scholarly journals Soil replacement combined with subsoiling improves cotton yields

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengcheng LI ◽  
Shulin WANG ◽  
Hong QI ◽  
Yan WANG ◽  
Qian ZHANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Northern China ◽  
Good Alternative ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Cotton Production ◽  
Cotton Lint ◽  
Water Storage Capacity ◽  
Cotton Lint Yield ◽  
Plough Pan

Abstract Background Long-term rotary tillage has led to the deterioration of cotton production in northern China. This deterioration is due to the disturbance of topsoil, a dense plough pan at the 20–50 cm depth, and the decreased water storage capacity. A 2-yr field experiment was performed from 2014 to 2015 to explore a feasible soil tillage approach to halting the deterioration. The experiment consisted of four treatments: replacing the topsoil from the 0–15 cm layer with the subsoil from the 15–30 cm layer (T1); replacing the topsoil from the 0–20 cm layer with the subsoil from the 20–40 cm layer and subsoiling at the 40–55 cm layer (T2); replacing the topsoil from the 0–20 cm layer with the subsoil from the 20–40 cm layer and subsoiling at the 40–70 cm layer (T3); and conventional surface rotary tillage within 15 cm as the control (CK). Results The results indicated that the soil bulk densities at the 20–40 cm layer in T2 were 0.13 g·cm− 3 and 0.15 g·cm− 3 lower than those obtained from CK in 2014 and 2015, respectively. The total nitrogen (N) and the available phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) contents from the 20–40 cm layer in T2 and T3 were significantly higher than those in CK and T1. The amount of soil water stored in the 0–40 cm layer of T2 at the squaring stage of cotton was 15.3 mm and 13.4 mm greater than that in CK in 2014 and 2015, respectively, when the weather was dry. Compared with CK, T2 increased cotton lint yield by 6.1 and 10.2 percentage points in 2014 and 2015, respectively, which was due to the improved roots within the 20–60 cm layer, the greater number of bolls per plant and the higher boll weight in the T2 treatment. Conclusions The results suggested that soil replacement plus subsoiling would be a good alternative to current practices in order to break through the bottleneck constraining cotton production in northern China. Replacing the topsoil in the 0–20 cm layer with the soil from the 20–40 cm layer plus subsoiling at the 40–55 cm layer would be the most effective method.

scholarly journals Assessment of Heat Unit Availability and Potential Lint Yield of Cotton in Oklahoma

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 943-954
Author(s):  
Blessing Masasi ◽  
Saleh Taghvaeian ◽  
Prasanna H Gowda ◽  
Daniel N Moriasi ◽  
Patrick J Starks
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
The State ◽  
Lint Yield ◽  
Cotton Production ◽  
Heat Unit ◽  
Cotton Lint

HighlightsWater availability challenges have increased interest in cotton production in Oklahoma.An attempt was made to understand the feasibility of growing cotton in all counties of Oklahoma.Many areas in Oklahoma have sufficient thermal conditions for cotton production.Potential cotton lint yields generally increase from northern to southern areas of the state.Abstract. With the expansion of planted area, Oklahoma is increasingly becoming a major cotton producing state in the United States (U.S.). However, the feasibility of growing cotton in all counties of Oklahoma has not been determined. In this study, a heat unit based model was used to estimate the potential cotton lint yields (PCLYs) for all 77 counties of Oklahoma using 38 years (1981-2018) of air temperature data. PCLYs were estimated for optimal (no stress) conditions. The long-term total heat units (THUs) were more than 1000°C·d in 99% of counties, an indication that many areas in Oklahoma may have conducive thermal conditions for cotton production in most years. Similar to the THUs, the PCLYs generally increased from the northern to the southern counties of the state, and long-term averages ranged from 407 to 2472 kg ha-1. About 97% of the counties achieved long-term average PCLYs of at least 1000 kg ha-1. However, the results showed significant interannual variability of the estimated PCLYs in each county over the 38-year period. Low and high PCLYs mostly coincided with years characterized by cool and warm growing seasons, respectively. Reductions of PCLY ranging from 6% to 29% were observed when planting was delayed by just one week from the optimized planting date. This indicates that cotton producers need to carefully consider planting date to maximize cotton lint yield. As THUs were the only factor considered for calculating PCLYs in this study, future research should incorporate other variables such as rainfall and heat stress to improve PCLY estimations. Keywords: Air temperature, Planting date, Soil temperature, Yield gap, Yield variability.

Changes in the physical properties of a vertisol following an irrigation of cotton as influenced by the previous crop

Soil Research ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 425 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Hulme ◽  
DC Mckenzie ◽  
TS Abbott ◽  
DA Macleod
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Cotton Production ◽  
Cotton Lint ◽  
Potential Core ◽  
Previous Crop ◽  
Cotton Lint Yield ◽  
Rhodamine Dye

Structural degradation of Vertisols depresses cotton lint yield by extending the period of waterlogging following irrigation or heavy rainfall. Break crops such as wheat and safflower are often grown without irrigation to improve the macroporosity of degraded Vertisols, by encouraging deep cracking, after several years of cotton production. Investigations were made into the effects of cultivated fallow, wheat and safflower on soil structure, and the growth of a subsequent cotton crop. The tests reported in this paper, done over a 12-day period following irrigation, were: soil water content and potential, core and clod bulk density, air-filled porosity, an index of macropore continuity using Rhodamine dye, and penetration resistance. The results, when compared with established limits of aeration and penetration resistance to cotton root growth, indicate that soil physical conditions at 0.25 m should have impeded root growth regardless of water content. However, cotton roots continued to extract water in this hostile soil environment; this favourable performance was attributed to the better conditions for root growth in the interaggregate fissures than those within aggregates. Apart from water content, all indicators of soil structure were able to differentiate consistently between the three crop treatments to a depth of 0.25 m. Below 0.8m, the cropped plots, particularly safflower, had lower water contents than the fallow plots.

scholarly journals Soil chemical properties as affected by tillage and crop rotation in a long-term field experiment

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 57-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neugschwandtner RW ◽  
P. Liebhard ◽  
Kaul H-P ◽  
H. Wagentristl
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Carbonate Content ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Term Field

Long-term field experiments are important for explaining tillage and rotation effects on soil fertility and to develop sustainable nutrient management strategies. An experiment was established in 1996 in Raasdorf (Austria) on chernozem with four tillage treatments (mouldboard ploughing (MP); no-till; deep conservation tillage and shallow conservation tillage) and two crop rotations. Soil samples were taken in November 2003 from&nbsp;10 cm soil layers down to 40 cm to assess the effects on pH, carbonate content (CaCO<sub>3</sub>), soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (N<sub>t</sub>), potentially mineralizable N (PMN) and plant-available phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). Soil pH and CaCO<sub>3</sub> were not affected by soil tillage. SOC, N<sub>t</sub>, PMN, P and K increased in the uppermost soil layer with reduced tillage intensity. SOC, N<sub>t</sub>, P and K were more evenly distributed in MP whereas a generally higher decline downwards the soil profile was observed with lower tillage intensity. Lower tillage intensity resulted in a decrease of P and K in 30&ndash;40 cm. Rotation affected pH and K distribution in the soil whereas the other parameters were not affected.

Agronomic and economic evaluation of irrigation strategies on cotton lint yield in Australia

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (7) ◽  
pp. 647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Cammarano ◽  
José Payero ◽  
Bruno Basso ◽  
Paul Wilkens ◽  
Peter Grace
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Model ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Lint Yield ◽  
Cotton Production ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
Cotton Lint ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Irrigation Level

Cotton is one of the most important irrigated crops in subtropical Australia. In recent years, cotton production has been severely affected by the worst drought in recorded history, with the 2007–08 growing season recording the lowest average cotton yield in 30 years. The use of a crop simulation model to simulate the long-term temporal distribution of cotton yields under different levels of irrigation and the marginal value for each unit of water applied is important in determining the economic feasibility of current irrigation practices. The objectives of this study were to: (i) evaluate the CROPGRO-Cotton simulation model for studying crop growth under deficit irrigation scenarios across ten locations in New South Wales (NSW) and Queensland (Qld); (ii) evaluate agronomic and economic responses to water inputs across the ten locations; and (iii) determine the economically optimal irrigation level. The CROPGRO-Cotton simulation model was evaluated using 2 years of experimental data collected at Kingsthorpe, Qld The model was further evaluated using data from nine locations between northern NSW and southern Qld. Long-term simulations were based on the prevalent furrow-irrigation practice of refilling the soil profile when the plant-available soil water content is <50%. The model closely estimated lint yield for all locations evaluated. Our results showed that the amounts of water needed to maximise profit and maximise yield are different, which has economic and environmental implications. Irrigation needed to maximise profits varied with both agronomic and economic factors, which can be quite variable with season and location. Therefore, better tools and information that consider the agronomic and economic implications of irrigation decisions need to be developed and made available to growers.

Spatial variation of East Asian winter monsoon evolution between northern and southern China since the last glacial maximum

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Qin Li ◽  
Haibin Wu ◽  
Jun Cheng ◽  
Shuya Zhu ◽  
Chunxia Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
East Asian Winter Monsoon ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Ice Sheets ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Winter Monsoon ◽  
Asian Winter Monsoon ◽  
Spatial Differences ◽  
The Last Glacial Maximum ◽  
The Last Glacial

Abstract The East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) is one of the most dynamic components of the global climate system. Although poorly understood, knowledge of long-term spatial differences in EAWM variability during the glacial–interglacial cycles is important for understanding the dynamic processes of the EAWM. We reconstructed the spatiotemporal characteristics of the EAWM since the last glacial maximum (LGM) using a comparison of proxy records and long-term transient simulations. A loess grain-size record from northern China (a sensitive EAWM proxy) and the sea surface temperature gradient of an EAWM index in sediments of the southern South China Sea were compared. The data–model comparison indicates pronounced spatial differences in EAWM evolution, with a weakened EAWM since the LGM in northern China but a strengthened EAWM from the LGM to the early Holocene, followed by a weakening trend, in southern China. The model results suggest that variations in the EAWM in northern China were driven mainly by changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration and Northern Hemisphere ice sheets, whereas orbital insolation and ice sheets were important drivers in southern China. We propose that the relative importance of insolation, ice sheets, and atmospheric CO2 for EAWM evolution varied spatially within East Asia.

Plant Population and Plant Height Effects on Pima Cotton Lint Yield 1

1986 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 534-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Kittock ◽  
R. A. Selley ◽  
C. J. Cain ◽  
B. B. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Lint Yield ◽  
Cotton Lint ◽  
Pima Cotton ◽  
Cotton Lint Yield

scholarly journals Residual effects of superficial liming on tropical soil under no-tillage system

2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (9) ◽  
pp. 1633-1642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Hideo Martins da Costa ◽  
Carlos Alexandre Costa Crusciol ◽  
Jayme Ferrari Neto ◽  
Gustavo Spadotti Amaral Castro
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Tillage System

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the long-term effects of the surface application of lime on soil fertility and on the mineral nutrition and grain yield of soybean, and of black oat and sorghum in crop succession. The experiment was carried out on a clayey Oxisol, in a randomized complete block design, with four replicates. Treatments consisted of lime the rates of 0, 1,000, 2,000, and 4,000 kg ha-1, applied in October 2002 and November 2004. Soil samples were collected at five soil layers, down to 0.60-m depth. Surface liming was effective in reducing soil acidity and increasing Ca2+ and Mg2+ contents in the subsurface. Moreover, it increased available phosphorus contents and soil organic matter in the long term (48 to 60 months after the last lime application). Surface liming improved plant nutrition, mainly for N, Ca, and Mg, and increased dry matter production and grain yield of the crops, even in years with regular distribution of rainfall. The greatest productivities of soybean, black oat, and sorghum were obtained with the respective estimated lime doses of 4,000, 2,333, and 3,281 kg ha-1, for shoot dry matter, and of 2,550, 3,555, and over 4,000 kg ha-1, for grain yield.

scholarly journals Tillage in Relation to Distribution of Nutrients and Organic Carbon in the Soil

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-30
Author(s):  
Božena Šoltysová ◽  
Martin Danilovič
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
The Difference

Tillage in Relation to Distribution of Nutrients and Organic Carbon in the SoilChanges of total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium and soil organic carbon were observed on gleyic Fluvisols (locality Milhostov) at the following crops: grain maize (2005), spring barley (2006), winter wheat (2007), soya (2008), grain maize (2009). The experiment was realized at three soil tillage technologies: conventional tillage, reduced tillage and no-tillage. Soil samples were collected from three depths (0-0.15 m; 0.15-0.30 m; 0.30-0.45 m). The ratio of soil organic carbon to total nitrogen was also calculated.Soil tillage affects significantly the content of total nitrogen in soil. The difference between the convetional tillage and soil protective tillages was significant. The balance showed that the content of total nitrogen decreased at reduced tillage by 5.2 rel.%, at no-tillage by 5.1 rel.% and at conventional tillage by 0.7 rel.%.Similarly, the content of organic matter in the soil was significantly affected by soil tillage. The content of soil organic carbon found at the end of the research period was lower by 4.1 rel.% at reduced tillage, by 4.8 rel.% at no-tillage and by 4.9 rel.% at conventional tillage compared with initial stage. The difference between the convetional tillage and soil protective tillages was significant.Less significant relationship was found between the soil tillage and the content of available phosphorus. The balance showed that the content of available phosphorus was increased at reduced tillage (by 4.1 rel.%) and was decreased at no-tillage (by 9.5 rel.%) and at conventional tillage (by 3.3 rel.%).Tillage did not significantly affect the content of available potassium in the soil.

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