally, a simulation example is given to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed design scheme of this paper.

Efficient solid phase extraction of codeine from human urine samples using a novel magnetic molecularly imprinted nanoadsorbent and its spectrofluorometric determination

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tayyebeh Madrakian ◽  
Fariba Fazl ◽  
Mazaher Ahmadi ◽  
Abbas Afkhami
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Solid Phase Extraction ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Phase Extraction ◽  
Molecularly Imprinted ◽  
Drug Levels ◽  
Monitoring Drug ◽  
Spectrofluorometric Determination ◽  
Clinical Point

From a medical or clinical point of view, to assess toxicity, adverse effects, interactions and therapeutic efficiency, monitoring drug levels in body fluids, such as urine and plasma, has become increasingly necessary.

Adjuvants and autoimmunity

Lupus ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 1217-1225 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Israeli ◽  
N. Agmon-Levin ◽  
M. Blank ◽  
Y. Shoenfeld
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Connective Tissue Diseases ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Gulf War Syndrome ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Supportive Role ◽  
Tlr Signaling Pathway

Some adjuvants may exert adverse effects upon injection or, on the other hand, may not trigger a full immunological reaction. The mechanisms underlying adjuvant adverse effects are under renewed scrutiny because of the enormous implications for vaccine development. In the search for new and safer adjuvants, several new adjuvants were developed by pharmaceutical companies utilizing new immunological and chemical innovations. The ability of the immune system to recognize molecules that are broadly shared by pathogens is, in part, due to the presence of special immune receptors called toll-like receptors (TLRs) that are expressed on leukocyte membranes. The very fact that TLR activation leads to adaptive immune responses to foreign entities explains why so many adjuvants used today in vaccinations are developed to mimic TLR ligands. Alongside their supportive role, adjuvants were found to inflict by themselves an illness of autoimmune nature, defined as ‘the adjuvant diseases’. The debatable question of silicone as an adjuvant and connective tissue diseases, as well as the Gulf War syndrome and macrophagic myofaciitis which followed multiple injections of aluminium-based vaccines, are presented here. Owing to the adverse effects exerted by adjuvants, there is no doubt that safer adjuvants need to be developed and incorporated into future vaccines. Other needs in light of new vaccine technologies are adjuvants suitable for use with mucosally delivered vaccines, DNA vaccines, cancer and autoimmunity vaccines. In particular, there is demand for safe and non-toxic adjuvants able to stimulate cellular (Th1) immunity. More adjuvants were approved to date besides alum for human vaccines, including MF59 in some viral vaccines, MPL, AS04, AS01B and AS02A against viral and parasitic infections, virosomes for HBV, HPV and HAV, and cholera toxin for cholera. Perhaps future adjuvants occupying other putative receptors will be employed to bypass the TLR signaling pathway completely in order to circumvent common side effects of adjuvant-activated TLRs such as local inflammation and the general malaise felt because of the costly whole-body immune response to antigen. Lupus (2009) 18, 1217—1225.

Risk of soil-transmitted helminth infections on agritourism farms in central and eastern Poland

2015 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakub Gawor ◽  
Anna Borecka
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Red Foxes ◽  
Public Places ◽  
Small Children ◽  
Forest Clearing ◽  
Helminth Infections

AbstractAgritourism provides ecological tourist services for urban dwellers in rural areas. Agritourism farms offer space and attractive scenery for people seeking to rest in quiet place and wanting healthy, outdoor recreational activities. The high epidemiological standard of agritourism farms is beneficial for the health of the farm owners and the guests. Upgraded level of the farm sanitation, also from parasitological point of view is of great importance, especially that among agritourism farms guests predominate families with small children. A field survey was carried out in 57 farms in central-eastern Poland to evaluate the environmental risk factors for geohelminth infections on agritourism farms offering tourist services for urban dwellers. Samples of soil were collected from 76 sites, i.e. yards surrounding houses, vegetable, fruit and flower gardens, playgrounds and sandpits. In addition, samples were taken from 27 public places of recreation (playgrounds at forest clearing) visited by agritourism farm guests. During visits the farms were inspected and the owners were questioned about their awareness of the threat of parasitic infections. Soil contamination with geohelminth eggs was found in 4 examined farms (7.0%), in one locality on each farm. The eggs of Toxocara spp. and Ascaris spp. were detected in single samples from 3 backyards (6.4%) and one sandpit (10.0%). In the soil samples from places of recreation outside the farms eggs of human or animal helminths were not identified. The results of this study showed that the risk of helminth infections on agritourism farms is low, since geohelminth eggs (1-3 per sample) were detected only in four samples (0.5%) among 760 collected from farms households. The farm owners must be aware of the importance of preventive measures to eliminate the environmental contamination with eggs of zoonotic soiltransmitted helminths. Special attention should be paid to the risk of intestinal parasites of cats of semi domestic behaviour migrating from neighbouring yards as well as of red foxes frequently observed in the vicinity of agritourism farms.

Duration of immunity induced by companion animal vaccines

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Roth ◽  
Anna Rovid Spickler
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Companion Animal ◽  
Host Factors ◽  
Medical Procedure ◽  
Individual Animal ◽  
Risks And Benefits ◽  
Population Immunity ◽  
Advisory Groups ◽  
Considerable Debate ◽  
Areas Of Concern

AbstractConcerns about possible adverse effects from annual vaccination have prompted the reanalysis of vaccine protocols for cats and dogs. In the last decade, several veterinary advisory groups have published protocols that recommend extended revaccination intervals for certain ‘core’ vaccines. In addition, practicing veterinarians have been asked to consider vaccination as an individualized medical procedure, based on an analysis of risks and benefits for each vaccine in an individual animal. The calls for extended revaccination intervals prompted considerable debate in USA and internationally. Areas of concern include the amount of evidence to support prolonged immunity from various vaccines, the risk of poor responses in individual animals and the possible effects on population immunity. This review examines how the duration of immunity (DOI) to a vaccine is established in animals and humans. It reviews factors that can affect the DOI in an individual animal, including the types of immune defenses stimulated by the pathogen, and the vaccine, host factors such as age and the level of exposure to the pathogen. In addition, it examines DOI studies that were published for canine and feline core vaccines.

scholarly journals CRIMINAL AND ARCHITECTURAL PREVENTION

Probacja ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 87-114
Author(s):  
Monika Bieniek-Ciarcińska
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
General Knowledge ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Indirect Impact ◽  
Real Change ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Language Literature

The article presents the most important aspects of the geographic dimension of criminology. Referring the considerations to areas such as sociology or, in general, knowledge about society, the subject matter was formulated in an interdisciplinary way, indicating its complexity and, at the same time, importance from the point of view of social sciences. In this work, space is seen in many perspectives - as a factor that has both a direct and indirect impact on the distribution of crime. Human activity in a given area and the possibility of spatial development of the area in terms of the tasks it is to fulfill are also important. The article is a theoretical analysis in which the analysis of Polish and foreign-language literature was used, as well as a descriptive historical method. There were also comparative analyzes in legal terms. The applied methodology contributed to the implementation of in-depth inferences, the results of which are the conclusions and research postulates presented at the end of the work. The article is dedicated primarily to people who have an impact on architectural changes in the area of towns and villages. The issues presented make a reference to the still valid problem of crime prevention. Spatial prevention should not only account for the so far unused opportunities that lie open to civil society, but also be a real change in the approach to construction. The process of space revitalization will be effective only through meta-analyzes consisting in the first place in recognizing, identifying existing or potential threats, and then implementing, in the course of social consultations, well-thought-out solutions that fit into a given space architecturally. These actions will require changes in the approach to the current protection against undesirable behaviors, focusing not on reducing the effects of adverse effects, but leaning towards criminal and architectural prevention. For this purpose, new legal solutions adequate to the existing national conditions will also be necessary.

Principles of Pharmacology

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham Brack ◽  
Penny Franklin ◽  
Jill Caldwell
Keyword(s):  
Patient Safety ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Renal Impairment ◽  
Drug Interactions ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Inflammatory Drug ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Compromised Patients

From the previous chapters you will see that understanding the pharmacological aspects of the drugs you are administering is vital to keeping your patients safe. Nurses need to understand the pharmacodynamics of a medicine, or how it actually works within the body, since this will need to be explained to patients and carers. For example, how will you ensure that a patient understands the importance of taking their treatment for hypertension (especially if they are experiencing no symptoms) if you are unable to explain how the medicine will be working? Similarly, your understanding of the pharmacokinetics (the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) of individual medicines is vital to ensure compromised patients are not administered inappropriate medicines. For example, you would question the prescribing of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) to a patient with significant renal impairment, because the kidney is essential to the elimination of NSAIDs so the drug could accumulate if the kidneys are not functioning properly. From the point of view of ensuring patient safety, you will need to understand the principles of drug interactions so that you can understand how two medicines (or food and medicine) could interact and be alert to signs that this may be happening. There are several good textbooks dealing with the uses and actions of individual medicines, including interactions. However, these will not be discussed here because at this stage of your career you are not expected to have a detailed knowledge of particular medicines, but rather an understanding of the key principles. As nurses, we are concerned with how the body handles medicines (pharmacokinetics) so that we can see how this may be affected by age, genetics, or illness, and how the actions of medicines may conflict with one another or produce toxicity because their effects are additive. Equally, we need to look at occasions in which two medicines produce the same response by two different routes; such interactions can be beneficial to the patient and avoid having to give large doses of a single medicine because the same result can be achieved with smaller doses of two medicines, thereby reducing the risk of adverse effects.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document