scholarly journals SEMAPHORINS and their receptors: focus on the crosstalk between melanoma and hypoxia

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabetta Valentini ◽  
Marta Di Martile ◽  
Donatella Del Bufalo ◽  
Simona D’Aguanno
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Hypoxia Inducible Factor ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Hypoxic Condition ◽  
Response To Therapy ◽  
Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1 ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractHypoxia, a condition of oxygen deprivation, is considered a hallmark of tumor microenvironment regulating several pathways and promoting cancer progression and resistance to therapy. Semaphorins, a family of about 20 secreted, transmembrane and GPI-linked glycoproteins, and their cognate receptors (plexins and neuropilins) play a pivotal role in the crosstalk between cancer and stromal cells present in the tumor microenvironment. Many studies reported that some semaphorins are involved in the development of a permissive tumor niche, guiding cell-cell communication and, consequently, the development and progression, as well as the response to therapy, of different cancer histotypes, including melanoma.In this review we will summarize the state of art of semaphorins regulation by hypoxic condition in cancer with different origin. We will also describe evidence about the ability of semaphorins to affect the expression and activity of transcription factors activated by hypoxia, such as hypoxia-inducible factor-1. Finally, we will focus our attention on findings reporting the role of semaphorins in melanocytes transformation, melanoma progression and response to therapy. Further studies are necessary to understand the mechanisms through which semaphorins induce their effect and to shed light on the possibility to use semaphorins or their cognate receptors as prognostic markers and/or therapeutic targets in melanoma or other malignancies.

scholarly journals Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF): fuel for cancer progression

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saurabh Satija ◽  
Harpreet Kaur ◽  
Murtaza M. Tambuwala ◽  
Prabal Sharma ◽  
Manish Vyas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Oxygen Deficiency ◽  
Hypoxia Inducible Factor ◽  
Transcription Factor Activation ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Adaptive Reactions

Hypoxia is an integral part of tumor microenvironment, caused primarily due to rapidly multiplying tumor cells and a lack of proper blood supply. Among the major hypoxic pathways, HIF-1 transcription factor activation is one of the widely investigated pathways in the hypoxic tumor microenvironment (TME). HIF-1 is known to activate several adaptive reactions in response to oxygen deficiency in tumor cells. HIF-1 has two subunits, HIF-1β (constitutive) and HIF-1α (inducible). The HIF-1α expression is largely regulated via various cytokines (through PI3K-ACT-mTOR signals), which involves the cascading of several growth factors and oncogenic cascades. These events lead to the loss of cellular tumor suppressant activity through changes in the level of oxygen via oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independent pathways. The significant and crucial role of HIF in cancer progression and its underlying mechanisms have gained much attention lately among the translational researchers in the fields of cancer and biological sciences, which have enabled them to correlate these mchanisms with various other disease modalities. In the present review, we have summarized the key findings related to the role of HIF in the progression of tumors.

scholarly journals The B-Side of Cancer Immunity: The Underrated Tune

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Largeot ◽  
Giulia Pagano ◽  
Susanne Gonder ◽  
Etienne Moussay ◽  
Jerome Paggetti
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes ◽  
Response To Therapy ◽  
Cancer Immunity ◽  
Infiltrating Lymphocytes ◽  
Precise Role ◽  
New Strategies

Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are known to be critical in controlling tumor progression. While the role of T lymphocytes has been extensively studied, the function of B cells in this context is still ill-defined. In this review, we propose to explore the role of B cells in tumor immunity. First of all we define their dual role in promoting and inhibiting cancer progression depending on their phenotype. To continue, we describe the influence of different tumor microenvironment factors such as hypoxia on B cells functions and differentiation. Finally, the role of B cells in response to therapy and as potential target is examined. In accordance with the importance of B cells in immuno-oncology, we conclude that more studies are required to throw light on the precise role of B cells in the tumor microenvironment in order to have a better understanding of their functions, and to design new strategies that efficiently target these cells by immunotherapy.

scholarly journals Hypoxia-dependent drivers of melanoma progression

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simona D’Aguanno ◽  
Fabiana Mallone ◽  
Marco Marenco ◽  
Donatella Del Bufalo ◽  
Antonietta Moramarco
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Hypoxia Inducible Factor ◽  
Vasculogenic Mimicry ◽  
Mucosal Melanoma ◽  
Response To Therapy ◽  
Molecular Profile ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1 ◽  
Melanoma Progression

AbstractHypoxia, a condition of low oxygen availability, is a hallmark of tumour microenvironment and promotes cancer progression and resistance to therapy. Many studies reported the essential role of hypoxia in regulating invasiveness, angiogenesis, vasculogenic mimicry and response to therapy in melanoma. Melanoma is an aggressive cancer originating from melanocytes located in the skin (cutaneous melanoma), in the uveal tract of the eye (uveal melanoma) or in mucosal membranes (mucosal melanoma). These three subtypes of melanoma represent distinct neoplasms in terms of biology, epidemiology, aetiology, molecular profile and clinical features.In this review, the latest progress in hypoxia-regulated pathways involved in the development and progression of all melanoma subtypes were discussed. We also summarized current knowledge on preclinical studies with drugs targeting Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1, angiogenesis or vasculogenic mimicry. Finally, we described available evidence on clinical studies investigating the use of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 inhibitors or antiangiogenic drugs, alone or in combination with other strategies, in metastatic and adjuvant settings of cutaneous, uveal and mucosal melanoma.Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-independent pathways have been also reported to regulate melanoma progression, but this issue is beyond the scope of this review.As evident from the numerous studies discussed in this review, the increasing knowledge of hypoxia-regulated pathways in melanoma progression and the promising results obtained from novel antiangiogenic therapies, could offer new perspectives in clinical practice in order to improve survival outcomes of melanoma patients.

scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicles and Cancer: A Focus on Metabolism, Cytokines, and Immunity

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donatella Lucchetti ◽  
Claudio Ricciardi Tenore ◽  
Filomena Colella ◽  
Alessandro Sgambato
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Metabolic Phenotype ◽  
Metabolic Switch

A better understanding of the mechanisms of cell communication between cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment is crucial to develop personalized therapies. It has been known for a while that cancer cells are metabolically distinct from other non-transformed cells. This metabolic phenotype is not peculiar to cancer cells but reflects the characteristics of the tumor microenvironment. Recently, it has been shown that extracellular vesicles are involved in the metabolic switch occurring in cancer and tumor-stroma cells. Moreover, in an immune system, the metabolic programs of different cell subsets are distinctly associated with their immunological function, and extracellular vesicles could be a key factor in the shift of cell fate modulating cancer immunity. Indeed, during tumor progression, tumor-associated immune cells and fibroblasts acquire a tumor-supportive and anti-inflammatory phenotype due to their interaction with tumor cells and several findings suggest a role of extracellular vesicles in this phenomenon. This review aims to collect all the available evidence so far obtained on the role of extracellular vesicles in the modulation of cell metabolism and immunity. Moreover, we discuss the possibility for extracellular vesicles of being involved in drug resistance mechanisms, cancer progression and metastasis by inducing immune-metabolic effects on surrounding cells.

scholarly journals The Role of Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy in Cell Cycle Control and Its Implications in Cancer

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 2140
Author(s):  
Marina Andrade-Tomaz ◽  
Izadora de Souza ◽  
Clarissa Ribeiro Reily Rocha ◽  
Luciana Rodrigues Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Cycle Control ◽  
Hypoxia Inducible Factor ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1 ◽  
Chaperone Mediated Autophagy ◽  
Transformation Processes

The cell cycle involves a network of proteins that modulate the sequence and timing of proliferation events. Unregulated proliferation is the most fundamental hallmark of cancer; thus, changes in cell cycle control are at the heart of malignant transformation processes. Several cellular processes can interfere with the cell cycle, including autophagy, the catabolic pathway involved in degradation of intracellular constituents in lysosomes. According to the mechanism used to deliver cargo to the lysosome, autophagy can be classified as macroautophagy (MA), microautophagy (MI), or chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Distinct from other autophagy types, CMA substrates are selectively recognized by a cytosolic chaperone, one-by-one, and then addressed for degradation in lysosomes. The function of MA in cell cycle control, and its influence in cancer progression, are already well-established. However, regulation of the cell cycle by CMA, in the context of tumorigenesis, has not been fully addressed. This review aims to present and debate the molecular mechanisms by which CMA can interfere in the cell cycle, in the context of cancer. Thus, cell cycle modulators, such as MYC, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 subunit alpha (HIF-1α), and checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1), regulated by CMA activity will be discussed. Finally, the review will focus on how CMA dysfunction may impact the cell cycle, and as consequence promote tumorigenesis.

Role of Tumor Microenvironment in Cancer Stem Cells Resistance to Radiotherapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahram Taeb ◽  
Milad Ashrafizadeh ◽  
Ali Zarrabi ◽  
Saeed Rezapoor ◽  
Ahmed Eleojo Musa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Hypoxia Inducible Factor ◽  
Proliferation Capacity ◽  
Chronic Disorder

Abstract: Cancer is a chronic disorder that involves several elements of both the tumor and the host stromal cells. At present, the complex relationship between the various factors presents in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and tumor cells, as well as immune cells located within the TME, is still poorly known. Within the TME, the crosstalk of these factors and immune cells essentially determines how a tumor reacts to the treatment and how the tumor can ultimately be destroyed, remain dormant, or develop and metastasize. Also, in TME, reciprocal crosstalk between cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), extracellular matrix (ECM), hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) intensifies the proliferation capacity of cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs are subpopulation of cells that reside within the tumor bulk and have the capacity to self-renew, differentiate, and repair DNA damage. These characteristics make CSCs develop resistance to a variety of treatments, such as radiotherapy (RT). RT is a frequent and often curative treatment for local cancer which mediates tumor elimination by cytotoxic actions. Also, cytokines and growth factors that are released into TME, have been involved in the activation of tumor radioresistance and the induction of different immune cells, altering local immune responses. In this review, we discuss the pivotal role of TME in resistance of CSCs to RT.

scholarly journals Hypoxia: involved but not essential for endometrial breakdown in mouse menstural-like model

Reproduction ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 159 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-144
Author(s):  
Xihua Chen ◽  
Bin Wu ◽  
Shufang Wang ◽  
Jianbing Liu ◽  
Haijun Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Matrix Metalloproteinases ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Classical Theory ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Hypoxia Inducible Factor ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1 ◽  
Physiological Phenomenon

Menstruation is a specific physiological phenomenon that occurs in women. However, molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are still unclear. According to the classical theory, tissue hypoxia resulting from vasoconstriction of the spiral arteries after progesterone (P4) withdrawal initiates the breakdown of the endometrium at the earliest stage of menstruation. However, this theory has been challenged by previous studies that have questioned the function and even the existence of hypoxia during menstruation. In this study, we not only provide convincing evidence that hypoxia exists during endometrial breakdown, but also further explore the role of hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1) in this process. Based on mouse menstrual-like model and experiments with human decidual stromal cells, we observed that P4 withdrawal induced both hypoxia and HIF1 activation; however, endometrial breakdown was triggered only by P4 withdrawal. Hypoxia significantly enhanced the mRNA expression of specific matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) under the conditions of P4 withdrawal. In conclusion, hypoxia is involved but not an essential component of endometrial breakdown during menstruation.

scholarly journals The Role of Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongjun Luo ◽  
Zhongxia Wang ◽  
Junyi Wu ◽  
Chunping Jiang ◽  
Junhua Wu
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Hypoxia Inducible Factor ◽  
Chemotherapy Resistance ◽  
Therapy Resistance ◽  
Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1 ◽  
New Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
High Level

Hypoxia is a common feature of many solid tumors, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hypoxia can promote tumor progression and induce radiation and chemotherapy resistance. As one of the major mediators of hypoxic response, hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) has been shown to activate hypoxia-responsive genes, which are involved in multiple aspects of tumorigenesis and cancer progression, including proliferation, metabolism, angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis and therapy resistance. It has been demonstrated that a high level of HIF-1 in the HCC microenvironment leads to enhanced proliferation and survival of HCC cells. Accordingly, overexpression, of HIF-1 is associated with poor prognosis in HCC. In this review, we described the mechanism by which HIF-1 is regulated and how HIF-1 mediates the biological effects of hypoxia in tissues. We also summarized the latest findings concerning the role of HIF-1 in the development of HCC, which could shed light on new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of HCC.

TAp73 opposes tumor angiogenesis by promoting hypoxia-inducible factor 1α degradation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lungwani Muungo
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Hypoxia Inducible Factor ◽  
Tumor Hypoxia ◽  
Human Lung Cancer ◽  
Regulatory Subunit ◽  
Patients With Cancer ◽  
Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1 ◽  
Chemically Induced ◽  
Induced Tumors ◽  
Patient Prognosis

Tumor hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) activationare associated with cancer progression. Here, we demonstrate thatthe transcription factor TAp73 opposes HIF-1 activity through anontranscriptional mechanism, thus affecting tumor angiogenesis.TAp73-deficient mice have an increased incidence of spontaneousand chemically induced tumors that also display enhanced vascularization.Mechanistically, TAp73 interacts with the regulatory subunit(α) of HIF-1 and recruits mouse double minute 2 homolog intothe protein complex, thus promoting HIF-1α polyubiquitination andconsequent proteasomal degradation in an oxygen-independentmanner. In human lung cancer datasets, TAp73 strongly predictsgood patient prognosis, and its expression is associated with lowHIF-1 activation and angiogenesis. Our findings, supported by invivo and clinical evidence, demonstrate a mechanism for oxygenindependentHIF-1 regulation, which has important implicationsfor individualizing therapies in patients with cancer.

The Role of Cytokines in Interactions of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Breast Cancer Cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hariharan Jayaraman ◽  
Nalinkanth V. Ghone ◽  
Ranjith Kumaran R ◽  
Himanshu Dashora
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Extra Cellular Matrix ◽  
Cytokine Signaling ◽  
Cellular Matrix

: Mesenchymal stem cells because of its high proliferation, differentiation, regenerative capacity, and ease of availability have been a popular choice in cytotherapy. Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) have a natural tendency to home in a tumor microenvironment and acts against it, owing to the similarity of the latter to an injured tissue environment. Several studies have confirmed the recruitment of MSCs by tumor through various cytokine signaling that brings about phenotypic changes to cancer cells, thereby promoting migration, invasion, and adhesion of cancer cells. The contrasting results on MSCs as a tool for cancer cytotherapy may be due to the complex cell to cell interaction in the tumor microenvironment, which involves various cell types such as cancer cells, immune cells, endothelial cells, and cancer stem cells. Cell to cell communication can be simple or complex and it is transmitted through various cytokines among multiple cell phenotypes, mechano-elasticity of the extra-cellular matrix surrounding the cancer cells, and hypoxic environments. In this article, the role of the extra-cellular matrix proteins and soluble mediators that acts as communicators between mesenchymal stem cells and cancer cells has been reviewed specifically for breast cancer, as it is the leading member of cancer malignancies. The comprehensive information may be beneficial in finding a new combinatorial cytotherapeutic strategy using MSCs by exploiting the cross-talk between mesenchymal stem cells and cancer cells for treating breast cancer.

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