Optimization of agro-residues as substrates for Pleurotus pulmonarius production

AbstractThe “replacing wood by grass” project can partially resolve the conflict between mushroom production and balancing the ecosystem, while promoting agricultural economic sustainability. Pleurotus pulmonarius is an economically important edible and medicinal mushroom, which is traditionally produced using a substrate consisting of sawdust and cottonseed hulls, supplemented with wheat bran. A simplex lattice design was applied to systemically optimize the cultivation of P. pulmonarius using agro-residues as the main substrate to replace sawdust and cottonseed hulls. The effects of differing amounts of wheat straw, corn straw, and soybean straw on the variables of yield, mycelial growth rate, stipe length, pileus length, pileus width, and time to harvest were demonstrated. Results indicated that a mix of wheat straw, corn straw, and soybean straw may have significantly positive effects on each of these variables. The high yield comprehensive formula was then optimized to include 40.4% wheat straw, 20.3% corn straw, 18.3% soybean straw, combined with 20.0% wheat bran, and 1.0% light CaCO3 (C/N = 42.50). The biological efficiency was 15.2% greater than that of the control. Most encouraging was the indication that the high yield comprehensive formula may shorten the time to reach the reproductive stage by 6 days, compared with the control. Based on the results of this study, agro-residues may be used as a suitable substitution for sawdust and cottonseed hulls as the main cultivation substrates of P. pulmonarius. These results provide a theoretical basis for the “replacing wood by grass” project on edible mushroom cultivation.

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Effect of different agro-wastes, casing materials and supplements on the growth, yield and nutrition of milky mushroom (Calocybe indica)

Folia Horticulturae ◽

10.2478/fhort-2020-0011 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 115-124

Author(s):

Hasan Sardar ◽

Muhammad Akbar Anjum ◽

Aamir Nawaz ◽

Safina Naz ◽

Shaghef Ejaz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wheat Straw ◽

Wheat Bran ◽

Agronomic Traits ◽

Agricultural Waste ◽

Total Yield ◽

Growth Yield ◽

Waste Materials ◽

Maximum Diameter ◽

Biological Efficiency ◽

Peat Moss

AbstractAgricultural waste disposal is one of the main concerns in today's world that can cause environmental pollution. Utilisation of agro-waste materials to grow mushrooms is an eco-friendly method to reduce pollution. Therefore, various agricultural waste materials, such as wheat straw, rice straw and cotton waste, were utilised for the production of milky mushroom. Among the substrates used in this study wheat straw showed superior substrate for the production of milky mushroom. The agronomic traits studied such as total yield, number of fruiting bodies, the maximum diameter of pileus and stalk length, biological efficiency, protein contents, phosphorous and potassium contents were observed on wheat straw substrate. Peat moss, loam soil and spent mushroom substrate were used as casing materials. Among the casing materials used, the highest yield and biological efficiency were observed on peat moss. The results also indicated that the addition of supplements with the substrate improved yield and yield contributing characteristics. Among the tested supplements (wheat bran and rice bran), wheat bran was the best supplement for wheat straw substrate to cultivate milky white mushroom.

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Effect of different spawn rates and substrate supplementation on yield of Indian Oyster mushroom, Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Quel.

Journal of Applied and Natural Science ◽

10.31018/jans.v9i3.1375 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 1406-1410

Author(s):

Joginder Pal ◽

Ranjna Sharma ◽

Manohar Lal ◽

B. C. Suman

Keyword(s):

Wheat Straw ◽

Cotton Seed ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Yield Potential ◽

Seed Meal ◽

Biological Efficiency ◽

Optimum Dose ◽

Pleurotus Pulmonarius ◽

Calcium Ammonium Nitrate ◽

Cotton Seed Meal

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different spawn rates and substrate supplementation on yield of Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Quel. Among six spawn rates viz., 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8%, respectively tried on wheat straw substrate, the spawn run was fastest (10.50 days) when spawn dose was 8%, followed by 6%, 4%, 2%, 1% and 0.5%, respectively. The pinheads appeared in 12.27 days by using spawn @ 8%, which proved to be the best spawn dose followed by 6%, 4%, 2%, 1% and 0.5%, respectively. Highest yield of 168.7 per 200g dry substrate was achieved @ 8% spawn rate. Lesser yields were recorded when spawn rate was reduced. The results also reveals the significantly highest biological efficiency of 84.33% at 8% spawn rate followed by 6%, 4%, 2%, 1% and 0.5%, respectively. It was concluded that spawn run was rapid at higher spawn rate but there was not much difference in yield when spawn dose was increased from 4 to 8%. Considering spawn cost and performance shown by different doses, 2-4% was found optimum dose for its cultivation.In case of substrate supplementation, wheat straw supplemented with cotton seed meal supported maximum mycelial growth (10.50 days of inoculation) and took mini-mum time for pinheads initiation (13.67 days). Similarly, maximum yield (155.3g) with biological efficiency of 77.65% was recorded on wheat straw supplemented with cotton seed meal followed by supplementation of saw dust, wheat straw (control), calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), ammonium nitrateand urea, respectively. These studies will help to mushroom growers for selecting the most suitable spawn rate and also opens viable option of supplementation as wheat straw + cotton seed meal for better growth behaviour and optimum yield potential of Pleurotus pulmonarius as well as other oyster mushrooms cultivation.

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EVALUATION THE EFFICIENCY OF SUBSTATE AND CASING IN YIELD CHARACTERISTICS AND QUALITIES OF FUNGI Pleurotus eryngii

IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES ◽

10.36103/ijas.v48i2.410 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 48 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Abdulrazzaq & et al.

Keyword(s):

Wheat Straw ◽

Wheat Bran ◽

Clay Soil ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Pleurotus Eryngii ◽

Biological Efficiency ◽

Palm Waste

Evaluation the efficiency different agro-waste sawdust (SD) , wheat straw (WS) and palm waste (PW) substrate on morphological and productivity of the P. eryngii showed that the shortest period for the full growth was on PWs which reached 53.3 days , the shortest period of pinhead formation was 8.7days on SD , the fungus gave the maximum yield and biological efficiency on WS which reached 138.3 gm/bag and 37.7 % . the shortest period of full growth of P. eryngii in SD supplemented with alfalfa was 20.6 days , the shortest period of pinhead formation was 12days on treatments WS enriched with wheat bran , WS amended with sugarcane and SD amended with wheat bran The fungus gave the highest yield in WS enriched with wheat bran which246.3 gm/bag in the same substrate with 74.5 % biological efficiency. The general mean growth for P. eryngii was 1cm / day on different examined soil which achieved the highest general mean growth 3 cm after 3 days of inoculation on Peatmoss + clay soil (1:1, the highest yield 790 gm / container in WS enriched with wheat bran with 119% biological efficiency by peatmoss alone.

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EVALUATION THE EFFICINCY OF SUBSTRATE IN YIELD CHARACTERISTICS AND QUALITIES OF Flammulina velutipes

IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES ◽

10.36103/ijas.v48i4.370 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 48 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Abdulrazzaq & et al.

Keyword(s):

Wheat Straw ◽

Wheat Bran ◽

Culture Media ◽

Quality Characteristics ◽

Flammulina Velutipes ◽

Biological Efficiency ◽

Fungal Mycelium ◽

Mycelium Growth ◽

The Mean ◽

Palm Waste

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of the substrate on the productivity and quality for Flammulina velutipes. Results of the effect of different agro-waste sawdust (SD), wheat straw (WS) and palm waste (PW). on the mean fungal mycelium growth shows that Flammulina velutipes gave the highest mean fungal mycelium growth on SD culture media amended with 2, 3, 4% lime at 30c. evaluation the efficiency of the above agro-waste substrate morphological and productivity showed that, the shortest period for the full growth of F. velutipes mycelium was on SD substrate, the shortest period for the pinhead formation 8.6days on the fungus gave highest yield on WS which was 152.3 gm/ bag with 61.1% biological efficiency. The shortest time for full growth of F. velutipes was achieved in PW amended with wheat bran, the highest yield was in WS enriched with wheat bran which 306.7 gm/ bag with 129.3% biological efficiency. Results showed differences in quality characteristics in fruit bodies of fungi by effect of substrate.

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Yield Performance of Calocybe indica on Different Agricultural Subatrate

International Research Journal of Engineering IT & Scientific Research ◽

10.21744/irjeis.v2i3.45 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 105

Author(s):

Pinkal Patel ◽

Ratna Trivedi

Keyword(s):

Wheat Straw ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Weight Basis ◽

Biological Efficiency ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Paddy Straw ◽

Yield Performance ◽

Fresh Weight Basis ◽

Temperature And Humidity ◽

Calocybe Indica

The Milky mushroom, Calocybe Indica was cultivated on different agricultural substrate, paddy straw, wheat straw, sugarcane trace and mango dry leaves. The spawning was done by sterilization of all the four substrate. The bags were kept in mushroom growing room with the maintenance of temperature and humidity 30̊ c-35̊ c and 70-80 % respectively. The minimum days requires for completion of spawn run (18.4 days), primordial formation (25.2 days) and days for first harvest (32.4 days) was first observed on cultivation with Paddy straw. The maximum yield on fresh weight basis and biological efficiency (134.86 %) was also found to be as the same treatment with the Paddy straw as a substrate. The biological efficiency of wheat straw was at par with Sugarcane trace as substrate which was 85.07 % and 85.02 % respectively.

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Comportamiento de híbridos de maíz intersintéticos generados de selección recíproca recurrente.

Agronomía Mesoamericana ◽

10.15517/am.v5i0.25083 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

pp. 131

Author(s):

S. K. Vasal ◽

N. Vergara ◽

S. McLean

Keyword(s):

Marked Decrease ◽

High Yield ◽

Yield Performance ◽

Maize Germplasm ◽

Lattice Design ◽

Simple Lattice ◽

Single Cross ◽

Attractive Option ◽

Per Se ◽

National Programs

The populations 21 (Tuxpeño) and 32 (Eto Blanco) are known to be heterotic and are being improved using a modified interpopulation improvement system. In this study, synthetics with 3, 6, 9 and 12 lines were developed from each population and then intercrossed in a design-2 mating system to generate 16 intersynthetic hybrids. The 16 intersynthetic hybrids, 8 parcntal synthetics, and a single cross hybrid entry as a control were evaluated in four localities in a 5 x 5 simple lattice design with 4 replications. The yield performance of synthetics from Eto and Tuxpeño involving 6- 12 lines and the 3-lines Tuxpeño synthetics was similar (5.8 - 6.3 t/ha). However, the 3-1ine Eto synthctic registered a marked decrease in yield (5.1 t/ha). The bettcr parent heterosis of intersynthetic hybrids ranged from 11.1 to 29.6%. Usually, crosses among synthetics involving a fewer lines resulted in higher heterosis compared to synthetic crosses involving more than 3 lines. The results suggest that intersynthetic hybrids formed from 6 - 9 lines seem more appealing considering the level of heterosis (>20.0%) and a high yield per se of parental varieties. The intersynthetic hybrids offer an attractive option for those national programs with newly initiated hybrid projects, for creating hybrid -oriented maize germplasm and inbred line development.

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Composted versus Raw Olive Mill Waste as Substrates for the Production of Medicinal Mushrooms: An Assessment of Selected Cultivation and Quality Parameters

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2013/546830 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Georgios I. Zervakis ◽

Georgios Koutrotsios ◽

Panagiotis Katsaris

Keyword(s):

Wheat Straw ◽

Agricultural Waste ◽

Quality Parameters ◽

Biological Efficiency ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Mycelium Growth ◽

Medicinal Mushrooms ◽

Olive Mill Waste ◽

Mill Waste ◽

Olive Mill

Two-phase olive mill waste (TPOMW, “alperujo”) is a highly biotoxic sludge-like effluent of the olive-oil milling process with a huge seasonal production. One of the treatment approaches that has so far received little attention is the use of TPOMW as substrate for the cultivation of edible mushrooms. Fifteen fungal strains belonging to five species (Basidiomycota), that is,Agrocybe cylindracea,Pleurotus cystidiosus,P. eryngii,P. ostreatus, andP. pulmonarius, were evaluated for their efficacy to colonize media composed of TPOMW, which was used either raw or composted in mixtures with wheat straw in various ratios. Qualified strains exhibited high values of biological efficiency (e.g., 120–135% forPleurotusspp. and 125% forA. cylindracea) and productivity in subsequent cultivation experiments on substrates supplemented with 20–40% composted TPOMW or 20% raw TPOMW. Only when supplementation exceeded 60% for raw TPOMW, a negative impact was noted on mushroom yields which could be attributed to the effluent's toxicity (otherwise alleviated in the respective composted TPOMW medium). Earliness and mushroom size as well as quality parameters such as total phenolic content and antioxidant activity did not demonstrate significant differences versus the control wheat-straw substrate. The substrates hemicellulose content was negatively correlated with mycelium growth rates and yields and positively with earliness; in addition, cellulose: lignin ratio presented a positive correlation with mycelium growth and mushroom weight forA. cylindraceaand with earliness for all species examined. TPOMW-based media revealed a great potential for the substitution of traditional cultivation substrates by valorizing environmentally hazardous agricultural waste.

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Production of Cellulosic Ethanol from Enzymatically Hydrolysed Wheat Straws

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10217638 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (21) ◽

pp. 7638

Author(s):

Vasile-Florin Ursachi ◽

Gheorghe Gutt

Keyword(s):

Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽

Wheat Straw ◽

Cellulosic Ethanol ◽

Raw Material ◽

High Yield ◽

Liquid Ratio ◽

Hydrolysis Process ◽

Pretreatment Conditions ◽

Pretreated Wheat Straw ◽

First Time

The aim of this study is to find the optimal pretreatment conditions and hydrolysis in order to obtain a high yield of bioethanol from wheat straw. The pretreatments were performed with different concentrations of sulphuric acid 1, 2 and 3% (v/v), and were followed by an enzymatic hydrolysis that was performed by varying the solid-to-liquid ratio (1/20, 1/25 and 1/30 g/mL) and the enzyme dose (30/30 µL/g, 60/60 µL/g and 90/90 µL/g Viscozyme® L/Celluclast® 1.5 L). This mix of enzymes was used for the first time in the hydrolysis process of wheat straws which was previously pretreated with dilute sulfuric acid. Scanning electron microscopy indicated significant differences in the structural composition of the samples because of the pretreatment with H2SO4 at different concentrations, and ATR-FTIR analysis highlighted the changes in the chemical composition in the pretreated wheat straw as compared to the untreated one. HPLC-RID was used to identify and quantify the carbohydrates content resulted from enzymatic hydrolysis to evaluate the potential of using wheat straws as a raw material for production of cellulosic ethanol in Romania. The highest degradation of lignocellulosic material was obtained in the case of pretreatment with 3% H2SO4 (v/v), a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1/30 and an enzyme dose of 90/90 µL/g. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation were performed using Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast, and for monitoring the fermentation process a BlueSens equipment was used provided with ethanol, O2 and CO2 cap sensors mounted on the fermentation flasks. The highest concentration of bioethanol was obtained after 48 h of fermentation and it reached 1.20% (v/v).

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Cross-Linking of Wheat Bran Arabinoxylan by Fungal Laccases Yields Firm Gels

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr8010036 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 36 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sanaz Khalighi ◽

Ralf G. Berger ◽

Franziska Ersoy

Keyword(s):

Wheat Bran ◽

High Water ◽

Industrial Applications ◽

Citrus Pectin ◽

Food Markets ◽

Pleurotus Pulmonarius ◽

Gelatin Gels ◽

Funalia Trogii ◽

Kosher Food ◽

Water Holding

The native extractable arabinoxylans (AX) from wheat bran were cross-linked by the commercial laccase C (LccC) and self-produced laccases from Funalia trogii (LccFtr) and Pleurotus pulmonarius (LccPpu) (0.04 U/µg FA, each). Dynamic oscillation measurements of the 6% AX gels demonstrated a storage modulus of 9.4 kPa for LccC, 9.8 kPa for LccFtr, and 10.0 kPa for LccPpu. A loss factor ≤ 0.6 was recorded in the range from 20 to 80 Hz for all three laccases, and remained constant for four weeks of storage, when LccFtr and LccPpu were used. Arabinoxylan gel characteristics, including high water holding capacity, swelling ratio in saliva, and heat resistance indicated a covalently cross-linked network. Neither the mediator compounds caffeic acid and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), nor citrus pectin, enhanced the elastic properties of the gels. Using laccases as an oxidant provided gels with a solid and stable texture, comparable in firmness to traditional gelatin gels. Thus, AX gels can be presented in the vegan, halal, and kosher food markets. They may also find use in pharmaceutical and other industrial applications.

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