scholarly journals Resistance induction based on the understanding of molecular interactions between plant viruses and host plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Shamim Akhter ◽  
Kenji S. Nakahara ◽  
Chikara Masuta
Keyword(s):  
Genome Editing ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Host Factors ◽  
Viral Resistance ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
New Type ◽  
Resistance Spectrum

Abstract Background Viral diseases cause significant damage to crop yield and quality. While fungi- and bacteria-induced diseases can be controlled by pesticides, no effective approaches are available to control viruses with chemicals as they use the cellular functions of their host for their infection cycle. The conventional method of viral disease control is to use the inherent resistance of plants through breeding. However, the genetic sources of viral resistance are often limited. Recently, genome editing technology enabled the publication of multiple attempts to artificially induce new resistance types by manipulating host factors necessary for viral infection. Main body In this review, we first outline the two major (R gene-mediated and RNA silencing) viral resistance mechanisms in plants. We also explain the phenomenon of mutations of host factors to function as recessive resistance genes, taking the eIF4E genes as examples. We then focus on a new type of virus resistance that has been repeatedly reported recently due to the widespread use of genome editing technology in plants, facilitating the specific knockdown of host factors. Here, we show that (1) an in-frame mutation of host factors necessary to confer viral resistance, sometimes resulting in resistance to different viruses and that (2) certain host factors exhibit antiviral resistance and viral-supporting (proviral) properties. Conclusion A detailed understanding of the host factor functions would enable the development of strategies for the induction of a new type of viral resistance, taking into account the provision of a broad resistance spectrum and the suppression of the appearance of resistance-breaking strains.

Effect of Geometric Parameters of New Semisubmersible Platform on Stability and Hydrodynamic Performance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianying Wang ◽  
Yanjun Zhou ◽  
Honglin Tang ◽  
Shihua Zhang ◽  
Haiqing Tian
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Parameters ◽  
Hydrodynamic Performance ◽  
Geometrical Parameters ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Floating Bodies ◽  
Full Picture ◽  
New Type ◽  
Design Plan ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Shape Characteristics

Abstract The JCSM concept (short for Jackup Combined Semisubmersible Multifunction Platform) is a new type of semisubmersible platform presented by the first author, which overcomes the shortcomings of the available semisubmersible platforms, and combines the advantages of the traditional semisubmersible platform, the Jackup platform and the new FPSO concept - IQFP. Due to the complicated interaction between stability and hydrodynamic performance, it is necessary to explore the effect of geometrical parameters of the main body on the stability and hydrodynamic performance in order to obtain the optimal design plan of a JCSM platform. Firstly, the structure components and innovations of the JCSM were briefly reviewed in order to facilitate readers to understand its full picture. Then, six independent geometric parameters were selected by carefully studying the shape characteristics of the initial design plan of a JCSM study case. Furthermore, the stability heights and motion responses of various floating bodies of the JCSM case with different geometric parameters in wave were calculated using boundary element method based on potential flow theory. Lastly, effect of the shape parameters on stability and hydrodynamic performance of the JCSM was qualitatively evaluated. The research would shed lights on the shape design of the JCSM main body.

scholarly journals Molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying potyvirus infection

2014 ◽  
Vol 95 (7) ◽  
pp. 1415-1429 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. I. Ivanov ◽  
K. Eskelin ◽  
A. Lõhmus ◽  
K. Mäkinen
Keyword(s):  
Infected Cell ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Host Factors ◽  
Considerable Progress ◽  
Productive Infection ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Viral Translation ◽  
Normal Functions ◽  
Cellular Organelles

Potyviruses represent one of the most economically important and widely distributed groups of plant viruses. Despite considerable progress towards understanding the cellular and molecular basis of their pathogenicity, many questions remain about the mechanisms by which potyviruses suppress host defences and create an optimal intracellular environment for viral translation, replication, assembly and spread. The review focuses on the multifunctional roles of potyviral proteins and their interplay with various host factors in different compartments of the infected cell. We place special emphasis on the recently discovered and currently putative mechanisms by which potyviruses subvert the normal functions of different cellular organelles in order to establish an efficient and productive infection.

scholarly journals Virus-based pharmaceutical production in plants: an opportunity to reduce health problems in Africa

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pingdwende Kader Aziz Bamogo ◽  
Christophe Brugidou ◽  
Drissa Sérémé ◽  
Fidèle Tiendrébéogo ◽  
Florencia Wendkuuni Djigma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Expression Vectors ◽  
Neglected Diseases ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Viral Expression

Abstract Background Developing African countries face health problems that they struggle to solve. The major causes of this situation are high therapeutic and logistical costs. Plant-made therapeutics are easy to produce due to the lack of the safety considerations associated with traditional fermenter-based expression platforms, such as mammalian cells. Plant biosystems are easy to scale up and inexpensive, and they do not require refrigeration or a sophisticated medical infrastructure. These advantages provide an opportunity for plant-made pharmaceuticals to counteract diseases for which medicines were previously inaccessible to people in countries with few resources. Main body The techniques needed for plant-based therapeutic production are currently available. Viral expression vectors based on plant viruses have greatly enhanced plant-made therapeutic production and have been exploited to produce a variety of proteins of industrial, pharmaceutical and agribusiness interest. Some neglected tropical diseases occurring exclusively in the developing world have found solutions through plant bioreactor technology. Plant viral expression vectors have been reported in the production of therapeutics against these diseases occurring exclusively in the third world, and some virus-derived antigens produced in plants exhibit appropriate antigenicity and immunogenicity. However, all advances in the use of plants as bioreactors have been made by companies in Europe and America. The developing world is still far from acquiring this technology, although plant viral expression vectors may provide crucial help to overcome neglected diseases. Conclusion Today, interest in these tools is rising, and viral amplicons made in and for Africa are in progress. This review describes the biotechnological advances in the field of plant bioreactors, highlights factors restricting access to this technology by those who need it most and proposes a solution to overcome these limitations.

Structural Innovation and Form Expression for New-Type Large-Span Timber Building

2011 ◽  
Vol 374-377 ◽  
pp. 2066-2070
Author(s):  
Zhao Xia Wang ◽  
De Xin Zong
Keyword(s):  
Space Form ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Construction Technology ◽  
Form Expression ◽  
Modern Material ◽  
Large Span ◽  
Glued Laminated Timber ◽  
New Type ◽  
Technical Features ◽  
Structural Innovation

Promoted by modern material and construction technology, various ingenious structural forms are created with wide use of glued-laminated timber in large-span building. On the analysis of some classical cases for large-span timber structure, this paper expounds the design thoughts and technical features of employing structure as the main body of building space form and presents the idea of integrating large-span timber structural innovation with the spatial forms.

scholarly journals Highly sensitive control of transcriptional activity by factor heterodimerization

1994 ◽  
Vol 301 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Swillens ◽  
I Pirson
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Transcriptional Activity ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Biochemical Control ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Effector Molecules ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
New Type ◽  
Very High

Several molecular mechanisms have been proposed to explain highly sensitive controls of cellular functions by effector molecules. Here we study an equilibrium model describing the regulation of transcriptional activity through the heterodimerization of transcription factors. We demonstrate that this model involves a new type of biochemical control which accounts for a very high sensitivity.

scholarly journals RNA Silencing and Plant Viral Diseases

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (10) ◽  
pp. 1275-1285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming-Bo Wang ◽  
Chikara Masuta ◽  
Neil A. Smith ◽  
Hanako Shimura
Keyword(s):  
Rna Silencing ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Rna Degradation ◽  
Degradation Pathway ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Direct Role ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
Disease Induction

RNA silencing plays a critical role in plant resistance against viruses, with multiple silencing factors participating in antiviral defense. Both RNA and DNA viruses are targeted by the small RNA-directed RNA degradation pathway, with DNA viruses being also targeted by RNA-directed DNA methylation. To evade RNA silencing, plant viruses have evolved a variety of counter-defense mechanisms such as expressing RNA-silencing suppressors or adopting silencing-resistant RNA structures. This constant defense–counter defense arms race is likely to have played a major role in defining viral host specificity and in shaping viral and possibly host genomes. Recent studies have provided evidence that RNA silencing also plays a direct role in viral disease induction in plants, with viral RNA-silencing suppressors and viral siRNAs as potentially the dominant players in viral pathogenicity. However, questions remain as to whether RNA silencing is the principal mediator of viral pathogenicity or if other RNA-silencing-independent mechanisms also account for viral disease induction. RNA silencing has been exploited as a powerful tool for engineering virus resistance in plants as well as in animals. Further understanding of the role of RNA silencing in plant–virus interactions and viral symptom induction is likely to result in novel anti-viral strategies in both plants and animals.

scholarly journals Susceptibility Genes to Plant Viruses

Viruses ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hernan Garcia-Ruiz
Keyword(s):  
Virus Replication ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Host Factors ◽  
Replication Proteins ◽  
Replication Complex ◽  
Virion Assembly ◽  
Rna Translation ◽  
Cellular Factors ◽  
Genetically Determined

Plant viruses use cellular factors and resources to replicate and move. Plants respond to viral infection by several mechanisms, including innate immunity, autophagy, and gene silencing, that viruses must evade or suppress. Thus, the establishment of infection is genetically determined by the availability of host factors necessary for virus replication and movement and by the balance between plant defense and viral suppression of defense responses. Host factors may have antiviral or proviral activities. Proviral factors condition susceptibility to viruses by participating in processes essential to the virus. Here, we review current advances in the identification and characterization of host factors that condition susceptibility to plant viruses. Host factors with proviral activity have been identified for all parts of the virus infection cycle: viral RNA translation, viral replication complex formation, accumulation or activity of virus replication proteins, virus movement, and virion assembly. These factors could be targets of gene editing to engineer resistance to plant viruses.

scholarly journals Comparative host-coronavirus protein interaction networks reveal pan-viral disease mechanisms

Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 370 (6521) ◽  
pp. eabe9403 ◽  
Author(s):  
David E. Gordon ◽  
Joseph Hiatt ◽  
Mehdi Bouhaddou ◽  
Veronica V. Rezelj ◽  
Svenja Ulferts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Interaction ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Protein Localization ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Host Factors ◽  
Protein Protein Interaction ◽  
Chaperone Protein ◽  
Cryo Electron Microscopy ◽  
Drug Treatments

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a grave threat to public health and the global economy. SARS-CoV-2 is closely related to the more lethal but less transmissible coronaviruses SARS-CoV-1 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Here, we have carried out comparative viral-human protein-protein interaction and viral protein localization analyses for all three viruses. Subsequent functional genetic screening identified host factors that functionally impinge on coronavirus proliferation, including Tom70, a mitochondrial chaperone protein that interacts with both SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 ORF9b, an interaction we structurally characterized using cryo–electron microscopy. Combining genetically validated host factors with both COVID-19 patient genetic data and medical billing records identified molecular mechanisms and potential drug treatments that merit further molecular and clinical study.

Resistance mechanisms to plant viruses: an overview

2003 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rob Goldbach ◽  
Etienne Bucher ◽  
Marcel Prins
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Plant Viruses

scholarly journals Co-infection of Soybean with Soybean mosaic virus and Alfalfa mosaic virus Results in Disease Synergism and Alteration in Accumulation Level of Both Viruses

Plant Disease ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 93 (12) ◽  
pp. 1259-1264 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Malapi-Nelson ◽  
R.-H. Wen ◽  
B. H. Ownley ◽  
M. R. Hajimorad
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Symptom Severity ◽  
Soybean Mosaic Virus ◽  
Alfalfa Mosaic Virus ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Mechanical Inoculation ◽  
Independent Manner ◽  
Symptom Remission ◽  
Diverse Plant

Co-infection of potyviruses with taxonomically diverse plant viruses results in disease synergism and elevation in the level of accumulation of non-potyviruses involved. In the majority of cases, however, the accumulation level of potyviruses remains essentially unaltered. A few potyviruses, such as Soybean mosaic virus (SMV), naturally infect soybean (Glycine max). Soybean is also a natural host to a number of non-potyviruses including Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), which causes mild symptoms often associated with symptom remission. We have now studied the interactions between AMV and SMV on symptom severity and accumulation level of each of the two viruses in soybean. Co-infection of soybean with AMV and SMV was established following mechanical inoculation, irrespective of simultaneous or sequential introduction of the two viruses. In multiple experiments, co-infection of soybean resulted in severe symptoms in doubly infected plants in a strain-independent manner, with enhancement in the level of AMV indicating that the interaction of AMV with SMV is synergistic. Conversely, the level of SMV accumulation was reduced. This suggests that in co-infection with AMV, SMV interacts antagonistically. The observation that co-infection of AMV and SMV results in disease synergism suggests enhancement of potential that AMV may become a serious viral disease of soybean.

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