The association between area of residence and sufficient antenatal tetanus vaccination in women ages 15–49 in Afghanistan: an analysis of the 2015 DHS dataset

Abstract Background Neonatal tetanus (NT) is a deadly nervous system disorder that is endemic to Afghanistan. Administering sufficient doses of tetanus toxoid containing vaccine (TTCV) during pregnancy can pass antibodies to the fetus and therefore prevent NT. Using survey data, we investigated the association between area of residence (urban or rural) and sufficient antenatal TTCV coverage among women aged 15–49 years in Afghanistan during their most recent pregnancy in the past 5 years that resulted in a live birth. Mother’s education level was also assessed as a potential effect modifier. Methods Secondary analysis was performed on data from the 2015 Afghanistan Demographic and Health Survey (AfDHS). The 2015 AfDHS was a nationally representative survey with participants selected in a stratified two-stage sample design from urban and rural areas across Afghanistan’s 34 provinces. Data were analyzed on 19,737 women ages 15–49 that had a live birth in the 5 years preceding the survey. The relationship between area of residence and sufficient antenatal TTCV was assessed in a multivariable logistic regression model, adjusting for several confounding variables. Results 55.1% (95% CI = 51.6–58.5%) of urban women and 53.9% (95% CI = 49.7–57.9%) of rural women had sufficient tetanus vaccination coverage in their most recent pregnancy. In multivariate analysis, there was strong evidence for greater odds of sufficient antenatal tetanus vaccination in rural areas (OR = 1.62; 95% CI = 1.18–2.24, p = 0.003). There was no effect modification on this association by mother’s education level. Conclusions Women in rural areas of Afghanistan have greater odds of receiving sufficient antenatal tetanus vaccination than women in urban areas. Further study into factors contributing to this urban-rural disparity is needed. Targeted antenatal tetanus vaccination strategies for urban and rural women will be necessary as Afghanistan continues to work towards NT eradication.

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Oral hygiene, dietary habits and prevalence of dental caries in adolescents from rural and urban areas in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

RGO - Revista Gaúcha de Odontologia ◽

10.1590/1981-863720170002000073255 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 65 (2) ◽

pp. 139-147

Author(s):

Tássia Silvana BORGES ◽

Moisés Zacarias CARDOSO ◽

Mixianni Justo FORTUNA ◽

Cézane Priscila REUTER ◽

Simone IMPERATORE ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dental Caries ◽

Oral Hygiene ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Dietary Habits ◽

Bivariate Analysis ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Mother’S Education ◽

Mother's Education

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the condition of oral hygiene, dietary habits and prevalence of dental caries in adolescents, listing these habits and comparing residents from rural and urban areas. Methods: Cross-sectional study involving of 623 adolescents of both sexes, aged 12 to 17 year old in Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil. Data were collected through sociodemographic questionnaires and dental examination. We conducted a descriptive analysis of the exposure variables and outcome. A bivariate analysis was then performed using the Chi-square test. Results: The prevalence of caries was 63.6%, in which adolescents living in rural areas had a prevalence of 70.7% and 56.4% in the urban area. The level of mother’s education ≤4 years and socioeconomic class B1/B2 and C1/C2 showed statistically significant differences between the areas of residence. Among the demographic variables, the rural area showed a higher prevalence of caries. Conclusion: The results showed a high prevalence of dental caries among the adolescents studied and indicate a correlation between prevalence and the low level of mother’s education, socioeconomic status (low to medium) and residence in rural areas. It should be understood that, while the multifactorial nature and stratified caries actions are not taken into consideration, the actions implemented will continue to fail, frustrating the expectations set by government entities.

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Perkembangan Anak Usia 36-59 Bulan dengan Status Gizi Normal yang Menderita Malaria di Indonesia Bagian Timur Tahun 2018

Buletin Penelitian Kesehatan ◽

10.22435/bpk.v48i3.3112 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 48 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Revi Rosavika Kinansi ◽

Tri Wurisastuti

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Malaria Infection ◽

Parental Education ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Eastern Indonesia ◽

Backward Elimination ◽

Mother’S Education ◽

History Of ◽

Mother's Education

Abstract Factors influencing development of child’s health include child's nutritional intake, heredity,, parenting patterns, the environment parental education, parent's work and history of infections. This study aims to determine the relationship between the history of malaria with the development of children aged 3659 months in eastern Indonesia based on Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) 2018. The sample were all children aged 36-59 months in eastern Indonesia which have normal nutrition. Data were analyzed using a backward elimination method of multiple logistic regression. Based on these results, factors affecting the development of children aged 36-59 months in 5 malaria endemic provinces are mother's education and children's residence either in rural or urban areas. Whereas the history of malaria infection factors do not have a significant effect on the development of children aged 36-59 months. Father's education and work status of parents were confounding variables on the development of children aged 36-59 months. A good mother's education provides an opportunity of 1,401 times to realize good development for children aged 36-59 months. Likewise with children who live in urban areas have a chance of 1,189 times have a good development compared with children aged 36-59 months who live in rural areas. Keywords: Development of children aged 36-59 months, history of malaria infection, education of both parents, work of both parents, domicile Abstrak Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi perkembangan antara lain, asupan nutrisi anak, hereditas (bawaan dari orang tua), pola asuh kedua orang tua, lingkungan dimana anak tinggal, pendidikan orang tua, pekerjaan orang tua dan riwayat infeksi pada anak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah terdapat hubungan antara riwayat penyakit malaria dengan perkembangan anak usia 36-59 bulan di wilayah timur Indonesia berdasarkan data Riset Dasar Kesehatan Tahun 2018. Sampel dalam analisis ini adalah seluruh anak berusia 36-59 bulan diwilayah Indonesia timur yang memiliki gizi normal. Data dianalisis menggunakan metode backward elimination regresi logistik berganda. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap perkembangan anak usia 36-59 bulan di 5 provinsi endemis malaria yaitu pendidikan ibu dan tempat tinggal anak baik di pedesaan atau di perkotaan. Sedangkan untuk faktor riwayat infeksi malaria tidak memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap perkembangan anak usia 36-59 bulan. Pendidikan ayah dan status bekerja orang tua merupakan variabel perancu terhadap perkembangan anak usia 36-59 bulan. Pendidikan ibu yang baik memberi peluang sebesar 1,401 kali dapat mewujudkan perkembangan yang baik untuk anak usia 36-59 bulan. Begitu pula dengan anak yang tinggal di perkotaan memiliki peluang sebesar 1,189 kali memiliki perkembangan yang baik dibandingkan dengan anak usia 36-59 bulan yang tinggal di perdesaan. Kata kunci: perkembangan anak, riwayat infeksi malaria, pendidikan, pekerjaan orang tua, tempat tinggal

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Impact of Elected Women Representatives of Panchayati Raj in Physical and Financial and Business Assets Development of Rural Women: A Study among the Rural Women’s of Tiruvannamalai District, Tamil Nadu[1]

Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language ◽

10.21922/srjhsel.v4i24.10323 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (24) ◽

Author(s):

Kalaichelvi Sivaraman ◽

Rengasamy Stalin

Keyword(s):

Rural Women ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Direct Democracy ◽

Tamil Nadu ◽

Local Level ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

The Government ◽

The Impact ◽

Panchayati Raj

This research paper is the part of Research Project entitled “Impact of Elected Women Representatives in the Life and Livelihood of the Women in Rural Areas: With Special Reference to Tiruvannamalai District, Tamil Nadu” funded by University of Madras under UGC-UPE Scheme.The 73rd and 74th amendments of the Constitution of India were made by the government to strengthen the position of women and to create a local-level legal foundation for direct democracy for women in both rural and urban areas. The representation for women in local bodies through reservation policies amendment in Constitution of India has stimulated the political participation of women in rural areas. However, when it’s comes to the argument of whether the women reservation in Panchayati Raj helps or benefits to the life and livelihood development of women as a group? The answer is hypothetical because the studies related to the impact of women representatives of Panchayati Raj in the life and livelihood development of women was very less. Therefore, to fill the gap in existing literature, the present study was conducted among the rural women of Tiruvannamalai district to assess the impact of elected women representatives in the physical and financial and business development of the women in rural areas. The findings revealed that during the last five years because of the women representation in their village Panjayati Raj, the Physical Asset of the rural women were increased or developed moderately (55.8%) and Highly (23.4%) and the Financial and Business Asset of the rural women were increased or developed moderately (60.4%) and Highly (18.7%).

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Knowledge and intake of folic acid to prevent neural tube defects among pregnant women in urban China: a cross-sectional study

BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth ◽

10.1186/s12884-021-03893-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mingming Cui ◽

Xiao-Lin Lu ◽

Yan-Yu Lyu ◽

Fang Wang ◽

Xiao-Lu Xie ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Folic Acid ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Neural Tube ◽

Neural Tube Defects ◽

Rural Women ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Unplanned Pregnancy ◽

Urban China ◽

Cross Sectional

Abstract Background The prevalence of neural tube defects (NTDs) in China declined during 2000–2017 with periconceptional folic acid (FA) supplementation, which is effective in reducing the risk of birth defects. We aimed to assess the knowledge and actual use of FA among Chinese pregnant women and to explore factors associated with FA use before pregnancy. Methods All data were collected in face-to-face interviews during health visits among pregnant women. We collected information about knowledge and use of FA supplements and demographic, socioeconomic, and health status. One maternity and childcare hospital was chosen in each of four cities: Beijing, Huaibei, Kunming, and Haikou. In total, 435 pregnant women were randomly recruited for interviews conducted from June to December 2016. Results A total of 428 pregnant women were included in this survey. Of these, 82.0% (351/428) knew that FA can prevent NTDs, and 75.9% (325/428) knew the correct time to take FA. Overall, 65.9% (282/428) of women knew both that FA can prevent NTDs and the recommended time to take FA before pregnancy. Approximately 95.1% (407/428) of women reported having ever taken FA, only 46.3% (198/428) had begun to take FA supplementation before conception, and 64.5% (109/169) of women from rural areas failed to take FA before pregnancy. Women living in northern China (odds ratio [OR] = 1.81, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.18–2.77), those with unplanned pregnancy (OR = 1.99, 95% CI 1.30–3.04), and highly educated women (OR = 2.37, 95% CI 1.45–3.88) were more likely to know about FA. Women who were homemakers (OR = 1.94, 95% CI 1.21–3.11) and had unplanned pregnancy (OR = 6.18, 95% CI 4.01–9.53) were less likely to begin taking FA before pregnancy. Conclusions Our survey showed that most pregnant women knew about FA. Although preconception intake of FA can help to reduce NTDs, improving the rate of FA intake before pregnancy is needed in urban areas of China, especially among homemakers and women from rural areas or with unplanned pregnancy. Campaigns are needed to increase awareness about FA and FA use before pregnancy among rural women, homemakers, and those with unplanned pregnancy and lower education levels.

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The effects of mother’s education on achieving exclusive breastfeeding in Indonesia

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-020-10018-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Agung Dwi Laksono ◽

Ratna Dwi Wulandari ◽

Mursyidul Ibad ◽

Ina Kusrini

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Junior High School ◽

Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽

Employment Status ◽

Tertiary Education ◽

Education Level ◽

Nutrition Status ◽

Mother’S Education ◽

Mother’S Age ◽

Mother's Education

Abstract Background Even though the Indonesian government have set regulations for maintaining exclusive breastfeeding practices, the coverage remains low. The study aims to analyze the effects of mother’s education level on the coverage of exclusive breastfeeding in Indonesia. Methods This study used data from the 2017 Nutrition Status Monitoring Survey. It covered data of 53,528 children under 5 years old (7–59 months) as the samples. Variables included exclusive breastfeeding status, mother’s education level, mother’s age, marital status, employment status, gender, residence, under five’s age and gender. A binary logistics regression was performed in the final test. Results Mothers who graduated from elementary school were 1.167 times more likely to perform exclusive breastfeeding compared to mothers who never attended schools. Additionally, those who graduated from junior high school had 1.203 times possibilities to give exclusive breastfeeding compared to mothers without educational records. While, mothers who graduated from high school were 1.177 times more likely to perform exclusive breastfeeding compared to those without educational records. Mothers who graduated from tertiary education had 1.203 times more possibilities to perform exclusive breastfeeding compared to mothers who were never enrolled to schools. Other variables also became affecting predictors on exclusive breastfeeding, such as mother’s age, mother’s employment status, child’s age, and residence. Conclusions The mother’s education level positively affects exclusive breastfeeding practice in Indonesia.

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A hospital-based study on clinical data, demographic data and visual function of keratoconus patients in Central China

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-87291-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Kaili Yang ◽

Liyan Xu ◽

Qi Fan ◽

Yuwei Gu ◽

Bo Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Data ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Visual Function ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Demographic Data ◽

Corneal Thickness ◽

Positive Family History ◽

Education Level ◽

Central China ◽

The Mean

AbstractChina is a populous country but lacks epidemiological data on keratoconus (KC). The present study aimed to investigate the clinical data, demographic data, and visual function (VF) data of KC patients in Central China. A total of 524 KC eyes in 307 KC patients (217 bilateral and 90 unilateral) from Henan Eye Hospital were included in the current study. Demographic and VF data were assessed with questionnaires administered by well-trained staff during face-to-face interviews. Visual acuity value was examined by a qualified optometrist, and the clinical data were measured by professional clinicians. The distributions of sex, residence and education level of KC patients were compared by Chi-square tests, and the ratios of people wearing glasses and rigid gas permeable (RGP) lenses were compared by McNemar tests. General linear models/Chi-squared tests were used to compare the clinical and demographic data according to KC severity. Spearman’s correlation analysis was used to test the associations between the data and KC severity. The mean age at diagnosis was 20.98 ± 6.06 years, and males had a higher ratio of KC than females (P < 0.001). Patients in rural areas had a higher rate of KC than those in urban areas (P = 0.039), and the proportion of KC patients with a higher education level (above high school) was high (P < 0.001). A total of 68.40% of the patients reported eye rubbing and 3.52% had a positive family history. The percentage of people wearing glasses was higher than that of patients wearing RGP lenses (P < 0.001). The total VF score of KC patients was 69.35 ± 15.25. The thinnest corneal thickness (TCT) and stiffness parameter at the first applanation (SP-A1) values were inversely correlated with KC severity (P < 0.05). The mean, steep, and max keratometry (Km, Ks and Kmax) values, the RGP lens use and keratoplasty were positively correlated with KC severity (all P < 0.05). The total VF score of the eye with better VA decreased as the severity increased (r = − 0.21, P = 0.002). The present study comprehensively describes various associated features of KC patients from a tertiary hospital in Central China, providing a reference for understanding the characteristics of KC patients in China.

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Living conditions and receptive vocabulary of children aged two to five years

Revista de Saúde Pública ◽

10.1590/s0034-89102005000500005 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 39 (5) ◽

pp. 725-730 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Carmen Sílvia Basílio ◽

Rosana Fiorini Puccini ◽

Edina Mariko Koga da Silva ◽

Márcia Regina Marcondes Pedromônico

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Test Performance ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Education Level ◽

Receptive Vocabulary ◽

Southeastern Brazil ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Mother’S Education ◽

Mother's Education

OBJECTIVE: To assess the receptive vocabulary of children aged between two years and six months and five years and eleven months who were attending childcare centers and kindergarten schools. METHODS: An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out in the municipality of Embu, Southeastern Brazil. The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test and analysis of factors associated with children's performance were applied. The sample consisted of 201 children of both genders, aged between two and six years. Statistical analysis was performed using multivariate analysis and logistic regression model. The dependent variable analyzed was test performance and the independent variables were child's age, mother's level of education and family socio-demographic characteristics. RESULTS: It was observed that 44.3% of the children had performances in the test that were below what would be expected for their age. The factors associated with the best performances in the test were child's age (OR=2.4; 95% CI: 1.6-3.5) and mother's education level (OR= 3.2; 95% CI: 1.3-7.4). CONCLUSIONS: Mother's education level is important for child's language development. Settings such as childcare and kindergarten schools are protective factors for child development in families of low income and education.

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The nutrition transition in Mexico 1988–2016: the role of wealth in the social patterning of obesity by education

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980018001167 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 21 (13) ◽

pp. 2394-2401 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Carolina Pérez-Ferrer ◽

Anne McMunn ◽

Paola Zaninotto ◽

Eric J Brunner

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Prevalence Ratio ◽

Household Wealth ◽

Education Level ◽

Obesity Prevalence ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Social ◽

Lower Education ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

AbstractObjectiveThe present study investigates whether the reversal of the social gradient in obesity, defined as a cross-over to higher obesity prevalence among groups with lower education level, has occurred among men and women in urban and rural areas of Mexico.DesignCross-sectional series of nationally representative surveys (1988, 1999, 2006, 2012 and 2016). The association between education and obesity was investigated over the period 1988–2016. Effect modification of the education–obesity association by household wealth was tested.SettingMexico.SubjectsWomen (n 54 816) and men (n 20 589) aged 20–49 years.ResultsIn both urban and rural areas, the association between education and obesity in women varied by level of household wealth in the earlier surveys (1988, 1999 and 2006; interaction P<0·001). In urban areas in 1988, one level lower education was associated (prevalence ratio; 95 % CI) with 45 % higher obesity prevalence among the richest women (1·45; 1·24, 1·69), whereas among the poorest the same education difference was protective (0·84; 0·72, 0·99). In the latest surveys (2012, 2016), higher education was protective across all wealth groups. Among men, education level was not associated with obesity in urban areas; there was a direct association in rural areas. Wealth did not modify the association between education and obesity.ConclusionThe reversal of the educational gradient in obesity among women occurred once a threshold level of household wealth was reached. Among men, there was no evidence of a reversal of the gradient. Policies must not lose sight of the populations most vulnerable to the obesogenic environment.

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Pengaruh pemberian asi eksklusif dan non eksklusif terhadap mental emosional anak usia 3-4 tahun

JURNAL GIZI INDONESIA ◽

10.14710/jgi.4.1.16-21 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 16-21

Author(s):

Any Setyarini ◽

Maria Mexitalia ◽

Ani Margawati

Keyword(s):

Emotional Disorders ◽

Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽

Emotional Problem ◽

Education Level ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Mental Age ◽

Mother’S Education ◽

Influence Variable ◽

Mother's Education

Background: Breastmilk is the best food contains all the elements of required nutrients for infant aged 0-6 months, and the attachment of the breastfeeding process give better of growth and mental emotional development of the infant. Less attachment between mother and infant caused mental emotional disorders, that affect to the next period of child’s development..Objective : The objective of this research was to analyze the differences of influence of exclusive breastfeeding and non exclusive brestfeeding history on child’s emotional mental age of 3-4 years as well as analyze the most dominant variables. Method: This was an observational analitic research with cross sectional approach. The subjects consisted of 84 children aged 3-4 years, living Banyumanik subdistrict Semarang, taken by purposive sampling and grouped into exclusive and non-exclusive breastfeeding. The data was collected by questionnaire, and the analysis using chi square and logistic regression.Result: The study showed that most of children with exclusively breastfed had good mental emotional (76.2%), while children who did not get exclusively breastfed had a mental emotional problem (64.3%). There were relations between breastfeeding (p=0,001), mother’s knowledge (p=0,001), mother’s attitude (p=0,001), and mother’s education level (p=0,029) to children’s mental emotional. Education level of mother was the most influence variable for child’s emotional mental after addjusted with mother’s knowledge, mother’s attitude, mother’s education level, and birth weight of children.Conclusion: Breastfeeding history, mother’s knowledge, mother’s attitude, and mother’s education level were factors that influencing to children’s mental emotional

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Prevalence and Determinants of Rural-Urban Utilization of Skilled Delivery Services in Northern Ghana

Scientifica ◽

10.1155/2020/9373476 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mahama Saaka ◽

Jones Akuamoah-Boateng

Keyword(s):

Health Facility ◽

Rural Women ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Northern Region ◽

Northern Ghana ◽

Skilled Delivery ◽

Birth Attendance ◽

Delivery Services ◽

Study Population

Background. There are wide differences in the uptake of skilled delivery services between urban and rural women in the northern region of Ghana. This study assessed the rural-urban differences in the prevalence of and factors associated with uptake of skilled delivery in the northern region of Ghana. Methods. The study population comprised postpartum women who had delivered within the last three months prior to the study. The dataset was analyzed using the chi-square test and multivariable logistic regression. Results. The odds of skilled birth attendance (SBA) adjusted for confounding variables in urban areas were higher compared with their rural counterparts (AOR = 1.59; CI: 1. 07–2.37; p=0.02). The determinants of skilled delivery were similar but of different levels and strength in rural and urban areas. The main drivers that explained the relatively high skilled delivery coverage in the urban areas were higher frequency of antenatal care (ANC) attendance, proximity (physical access) to health facility, and greater proportion of women attaining higher educational level of at least secondary school. Distance from health facility less than 4 km was the greatest independent contributor to the variance in skilled delivery in the urban areas, whereas frequency of ANC attendance was the greatest independent contributor in the rural areas. Conclusions. This study identified underlying determinants accounting for rural-urban differences in skilled delivery, and covariate effect was more dominant than coefficient effect. Therefore, urban-rural differences in SBA outcomes were primarily due to differences in the levels of critical determinants rather than the nature of the determinants themselves. Therefore, improving skilled delivery outcomes in this study population and other similar settings will not require different policy frameworks and interventions in dealing with rural-urban disparities in SBA outcomes. However, context-specific tailored approaches and strategies including targeting mechanisms have to be designed differently to reduce the rural-urban differences.

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