scholarly journals Benefits of treatment with favipiravir in hospitalized patients for COVID-19: a retrospective observational case–control study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anıl Ucan ◽  
Pamir Cerci ◽  
Serdar Efe ◽  
Hakan Akgun ◽  
Ahmet Ozmen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Study Results ◽  
New Finding ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Control Study ◽  
Group 1

Abstract Background Although more than a year past since COVID-19 was defined, there is no specific treatment yet. Since COVID-19 management differs over time, it is hard to determine which therapy is more efficacious. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the regimen with Favipiravir (FPV) and determine if the timing of FPV addition offers any improvement. Methods A retrospective observational case-controlled cohort study was performed between March and September 2020, including adults with COVID-19 in a single-center in Turkey. We categorized patients into age-sex matched three groups, group 1 (n = 48) and group 2 (n = 48) included patients treated with the combination of FPV plus Hydroxychloroquine (HQ) early and late, respectively. Group 3 (n = 48) consisted of patients on HQ monotherapy. In Group 2, if the respiratory or clinic condition had not improved sufficiently, FPV was added on or after day 3. Results We found that starting FPV early had an impact on PCR negativity and the progression of the disease. 'No progression' was defined as the absence of a new finding in the control radiological examination and the absence of accompanying clinical deterioration. Also, the decrease in C-reactive protein (CRP) was greater in Group 1 than Group 3 (p < 0.001). However, we found that early initiation of FPV treatment did not have a positive effect on the estimated survival time. Conclusions According to this retrospective study results, we believe that for better clinical outcomes, FPV treatment should be started promptly to enhance antiviral effects and improve clinical outcomes.

scholarly journals Benefits of Treatment With Favipiravir in Hospitalized Patients for COVID-19: a Retrospective Observational Case-control Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anıl Uçan ◽  
Pamir Çerçi ◽  
Serdar Efe ◽  
Hakan Akgün ◽  
Ahmet Özmen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Study Results ◽  
New Finding ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Control Study ◽  
Group 1

Abstract Background: Although more than a year past since COVID-19 was defined, there is no specific treatment yet. Since COVID-19 management differs over time, it is hard to determine which therapy is more efficacious. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the regimen with Favipiravir (FPV) and determine if the timing of FPV addition offers any improvement. Methods: A retrospective observational case-controlled cohort study was performed between March and Sep-tember 2020, including adults with COVID-19 in a single-center in Turkey. We categorized patients into age-sex matched three groups, group 1 (n=48) and group 2 (n=48) included patients treated with the combination of FPV plus Hydroxychloroquine (HQ) early and late, respectively. Group 3 (n=48) consisted of patients on HQ monot-herapy. In Group 2, if the respiratory or clinic condition had not improved sufficiently, FPV was added on or after day 3. Results: We found that starting FPV early had an impact on PCR negativity and the progression of the disease. 'No progression' was defined as the absence of a new finding in the control radiological examination and the absence of accompanying clinical deterioration. Also, the decrease in C-reactive protein (CRP) was greater in Group 1 than Group 3 (p <0.001). However, we found that early initiation of FPV treatment did not have a posi-tive effect on the estimated survival time. Conclusions: According to this retrospective study results, we believe that for better clinical outcomes, FPV treatment should be started promptly to enhance antiviral effects and improve clinical outcomes.

Etiology of Cartilage Lesions Does Not Affect Clinical Outcomes of Patellofemoral Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation

Cartilage ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 194760352110309
Author(s):  
Alexandre Barbieri Mestriner ◽  
Jakob Ackermann ◽  
Gergo Merkely ◽  
Pedro Henrique Schmidt Alves Ferreira Galvão ◽  
Luiz Felipe Morlin Ambra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Cartilage Lesion ◽  
Chondrocyte Implantation ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Autologous Chondrocyte ◽  
Group 1

Objective To determine the relationship between cartilage lesion etiology and clinical outcomes after second-generation autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) in the patellofemoral joint (PFJ) with a minimum of 2 years’ follow-up. Methods A retrospective review of all patients that underwent ACI in the PFJ by a single surgeon was performed. Seventy-two patients with a mean follow-up of 4.2 ± 2.0 years were enrolled in this study and were stratified into 3 groups based on the etiology of PFJ cartilage lesions: patellar dislocation (group 1; n = 23); nontraumatic lesions, including chondromalacia, osteochondritis dissecans, and degenerative defects (group 2; n = 28); and other posttraumatic lesions besides patellar dislocations (group 3; n = 21). Patient’s mean age was 29.6 ± 8.7 years. Patients in group 1 were significantly younger (25.4 ± 7.9 years) than group 2 (31.7 ± 9.6 years; P = 0.025) and group 3 (31.5 ± 6.6 years; P = 0.05). Body mass index averaged 26.2 ± 4.3 kg/m2, with a significant difference between group 1 (24.4 ± 3.2 kg/m2) and group 3 (28.7 ± 4.5 kg/m2; P = 0.005). A clinical comparison was established between groups based on patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) and failure rates. Results Neither pre- nor postoperative PROMs differed between groups ( P > 0.05). No difference was seen in survivorship between groups (95.7% vs. 82.2% vs. 90.5%, P > 0.05). Conclusion Cartilage lesion etiology did not influence clinical outcome in this retrospective study after second generation ACI in the PFJ. Level of Evidence Level III, retrospective comparative study.

scholarly journals Fever as a predictor of adverse outcomes in COVID-19

QJM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
N W Chew ◽  
J N Ngiam ◽  
S M Tham ◽  
Z Y Lim ◽  
T Y W Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
End Point ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Design And Methods ◽  
Group 1

Summary Background/Introduction There are little data on outcomes of COVID-19 patients with the presence of fever compared to the presence of symptoms. Aim We examined the associations between symptomology, presence of fever and outcomes of a COVID-19 cohort. Design and Methods Between 23 January and 30 April 2020, 554 COVID-19 patients were admitted to a tertiary hospital in Singapore. They were allocated into four groups based on symptomology and fever—Group 1: asymptomatic and afebrile, Group 2: symptomatic but afebrile, Group 3: febrile but asymptomatic and Group 4: symptomatic and febrile. The primary outcomes were intensive care unit (ICU) admissions and mortality. The composite end-point included ICU admissions, mortality or any COVID-19 related end-organ involvement. Results There were differences in ferritin (P=0.003), C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (P&lt;0.001) and lymphopenia (P=0.033) across all groups, with the most favourable biochemical profile in Group 1, and the least in Group 4. Symptomatic groups (Groups 2 and 4) had higher ICU admissions (1.9% and 6.0%, respectively, P=0.003) than asymptomatic groups (Groups 1 and 3). Composite end-point was highest in Group 4 (24.0%), followed by Group 3 (8.6%), Group 2 (4.8%) and Group 1 (2.4%) (P&lt;0.001). The presence of fever (OR 4.096, 95% CI 1.737–9.656, P=0.001) was associated with the composite end-point after adjusting for age, pulse rate, comorbidities, lymphocyte, ferritin and CRP. Presence of symptoms was not associated with the composite end-point. Discussion/Conclusion In this COVID-19 cohort, presence of fever was a predictor of adverse outcomes. This has implications on the management of febrile but asymptomatic COVID-19 patients.

Necessary Factors to Achieve Deep Flexion for Asian Populations after Oxford Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (03) ◽  
pp. 294-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Inui ◽  
Shuji Taketomi ◽  
Ryota Yamagami ◽  
Kohei Kawaguchi ◽  
Keiu Nakazato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Knee Arthroplasty ◽  
Flexion Angle ◽  
Maximum Flexion ◽  
Asian Populations ◽  
Maximum Flexion Angle ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Oxford Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty ◽  
Group 1

AbstractThere have been many reports on the clinical outcomes of Oxford unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA); however, none have investigated the influence of flexion angle after UKA on clinical outcomes. The objective of this study was to clarify the relationship between outcomes and the postoperative maximum flexion angle and reveal the necessary factors for maximum flexion angle ≥ 140 degrees which is considered necessary for Asian populations. We categorized 212 UKA patients into the following three groups based on the postoperative maximum flexion angle: group 1 had flexion angle ≥ 140 degrees in 80 patients (38%), group 2 had 130 degrees ≤ flexion angle < 140 degrees in 80 patients (38%), and group 3 had flexion angle < 130 degrees in 52 patients (24%). Furthermore, we compared the postoperative clinical outcomes between the three groups and conducted multivariable regression analyses to assess parameters affecting the flexion angle. Postoperative Knee Society function scores for group 1 was significantly higher than for group 3. Group 1 had higher mean knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome scores (KOOS) in all subscales and significantly higher KOOS scores in the sports and quality of life subscales compared with group 2 and in all subscales compared with group 3. Multivariable logistic regression showed that preoperative flexion angle and tibial component posterior slope were associated with maximum flexion angle ≥ 140 degrees. Maximum flexion angle ≥ 140 degrees after Oxford UKA improved the clinical results, particularly for patient-reported outcomes. Furthermore, the tibial posterior slope was an important factor in achieving maximum flexion angle ≥ 140 degrees in UKA patients.

scholarly journals Association of Haemoglobin and C-Reactive Protein level with Different Risk Factors among Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-160
Author(s):  
Md Mahboob Morshed ◽  
Md Joynul Islam ◽  
ATM Ashadullah ◽  
Khondker Shaheed Hussain ◽  
Mohammad Ahtashamul Haque
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Acute Coronary Syndrome ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Coronary Syndrome ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
History Of ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Background: Different risk factors may be related with the haemoglobin and CRP level among the acute coronary syndrome patients. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to see the association of haemoglobin and CRP level with different type of risk factors among the acute coronary syndrome patients. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Cardiology at Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from December 2010 to November 2011 for a period of two (02) years. Patients of ACS who were presented within 12 hours of chest pain were included as study population. Study population were categorized in four groups according to the level of hemoglobin and C-reactive protein. Age, cardiovascular risks factor, history, family history of cardiovascular disease, treatment history and ECG were taken during admission. Blood sample was collected for baseline laboratory investigations like Troponin-I, Random Blood Sugar (RBS), Blood urea, Serum creatinine, lipid profile, Hemoglobin & CRP level. Sample were then send to standard laboratory/Biochemistry department of MMCH. Result: The mean age of the population was 52.18±8.88 years. Smoking was the highest percentage in Group 1 which was 54(50.0%) cases (P=0.001). Hypertension was found most common in group 1 (47.6%), Group 2 (33.3%), Group 3 (10.7%) and Group 4 (8.3%). Smoking (p=0.001) and hypertension (p=0.016) was found statistically significant. Diabetes was found in Group 1 (37.7%), Group 2 (43.5%), Group 3 (11.6%) and Group 4 (7.2%). Group 1 (50%) and Group 2 (50%) patients were dyslipidaemic. Family history of IHD was present group-1 (36.8%), Group 2 (44.7%), Group 3 (73.2%) and Group 4 (53%). Among the smoker patient 65.6% cases had CRP level ˃12 mg/l; 39.8% cases had CRP level ˂12mg/L. Among the nonsmoker 34.4% cases had CRP level ˃12mg/l and 60.2% cases had CRP level ˂12mg/L. The finding was statistically significant. Conclusion: In conclusion haemoglobin and CRP level is associated with different type of risk factors among the acute coronary syndrome patients. Journal of National Institute of Neurosciences Bangladesh, 2019;5(2): 156-160

scholarly journals Effect of parenteral selenium administration on oxidative status of weaned piglets

2016 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 377-386
Author(s):  
Martin Svoboda ◽  
Zdeněk Fajt ◽  
Jan Vašek ◽  
Jonáš Vaňhara ◽  
Martin Hostovský ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Sodium Selenite ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Group 1

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of additional selenium injection after weaning on the selenium (Se) status of piglets and to find whether the selected dose would be appropriate with respect to the level of oxidative stress. Another goal was to compare the efficacy and safety of sodium selenite and selenopyran as selenium sources for parenteral administration to piglets. Altogether 30 piglets were divided equally into three groups. Piglets in group 1 were injected i.m. with sodium selenite, piglets in group 2 were injected with selenopyran. The dose was 0.42 mg Se/kg body weight for both groups. Piglets in group 3 were given only saline. As expected, the study revealed low Se serum concentrations in weaned piglets. The injection of sodium selenite increased Se serum concentrations but did not have a positive effect on the peroxidase activities. Administration of selenopyran did not influence Se concentrations and gluthation peroxidase activities. The selected dose did not have a significant impact on the level of the oxidative stress. The piglets receiving Se only from the feed achieved comparable gluthation peroxidase activities during the trial. It seems that despite initially low Se concentrations, the physiological requirements for gluthation peroxidase synthesis were met with the feed consumption as the only Se source. The results of the study are important because until now it was unclear whether the selected dose would have negative effects on the organism with respect to the induction of oxidative stress in piglets.

scholarly journals Evaluation of intrathecal synthesis of specific IgG antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii in the diagnosis assessment of presumptive toxoplasma encephalitis in aids patients

2004 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 480-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aercio Sebastião Borges ◽  
José Fernando de Castro Figueiredo
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Neurological Involvement ◽  
Local Synthesis ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Group 1

The diagnosis of neurotoxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is mainly based on tomographic or magnetic resonance findings and on the response to specific treatment. We studied 55 patients with AIDS and neurotoxoplasmosis according to these diagnostic criteria (group 1), 37 patients with AIDS and neurological involvement of other etiology (group 2), and 16 anti-HIV-negative individuals with neurological manifestations (group 3). Serum and cerebrospinal fluid were examined for the presence of anti-T. gondii IgG, by indirect immunofluorescence. In 72 of them, the total amounts of these antibodies were determined in order to assess local production of anti-T. gondii antibodies in the central nervous system and to correlate their titers with infection activity in patients with AIDS and neurotoxoplasmosis. IgG titers > 1/64 in cerebrospinal fluid reached 100% specificity for the diagnosis of neurotoxoplasmosis in AIDS. Evidence of local synthesis of these antibodies was detected in 42.8% of patients of group 1, in 29.1% of patients of group 2 and in no patient of group 3. The test showed 70.8% specificity and therefore was not useful in our study for the differential diagnosis of neurotoxoplasmosis in patients with AIDS.

Castleman disease spectrum.

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 8548-8548
Author(s):  
Johnson Khor ◽  
Sheila K. Pierson ◽  
Victoria Powers ◽  
Mark-Avery Tamakloe ◽  
Alexander Gorzewski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Activity ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Castleman Disease ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Disease Spectrum ◽  
Diagnostic Values ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

8548 Background: Castleman disease (CD) describes a group of lymphoproliferative disorders that share characteristic histopathology. Unicentric CD (UCD) and idiopathic multicentric CD (iMCD) are differentiated by the number of enlarged lymph node (LN) regions: UCD involves 1 region and iMCD involves > 1 region. UCD typically has mild or no symptoms whereas iMCD requires abnormal labs and symptoms for diagnosis and can progress to life-threatening multi-organ failure. Review of an international natural history registry of CD revealed patients across a broad spectrum with regards to number of enlarged LN regions and disease severity. We hypothesize that there is a positive correlation between disease activity and the number of enlarged LNs and that the spectrum of CD is more complex than a binary UCD-iMCD dichotomy. Methods: Herein, enrolled UCD and iMCD patients whose diagnosis was confirmed by an expert-panel were selected for analysis (N = 81). A standardized disease activity score (scale 0-1) was computed for each patient using available diagnostic values of C-reactive protein, hemoglobin, and albumin (CHA score). Results: We looked at the association between number of enlarged LNs and CHA and found a significant positive correlation (R = 0.65, p < 0.0001). Given this, we divided the cohort into groups of mild, moderate, and extensive lymphadenopathy according to the number of regions of enlarged LNs at the time of diagnosis: group 1 (1 enlarged LN region); group 2 (2-4 enlarged LN regions); and group 3 (≥5 enlarged LN regions). We identified 20 patients in group 1, 19 in group 2, and 42 in group 3 with no statistical differences in sex, race, or age at diagnosis. Histopathological subtype differed significantly among groups. Group 1 was 89% hyaline vascular (HV)/ hypervascular (HpV) and 11% mixed (Mx); group 2 was 74% HV/HpV, 21% Mx, and 5% plasmacytic (Pl); and group 3 was 64% HV/HpV, 32% Mx, and 5% Pl. We then looked at CHA score in these groups and found that group 3 patients have a significantly greater CHA score (median [IQR]: 0.46 [0.49]) than both group 2 (0.08 [0.14]) and group 1 (0.0 [0.10]) (adjusted p < 0.001 for both) while there was no difference between groups 1 and 2. Conclusions: These results suggest that disease severity is positively associated with the number of enlarged LNs. The different proportions of histopathological subtypes between the three groups could indicate different pathologic mechanisms are involved. Further work is needed to determine if patients with a few enlarged LNs exhibit disease more closely to UCD or iMCD and to understand long-term outcomes for these patients.

Abstract 2627: Outcomes After Endovascular Treatment For Anterior Circulation Stroke Presenting Beyond 8 Hours Of Time Last Seen Well Do Not Differ In Wake-up Strokes Vs. Witnessed Onset Beyond 8 Hours

Stroke ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amin Aghaebrahim ◽  
Carlos Leiva-Salinas ◽  
Syed Zaidi ◽  
Mouhammad Jumaa ◽  
Xabi Urra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endovascular Treatment ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Favorable Outcome ◽  
Late Time ◽  
Lesion Volume ◽  
Anterior Circulation ◽  
Tandem Occlusion ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Objective: Patients with wake-up stroke are thought to have different outcomes compared to patients with known late time of onset. We thought to verify this hypothesis by determining clinical outcomes, mortality and rate of parenchymal hematoma (PH) in patients with anterior circulation large vessel occlusion stroke (ACLVOS) treated with endovascular therapy at our center. Methods: Retrospective review of a prospectively acquired database from consecutive patients meeting the following criteria: (1) ACLVOS, (2) endovascular treatment initiated beyond 8hrs from time last seen well (TLSW). Treatment selection was based on the presence of a small infarct core/large penumbra assessed through visual inspection on MRI or CTP by the treating physician. In patients undergoing MRI (n=55) pre-procedure infarct volumes on DWI were measured through automated volumetric analysis. Results: We identified 130 patients (mean age 64; mean baseline NIHSS 14, male gender 55%). Patients were divided into three groups. Group 1: patients with wake-up stroke (39%, n=51). Group 2: patients with witnessed onset beyond 8hrs from TLSW (55%, n=72). Group 3: patients without witnessed onset but TLSW>8hrs (5%, n=7). Occlusion locations were as follows: M1-55%, M2-12%, ICA terminus-32% and ICA origin (tandem occlusion)-28%. Successful recanalization (TIMI 2/3) was achieved in 109 patients (84%). The rate of 90 day favorable outcome (modified Rankin score (mRS) ≤ 2) was 55% (n=68/124). PH occurred in 15/130 (12%) patients and the 3 month mortality rate was 18% (n= 22/124). Favorable outcome rates amongst Group 1 (50%, n=24/48), Group 2 (59.5%, n=41/69) and Group 3 (42.9%, n=3/7) were not significantly different (p=0.49, by ANOVA). Mean pre-procedure DWI lesion volume was 18.7 cc in Group 1 vs. 18.3 cc in group 2 (p=0.9). No difference was noted between Group 1, Group 2 and Group3 regarding PH (13.7%, 8.3%, 13.3% respectively, p nonsignificant) or mortality at 3 months (18.7%, 17.4%, 14.3% respectively, p nonsignificant). Multivariate logistic regression model identified only successful recanalization (OR 2.9, p 0.001, CI 1.59-5.44) and age (OR 0.96, p 0.03, CI 0.93-0.99) as predictors of favorable outcome. Conclusion: In patients with ACLVOS presenting beyond 8 hours from TLSW who are selected based on similar imaging characteristics, clinical outcomes following endovascular treatment do not seem to differ according to mode of presentation relative to TLSW.

scholarly journals Analysis of the bactericidal effect of ozone pneumoperitoneum

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Altenfelder Silva ◽  
José Eduardo Rosseto Garotti ◽  
Renata Santos Bittencourt Silva ◽  
Alessandra Navarini ◽  
Adhemar Monteiro Pacheco Jr
Keyword(s):  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Bactericidal Effect ◽  
Bactericidal Action ◽  
Co2 Pneumoperitoneum ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Gas ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

PURPOSE: To assess the bactericidal action of ozone pneumoperitonium, and to compare the results with CO2. METHODS: It was used 36 Wistar rats. The animals, under anesthesia, were inoculated with 2ml of E. coli ATCC at a concentration of 10(10)UFC, and 1ml of BaSO4, into the peritoneal cavity. They were divided into three groups: Group 1, CO2 pneumoperitoneum was performed for 15 minutes; Group 2, ozone pneumoperitoneum was performed for 5 minutes at a concentration of 42µg/ml, and Group 3, ozone pneumoperitoneum was performed for 5 minutes at a concentration of 62µg/ml. Six animals from each group were sacrificed after the experiment, and the remaining 6 observed for 24 hours. Material was collected from the cavity of all animals for microbiological study. RESULTS: Ozone presented a greater bactericidal effect than CO2 in those animals sacrificed immediately after pneumoperitoneum. In the animals studied 24 hours after pneumoperitoneum evidenced no difference in bactericidal effect between the two gases. Moreover, no difference in mortality was observed. CONCLUSION: Ozone has a more potent bactericidal effect than carbon dioxide gas, although this did not influence survival of the animals.

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